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In this chapter, let us calculate Signal to Noise Ratios and Figure of Merits of various
modulated waves, which are demodulated at the receiver.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio at different points can be calculated using the following formulas.
Average power of modulating signal
Input SNR = (SN R)
I
=
Average power of noise at input
Figure of Merit
The ratio of output SNR and input SNR can be termed as Figure of Merit. It is
denoted by F. It describes the performance of a device.
(SN R)
O
F =
(SN R)
I
(SN R)
O
F =
(SN R)
C
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⇒ s (t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) + Ac k a m (t) cos(2πfc t)
Policy.
Average power of AM wave is
2 2 2 2 2
Ac Ac k aAccept
m (t) Ac Ac ka P
Ps = ( ) +( ) = +
– –
√2 √2 2 2
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2 2
Ac (1 + k a P )
⇒ Ps =
2
Pnc = W N0
2 2
Ac (1 + k a ) P
⇒ (SN R) =
C,AM
2W N0
Where,
2
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2
Am
P is the power of the message signal= 2
Assume the band pass noise is mixed with AM wave in the channel as shown in the
above figure. This combination is applied at the input of AM demodulator. Hence, the
input of AM demodulator is.
Where nI (t) and nQ (t) are in phase and quadrature phase components of noise.
The output of AM demodulator is nothing but the envelope of the above signal.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
d (t) = √[Ac + Ac K a m (t) + nI (t)] + (nQ (t))
2 2 2
Ac k a m (t) Ac ka P
Pm = ( ) =
–
√2 2
Pn o = W N0
2 2
Ac ka P
⇒ (SN R) =
O,AM
2W N0
(SN R)
O,AM
F =
(SN R)
C,AM
2 2
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( )
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2 2
2 2 Ac (1 + k a ) P
Ac k a P
⇒ F = ( )/( )
2W N0 2W N0
2
Ka P
⇒ F =
2
1 + Ka P
2 2
Ac m (t) Ac P
Ps = ( ) =
–
√2 2
Pnc = W N0
2
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2
Ac P
⇒ (SN R) =
C,DSBSC
2W N0
Assume the band pass noise is mixed with DSBSC modulated wave in the channel as
shown in the above figure. This combination is applied as one of the input to the
product modulator. Hence, the input of this product modulator is
Local oscillator generates the carrier signal c (t) = cos(2πfc t) . This signal is applied as
another input to the product modulator. Therefore, the product modulator produces
an output, which is the product of v1 (t) and c (t) .
2
⇒ v2 (t) = [Ac m (t) + nI (t)] cos (2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t)
1 + cos(4πfc t) sin(4πfc t)
⇒ v2 (t) = [Ac m (t) + nI (t)] ( ) − nQ (t)
2 2
When the above signal is applied as an input to low pass filter, we will get the output of
low pass filter as
2 2
Ac m (t) Ac P
Pm = ( ) =
–
2√2 8
W N0
Pno =
4
2 2
Ac P W N0 Ac P
⇒ (SN R) = ( )/( ) =
O,DSBSC
8 4 2W N0
(SN R)
O,DSBSC
F =
(SN R)
C,DSBSC
2 2
Ac P Ac P
⇒ F = ( )/( )
2W N0 2W N0
⇒ F = 1
Am Ac
s (t) = cos[2π (fc − fm ) t]
2
2
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2 2 2
Am Ac Am Ac
Ps = ( ) =
–
2√2 8
Pnc = W N0
2 2
Am Ac
⇒ (SN R) =
C,SSBSC
8W N0
Assume the band pass noise is mixed with SSBSC modulated wave in the channel as
shown in the above figure. This combination is applied as one of the input to the
product modulator. Hence, the input of this product modulator is
Am Ac
v1 (t) = cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] + nI (t) cos(2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t)
2
The local oscillator generates the carrier signal c (t) = cos(2πfc t) . This signal is applied
as another input to the product modulator. Therefore, the product modulator
produces an output, which is the product of v1 (t) and c (t) .
Am Ac
⇒ v2 (t) = cos[2π (fc − fm ) t] cos(2πfc t)+
2
2
nI (t) cos (2πfc t) − nQ (t) sin(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t)
Am Ac
⇒ v2 (t) = {cos[2π (2fc − fm ) t] + cos(2πfm t)} +
4
1+cos(4πfc t) sin(4πfc t)
nI (t) ( ) − nQ (t)
2 2
When the above signal is applied as an input to low pass filter, we will get the output of
low pass filter as
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Am Ac nI (t)
d (t) = cos(2πfm t) +
2 2
2 2 2
Am Ac Am Ac
Pm = ( ) =
–
4√2 32
W N0
Pno =
4
2 2 2 2
Am Ac W N0 Am Ac
⇒ (SN R) = ( )/( ) =
O,SSBSC
32 4 8W N0
(SN R)
O,SSBSC
F =
(SN R)
C,SSBSC
2 2 2 2
Am Ac Am Ac
F = ( )/( )
8W N0 8W N0
F = 1
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