Compiled

ENERGY HARVESTING CAPABILITIES OF THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATOR SP1848-27145 IMPLEMENTED THROUGH
SOLAR CELLS AND TIN STOVES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented to the Faculty of

Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology
College of Engineering and Technology
Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology
Iligan City
In Partial Fulfillment of the subject

of the Requirements of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BIENVENIDO H. LASACA, JR.
ROVIC JAN RAFAEL L. ROA
DR. OLGA JOY L. GERASTA
Thesis Adviser
May 2019
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
The undergraduate thesis attached hereto, entitled “ENERGY

HARVESTING CAPABILITIES OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
SP1848-27145 IMPLEMENTED THROUGH SOLAR CELLS AND TIN
STOVES”, prepared and submitted by Bienvenido H. Lasaca, Jr. and Rovic Jan
Rafael L. Roa in partial fulfillment for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, is hereby recommended for approval.
PROF. JENNIBETH F. GATAL PROF. ANGILINE L. TEATRO
Member Member
____________________ ____________________
Date Date
PROF. OLGA JOY L. GERASTA
Adviser
____________________
Date
This undergraduate thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING.
PROF. ALLENN C. LOWATON ATTY. EDGAR ALAN A. DONASCO
Chairman, Department of Electrical Dean, College of Engineering & Technology
Engineering and Technology
____________________ ____________________
Date Date
iii
ABSTRACT
Presented in this paper is the characterization of the energy harvesting
capabilities of the thermoelectric generator model SP1848-27145 and its
implementation in thermoelectric solar cells and modified tin stoves. The two
systems consist of an array of 15 TEGs attached to a piece of aluminum plate of
which the thermoelectric solar cell harvests solar energy while the modified tin
stove harvests heat energy. Different system variations were simulated and tested
to achieve optimal system designs. System simulations were done using Solidworks
and data gathering was done using the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The SP1848-
27145 TEG exhibits an output power of up to 300 mW at a temperature difference
of 35°C with an average internal resistance of 3.7 Ω which is constant regardless of
temperature difference. The thermoelectric solar cell’s TEG array is connected in
series and exhibits an output power of up to 300 mW at a temperature difference of
35°C, an internal resistance of 69 Ω, an efficiency of 0.25%, and was able to charge
a 4.2V lithium-ion battery from minimum voltage to maximum in 3 hours. The
modified tin stove’s TEG array is connected in series-parallel and exhibits an output
power of up to 700 mW at a temperature difference of 60°C, an internal resistance
of 15 Ω, an efficiency of 0.57%, and was able to charge the same battery from
minimum voltage to maximum in 40 minutes. The study shows that the SP1848-
27145 TEG can be used in energy harvesting systems with acceptable results.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
vi
Table of Contents
APPROVAL SHEET .............................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... iv
Table of Contents .................................................................................................. vi
List of Figures ........................................................................................................ xi
List of Tables ........................................................................................................ xv
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................... 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the Study......................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study ....................................................... 4
1.6 Definition of Terms ................................................................................. 5
1.7 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 7
1.7.1 Seebeck Effect................................................................................... 7
1.7.2 Thermoelectric Generator .................................................................... 8
1.7.3 Thermocouple ........................................................................................ 9
1.7.4 MAX6675 Thermocouple Module ........................................................ 9
1.7.5 Arduino UNO ....................................................................................... 10
1.7.6 DC to DC Boost Converter ................................................................ 11
1.7.7 Thermal Paste ...................................................................................... 11

vii
1.7.8 Solidworks ............................................................................................ 12
1.7.9 Thermal Conduction Equation........................................................... 12
1.7.10 Thermal Convection Equation ......................................................... 13
1.7.11 Thermal Efficiency Equation ........................................................... 14
CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................... 16
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................ 16
2.1 Sustainable Energy and Efficient Energy Utilization ............................. 16
2.1.1 Analytical Research on Waste Heat Recovery and Utilization of

China’s Iron & Steel Industry ..................................................................... 16
2.1.2 Sustainable Energy Solutions for Rural Areas and Application for
Groundwater Extraction .............................................................................. 17
2.2 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Related Literature ......................................... 17
2.2.1 Solar Hybrid Systems With Thermoelectric Generators ................. 17
2.2.2 A High-Temperature, High-Efficiency Solar Thermoelectric

Generator Prototype..................................................................................... 18
2.2.3 High-Performance Flat-Panel Solar Thermoelectric Generators

With High Thermal Concentration............................................................. 19
2.3 TEG Attached Tin Stove Related Literature ........................................... 20
2.3.1 Improvement of Biogas Fuelled-off-Grid Thermoelectric

Microcogeneration Kitchen System ............................................................ 20
2.3.2 Conversion of Wasted Heat Energy into Electrical Energy Using

TEG ................................................................................................................ 21
2.2 Thermoelectric Generators ....................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Analysis of a Reconfigurable TEG Array for High Efficiency

Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting ............................................................. 23
2.2.3 Experimental Study: Design of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG)

Fixture for Harvesting an Automobile Electricity..................................... 23
viii
2.2.4 The Thermoelectric Analysis of Different Heat Flux Conduction

Materials for Power Generation Board ...................................................... 24
2.2.5 Power and efficiency measurement of a thermoelectric cooler . 25
2.3 Literature summary ................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................... 30
METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 30
3.1 Conceptualized Energy Harvesting System ............................................. 32
3.1.1 Thermoelectric Generator Efficiency Improvement ........................ 33
3.1.2 CE8301 Boost Converter and Charging Technique ......................... 35
3.1.4 Lithium-ion battery ............................................................................. 36
3.1.5 TEG Board Design............................................................................... 37
3.1.6 TEG Array Distance Variation .......................................................... 39
3.2 Measuring Techniques using Arduino ................................................ 39
3.2.1 Voltage and Current Measurement ............................................. 40
3.2.2 Temperature Measurement .......................................................... 41
3.3 TEG Characterization ............................................................................... 42
3.4 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Design ............................................................. 43
3.4.1 TEG and Heatsink efficiency variation for Thermoelectric Solar Cell
........................................................................................................................ 43
3.4.2 Thermoelectric Solar Cell ................................................................... 45
3.5 Tin Stove Design ......................................................................................... 46
3.5.1 Tin Stove Modification and TEG array Attachment ....................... 46
3.5.2 Tin Stove TEG Fan Attachment......................................................... 46
3.5.3 Tin Stove Prototype ............................................................................. 47

ix
3.6 Equations Used ........................................................................................... 49
3.6.1 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Convection Equation ............. 49
3.6.2 Thermal Efficiency Equation ............................................................. 51
CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................... 52
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 52
4.1 Conceptualized Energy Harvesting System Initial Test Results ............ 52
4.2 Effects of Varying the Distance between TEG modules ......................... 53
4.2a No Spacing ............................................................................................. 54
4.2b 2cm Spacing .......................................................................................... 55
4.2c 4cm Spacing ........................................................................................... 56
4.3 SP1848-27145 TEG Characterization ................................................. 58
4.4 Performance of Thermoelectric Solar Cell ......................................... 61
4.4.1 Thermal Analysis Simulation Results of Thermoelectric Solar

Cell 61
4.4.2 Single TEG Module Performance for Thermoelectric Solar Cell

68
4.4.3 Array of 15 TEG Module in Series for Thermoelectric Solar Cell

70
4.5 Performance of TEG Array Attached in Tin Stove ........................... 74
4.5.1 Single TEG Performance with Heatsink attached in Tin Stove 74
4.5.3 Array of 15 TEG Module in Series-Parallel Combination

attached in Tin Stove ................................................................................... 77
4.6 Efficiency calculation ............................................................................ 80
4.6.1 Efficiency of the Array of 15 TEGs .............................................. 82
4.6.2 Efficiency of the CE8301 Boost Converter .................................. 84

x
4.6.3 System Overall Efficiency ............................................................. 85
4.7 Energy Harvesting and Storing ........................................................... 86
CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................... 89
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 89
5.1 Conlcusion ................................................................................................... 89
5.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................... 91
CURRICULUM VITAE...................................................................................... 97
xi
List of Figures
Figure 1. 1 Thermoelectric Generator Design ......................................................... 8
Figure 1.2 MAX6675 Thermocouple Module ....................................................... 10
Figure 1.3 Arduino Uno board ............................................................................... 11
Figure 2.1 High Efficiency STEG Prototype ......................................................... 19
Figure 2.2 flat panel STEG prototype .................................................................... 20
Figure 2.3 Gas Stove Burner with TEG and Heatsink Configuration ................... 21
Figure 2.4 Phone Charging Gas Stove Burner with TEG ...................................... 22
Figure 3.1 Methodology Flowchart ....................................................................... 30
Figure 3.2 System Block ........................................................................................ 32
Figure 3.3 Aluminum Heatsink.............................................................................. 34
Figure 3.4 CE8301 Series Boost Converter ........................................................... 35
Figure 3.5Sony 4.2V VTC5 Lithium-ion Battery .................................................. 37
Figure 3.6 Conceptualized TEG Array Board ....................................................... 38
Figure 3.7Side View of the Conceptualized TEG Array Board ............................ 38
Figure 3.8 Voltage Measurement Circuit............................................................... 40
Figure 3.9 Current Measurement Circuit Diagram ................................................ 41
Figure 3.10 Thermocouple Pin Configuration ....................................................... 42
Figure 3.11 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Design Top View ..................................... 44
Figure 3.12 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Prototype .................................................. 45
Figure 3.13 Small Heatsink Fan............................................................................. 47
Figure 3.14 Tin Stove Prototype front view .......................................................... 47
Figure 3.15 Tin Stove Prototype back view........................................................... 48

xii
Figure 4.1 Simulation result for the steady state thermal analysis of the TEG array
without spacing (isometric view). .......................................................................... 54
Figure 4. 2 Simulation result for the steady state thermal analysis of the TEG array
without spacing (side view). .................................................................................. 54
with 2cm spacing (isometric view). ....................................................................... 55
with 2cm spacing (side view). ............................................................................... 55
with 4cm spacing (isometric view). ....................................................................... 56
with 4cm spacing (side view). ............................................................................... 56
Figure 4.7 Voltage response of the TEG module as a function of temperature

difference. .............................................................................................................. 58
Figure 4.8 Current response of the TEG module as a function of temperature

difference. .............................................................................................................. 59
Figure 4.9 Internal resistance of the TEG module as a function of temperature

difference. .............................................................................................................. 59
Figure 4.10 Maximum power output of the TEG as a function of temperature

difference. .............................................................................................................. 60
Figure 4.11 Simulation result for the steady state thermal analysis of the TEG
module without heatsink (isometric view). ............................................................ 62
module without heatsink (side view). .................................................................... 62
module with heatsink (isometric view). ................................................................. 64
module with heatsink (side view). ......................................................................... 64
xiii
module with heatsink and water coolant (isometric view). ................................... 66
module with heatsink and water coolant (side view). ............................................ 67
Figure 4.17 Open circuit voltage of a single TEG module for solar energy
harvesting. .............................................................................................................. 69
Figure 4.18 Equivalent circuit for the TEG for solar energy harvesting. .............. 69
Figure 4.19 Open circuit voltage of 15 TEG in series ........................................... 70
Figure 4.20 Equivalent circuit for the 15 TEG array in series. .............................. 70
Figure 4.21 Power output of the 15 TEG in series as a function of temperature

difference. .............................................................................................................. 71
Figure 4.22 Voltage output of CE8301 Boost Converter with respect to TEG array
voltage output......................................................................................................... 72
Figure 4.23 Power output of CE8301 Boost Converter with respect to TEG array
voltage output......................................................................................................... 73
Figure 4.24 Open circuit voltage of a single TEG module .................................... 74
Figure 4.25 Power output consumption of the dc fan. ........................................... 75
Figure 4.26 Voltage variation when a dc fan is introduced. .................................. 77
Figure 4.27 Open circuit voltage of a 15 TEGs in series-parallel configuration. .. 78
Figure 4.28 Power output of the 15 TEGs in series-parallel as a function of

temperature difference. .......................................................................................... 79
Figure 4. 29 Voltage output of CE8301 Boost Converter with respect to TEG array
voltage output......................................................................................................... 79
voltage output......................................................................................................... 80
Figure 4.31 Efficiency of the TEG array as a function of temperature difference.82
Figure 4.32 Heat input and efficiency of the TEG array for solar energy harvesting
application. ............................................................................................................. 83
xiv
Figure 4.33 Heat input and efficiency of the TEG array for energy harvesting in tin
stove. ...................................................................................................................... 83
Figure 4.34 Efficiency of the CE8301 boost converter. ........................................ 84
Figure 4.35 Phone battery percentage with respect to charging time .................... 86
Figure 4.36 Battery voltage level with respect to charging time. .......................... 86
Figure 4.37 Effective battery voltage as a function of charging time (solar cell). 87
Figure 4.38 Effective battery voltage as a function of charging time (tin stove). . 88
xv
List of Tables
Table 2. 1 Summary of Existting Techniques in Characterizing TEG .................. 26
Table 2. 2 Existing Techniques for Increasing Thermoelectric Solar Cell Efficiency

................................................................................................................................ 28
Table 2. 3 Existing Techniques for Increasing Energy Harvesting Stove Efficiency

................................................................................................................................ 29
Table 4.1 Simulation parameters for TEG module ................................................ 53
Table 4.2 Simulation Summary ............................................................................. 57
Table 4.3 Simulation parameters for simulating the TEG module without heatsink.
................................................................................................................................ 61
Table 4.4 Simulation summary for the TEG without heatsink. ............................. 63
Table 4.5 Simulation parameters for simulating the TEG module. ....................... 63
Table 4.6 Simulation summary .............................................................................. 65
Table 4.7 Simulation parameters for TEG module ................................................ 66
Table 4. 8 Simulation summary ............................................................................. 67
Table 4.9 Result summary when adding a fan ....................................................... 76
Table 4.10 Summary of the material properties of a TEG. .................................... 81
Table 4. 11 Summary of Efficiency ....................................................................... 85

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Energy has become a necessity in our day to day lives and is an important
aspect in the development of technology. However, throughout the years, the
misuse of energy sources has led to different energy related problems such as energy
shortages, and pollution [1]. This has led researchers to start studying about energy
harvesting from renewable energy sources and waste heat. One type of energy
harvesting technology is the thermoelectric generator (TEG).
TEGs are devices that convert a temperature difference into electricity [2,
3]. Some of the current researches about TEGs include applying them on different
waste heat sources such as car engine [4], the effects on TEG efficiency when
attaching to different heat conducting metals [5], and the effects of varying TEG
Arrays connection [6]. However, these researches use high end TEGs that have a
relatively high cost, personalized or under proprietorship. Also, TEGs are still at its
early stage of development with little information known regarding its energy
harvesting characteristics. With the proper characterization of TEG as energy
harvesting, it can provide information for its development and its implementation
on various energy harvesting systems, such as thermoelectric solar cells for
renewable energy sources and energy harvesting tin stoves for waste heat
utilization.
2
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Due to the lack of reliable knowledge regarding the energy harvesting
characteristics of the TEG, it is difficult for researchers to efficiently utilize and
implement them on different energy harvesting systems. This study aims to provide
reliable knowledge on the energy harvesting capabilities of TEGs through the
characterization of the SP1848-27145 TEG, an accessible and low cost TEG, and
constructing thermoelectric solar cells and energy harvesting tin stoves with it.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of the study is to be able to harvest energy from solar
radiation and heat from tin stove into electrical energy using thermoelectric
generators. Specifically, this study aims to:
1. To characterize the energy harvesting capabilities of the TEG SP1848-
27145 thermoelectric generator.
2. To be able to use the TEG SP1848-27145 to design and construct a
Thermoelectric Solar Cell that harvests solar energy.
3. To be able to use the TEG SP1848-27145 to design and construct a
modified tin stove that harvests waste heat energy.

3
4. To analyze different parameters of the two setups such as efficiency,
open circuit voltage, and power produced through time.
5. To be able to store the harvested energy from the two systems.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The data from this study regarding TEGs will help contribute to the early
stages of of small sized devices that can then be used for energy harvesting systems.
These systems can be applied in industries, such as the waste heat recovery of heat
engines in boiler or production rooms, the energy efficiency improvement of
manufactured devices, the manufacturing of new technology that utilizes TEGs, and
even the manufacturing of new models of TEGs that are easily obtainable and have
defined characteristics.
The designed thermoelectric solar cell in this study can be utilized by
everyone in their homes, especially in places that have very hot sunlight radiation
which can be used as a small alternative source of energy.
The designed energy harvesting tin stove in this study can help people in
rural areas that have low energy distribution as an extra source of energy.
Specifically, this study will help further researches regarding the
improvement of the efficiencies of TEGs and their possible future application in

4
thermoelectric solar cells and energy harvesting tin stoves that helps in renewable
energy usage and waste heat utilization.
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope and limitations of the study are the following:
1. The TEG SP1848-27145 is used in this study as it is the most commercially
available type of thermoelectric generator.
2. The analysis of the system is limited to the time it takes for the TEG to stop
generating electricity due to the cold side’s temperature becoming the same
as the hot side.
3. The TEG solar cell system’s functionality is limited to the amount of
sunlight during experimentation and the temperature that it produces.
4. The improvement of a TEG’s efficiency is not part of the scope of this study.
5
1.6 Definition of Terms
The following terms listed below are conceptually defined so that the
readers will understand what is meant when certain key terms are used. The terms
will be extensively used in the succeeding chapters.
Energy Harvesting – Energy harvesting, also known as power harvesting or
energy scavenging, is the process in which energy is captured from a system's
environment and converted into usable electric power. Energy harvesting allows
electronics to operate where there's no conventional power source, eliminating
the need to run wires or make frequent visits to replace batteries. An energy
harvesting system generally includes circuitry to charge an energy storage cell,
and manage the power, providing regulation and protection.
Solar Energy – The energy that radiates from the Sun. The Sun is like a massive
nuclear reactor from which deep in its core, nuclear fusion reaction produce
massive amounts of energy that radiates outward in the form of light and heat.
Thermoelectric Generator or TEG – Any of a class of solid-state devices that
convert heat directly into electricity. Such devices are based on thermoelectric
effects involving interactions between the flow of heat and of electricity through
solid bodies using a phenomenon called the Seebeck effect.

6
Data Acquisition or DAQ – Data acquisition (DAQ) is the process of
measuring an electrical or physical phenomenon such as voltage, current,
temperature, pressure, or sound with a computer.
Data Acquisition System or DAQ system – A DAQ system consists of
sensors, DAQ measurement hardware, and a computer with programmable
software. Compared to traditional measurement systems, PC-based DAQ
systems exploit the processing power, productivity, display, and connectivity
capabilities of industry-standard computers providing a more powerful, flexible,
and cost-effective measurement solution.
Microcontroller – A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed
to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller
includes a processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single
chip.
TEG Array – the connection of multiple thermoelectric generators to yield a
greater energy output.
Boost – The word boost in this study is used to describe the amplification of
voltage, specifically, the voltage that the TEG array generates for it to be high
enough for it to be able to be utilized.

7
Renewable Energy - energy that is produced by natural resources such as
sunlight, wind, rain, waves, tides, and geothermal heat—that are naturally
replenished within a time span of a few years.
1.7 Theoretical Framework
The following sections explain the theories and concept behind the
operations used in the study.
1.7.1 Seebeck Effect
The Seebeck effect is a phenomenon in which a temperature difference
between two dissimilar electrical conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage
difference between the two substances. Current is produced when the two dissimilar
electric conductors have a high enough temperature difference. If the hot and cold
junctions of the semiconductors are interchanged, the flow of the current reverses.
The Seebeck Effect is the basis of most thermoelectric devices.

8
1.7.2 Thermoelectric Generator
Thermoelectric Generator (TEG), also called as Seebeck generator, is a
device that converts temperature difference directly into electrical energy by
making use of the Seebeck Effect. Moreover, thermoelectric generators are solid –
state heat engines made of pairs of p-type and n-type elements. The p-type elements
are made of semiconductor materials doped such that the charge carriers are positive
or the holes and the Seebeck coefficient is positive. On the other hand, the n- type
elements are made of semiconductor material doped such that the charge carriers
are negative (electrons) and Seebeck coefficient is negative.
Figure 1. 1 Thermoelectric Generator Design
Figure 1.1 shows a basic thermoelectric generator design. The N-type
element contains negatively charged carriers, while the P-type element contains
positively charged carriers. Heating the hot side of the TEG will excite the electrons
and holes and cause them to travel towards the colder side of the TEG, as heat
9
always travels from the hotter part into the colder part. The greater the temperature
the difference from between the hot side and the cold side, the more excited the
carriers become. Wires are then attached to the cold side of the TEG where the
excited carriers flow into the wires, generating a current in the wires which can be
used as a source of energy. This is the Seebeck Effect at work.
1.7.3 Thermocouple
A thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples
are made with two wires of different metals, joined together at one end to form a
junction. The junction is placed on the surface or in the environment that's being
measured. As the temperature changes, the two dissimilar metals begin to deform,
causing a change in resistance. Naturally, a thermocouple outputs a millivolt signal,
therefore, as the resistance changes, the change in voltage can be measured.
Thermocouples are desirable because they're extremely low cost, simple to use, and
are capable of providing accurate readings.
1.7.4 MAX6675 Thermocouple Module
The MAX6675 is a module for the Arduino Uno. The device measures the
output of a K Thermocouple and provides the result to the Arduino via a SPI
10
interface. It has a small end point making it suitable to measure temperatures in the
surfaces of small systems.
Figure 1.2 MAX6675 Thermocouple Module
1.7.5 Arduino UNO
The Arduino Uno board is a common microcontroller used in various
engineering projects because of its ease to use and flexibility in doing different
tasks. It has 14 digital input/output pins in which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, a
16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP header, a USB connection, 6 analog inputs, a
power jack and a reset button. This contains all the required support needed for
microcontroller. The Arduino Uno can be started by connecting it to a computer via
USB cable, with an AC-to-DC adapter, or with a battery. Because of its features,
the Arduino Uno can be used for Data Acquisition.

11
Figure 1.3 Arduino Uno board
1.7.6 DC to DC Boost Converter
The boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output
voltage magnitude that is greater than the input voltage magnitude. It amplifies the
input voltage up to a certain threshold voltage depending on the capabilities of the
boost converter.
1.7.7 Thermal Paste
Thermal paste is a very high heat conductive paste that is used between two
objects to get better heat conduction. It fills in all those microscopic imperfections
in between two objects that can trap air in them and cause a loss in the heatsink’s
performance. Air is a very poor conductor of heat.

12
1.7.8 Solidworks
SolidWorks is solid modelling software that allows you to design products
in 3 dimensions. The technique is generally to sketch 2D profiles then use methods
like extruding and lofting to produce the solid shape. It is used in various
engineering fields for many useful purposes such as 2D printing, 3D printing, 3D
modelling, and running various simulations on different objects or systems.
1.7.9 Thermal Conduction Equation
Thermal conduction is the transfer of internal thermal energy by the
collisions of microscopic particles and movement of electrons within a body. The
microscopic particles in the heat conduction can be molecules, atoms, and
electrons.
𝑘𝐴∆𝑇
𝑞=
𝑑
Equation. 1.1 Thermal conduction equation
Where:
13
q = rate of heat transfer (W)
k = thermal conductivity of the material (W/m2K)
A = cross sectional area of the material (m2)
∆T = temperature difference between two sides of the material
d = thickness of the material (m)
1.7.10 Thermal Convection Equation
Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water
when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying
energy with it.
𝑞 = 𝑘𝐴∆T
Equation 1.2 Thermal convection equation
Where:

14
A = exposed surface area of the material (m2)
∆T = temperature difference between the object and the convecting fluid
1.7.11 Thermal Efficiency Equation
Thermal efficiency is defined for engines and devices which are used to
convert energy in the form of heat to work.
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑛= ⋅ 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Equation 1.3 Thermal efficiency equation
Where:
n = efficiency in percentage (%)
Pout = output power (W)
Pin = input power (W)

15
Following the first law of thermodynamics which states that energy cannot
be created nor destroyed, thermal efficiency cannot be equal or exceed 100%
because in any system there are always inefficiencies usually in the form of friction
and waste heat.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The terms listed below were used in the research are conceptually and
operationally defined for better understanding of the readers.
2.1 Sustainable Energy and Efficient Energy Utilization
2.1.1 Analytical Research on Waste Heat Recovery and Utilization of China’s
Iron & Steel Industry [13]
A study centered around the increasing energy crisis and energy
consumption problem in China’s iron and steel industry with a focus on recovering
waste heat to solve the problem. The study concludes with confirmation that the
waste heat produced in China’s iron and steel industry has not been used and is a
key point in solving energy efficiency problems in the future. The study also stated
that although waste heat recovery technology is important for efficient handling of
energy, more research and development is required in order for the technology to
have great impact in the world of energy production and energy by-product.
17
2.1.2 Sustainable Energy Solutions for Rural Areas and Application for
Groundwater Extraction [8]
This book by Fong states that the Sun can easily provide a more than
sufficient amount of energy to meet the worldwide energy demand. However, due
to technological limitations in research and development regarding solar energy
harvesting, the technology still has a long way to progress in order to be sufficiently
useful alternative for most energy sources.
This book also states the advantages of solar energy harvesting systems.
Which is that solar energy harvesting systems have low operating costs, low
maintenance requirement, has high life expectancy and is environment friendly. The
disadvantages, however, are high initial costs, topography, and weather.
2.2 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Related Literature
2.2.1 Solar Hybrid Systems With Thermoelectric Generators [9]
In this study, the possibility of using thermoelectric generators in solar
hybrid systems is investigated. Four different variations were done. One variation
doesn’t include a radiation concentrator from a PV system where the TEG is placed
between the solar cell and heat extractor, while the other three included the
18
concentrator with varying placements of the concentrator, TEG, PV cell, and heat
extractor. The experiments concluded with a linear dependence of the TEG
efficiency and the temperature difference of the 2 sides of the TEG with efficiency
reaching up to 4% at 155 °C with a generated power of 3W. This study shows that
the TEG-based hybrid systems have comparable cost and efficiency with that of the
traditional Photovoltaic Module. Although the electrical efficiency of the PVM
based system today is higher than that of the TEG based one, the expected
development of advanced nanostructured materials with higher thermoelectric
ﬁgure of merit could make these eﬃciencies practically equal.
2.2.2 A High-Temperature, High-Efficiency Solar Thermoelectric Generator
Prototype [14]
A STEG is a solid-state heat engine that converts sunlight directly into DC
electricity through the thermoelectric effect. STEGs consist of three subsystems:
the solar absorber, the thermoelectric generator (TEG), and the heat management
system. The constructed system consisted of high end materials and many solar
absorbing components. The solar absorbing system consists of a high flux solar
furnace directed into the TEG system that is encased in a water-cooled quartz
window, with a thermal/optical cavity to ensure that solar radiation bounces back
into the solar selective absorber into the high end TEG. The cooling system includes
19
water cooling and a heatsink. This complex system made with high end materials
yielded efficiencies reaching up to 5%, with further modifications and tests
expected to reach 15%.
Figure 2.1 High Efficiency STEG Prototype
2.2.3 High-Performance Flat-Panel Solar Thermoelectric Generators With
High Thermal Concentration [10]
A flat panel STEG prototype was designed and constructed that was able to
achieve a peak efficiency of 4.6%. The value is reportedly 6-7 higher than that of
the usual flat panel STEGs. This was achieve by the use of high-performance
nanostructured thermoelectric materials and spectrally-selective solar absorbers in

20
an innovative design that exploits high thermal concentration in an evacuated
environment.
Figure 2.2 flat panel STEG prototype
2.3 TEG Attached Tin Stove Related Literature
2.3.1 Improvement of Biogas Fuelled-off-Grid Thermoelectric
Microcogeneration Kitchen System [15]
A recent study on the improvement of a biogas fueled stove where TEGs
with large heatsinks are mounted around the lower portion of a designed metal
stove. A similar approach to our study but with more in depth focus on biogas and
kitchen system design. The researchers were able to produce up to just 1 Watt of
power with major improvements on their metal stove to allow for optimal TEG
21
performance. The difference with this and our current study is that no changes will
be made to the tin can stove, it will be left just as how the people used it before and
up to now. This study by Masamayor concludes that even with peak temperature
difference, very high heat source, and optimal system design, common commercial
thermoelectric generators will still have very low power yield which the researchers
then concluded that further research and development of thermoelectric generators
are needed.
Figure 2.3 Gas Stove Burner with TEG and Heatsink Configuration
2.3.2 Conversion of Wasted Heat Energy into Electrical Energy Using TEG [7]
In this study, the researchers were able to charge a mobile phone using a
modified setup that includes heating up a high-end TEG using a gas burner as a heat
source. They used a long sheet of aluminum with a the burner on one end, and the
TEG with a heatsink attached to the other end. They then used a boost converter to
22
boost the output voltage of the TEG in order to charge the phone. This type of
system can be used in third world countries to have efficient energy usage while
cooking.
Figure 2.4 Phone Charging Gas Stove Burner with TEG

23
2.2 Thermoelectric Generators
2.2.2 Analysis of a Reconfigurable TEG Array for High Efficiency
Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting [15]
A theoretical analysis of constructing a reconfigurable TEG array is
presented in this paper. All possible combinations of 2 – TEG and 4 – TEG arrays
are investigated and the cause of intrinsic maximum power loss is analyzed for some
combinations. This paper provides information regarding the efficiencies and
generated voltages of the different TEG combinations. These combinations include
series, parallel, and different combinations of series-parallel connected
thermoelectric generators with each combination yielding different efficiency to
generated voltage graph curves.
2.2.3 Experimental Study: Design of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Fixture
for Harvesting an Automobile Electricity [4]
This study focuses on the output of four thermoelectric generators when
attached in series and mounted on the car engine. The results show a maximum
voltage of 2.05 V with a temperature difference of 17.8 degrees Celsius which was
generated when the engine starts up to a time range between 520 to 530 seconds.
The generated voltages and currents both rise linearly with respect to time, upon
reaching its maximum point, it slowly lowers down in value until it produces a
24
steady amount of voltage and current, this is because the thermoelectric generators’s
cold side have started to heat up and reach thermal equilibrium. This shows one
drawback of thermoelectric generators; which is its tendency to reach thermal
equilibrium on both sides causing a lowering of energy that is produced through
time.
2.2.4 The Thermoelectric Analysis of Different Heat Flux Conduction
Materials for Power Generation Board [5]
This study tests the output of thermoelectric generators when a type of
material is heat conducting material is attached to its hot side. Three experimental
variations were done; one with no material attached, one with aluminum attached,
and one with graphene attached. The results showed that graphene yielded the
greatest power, with aluminum coming in second, while the experiment with no
heat conducting metal yielded the lowest power output. The tests were done by
simulation and in actuality by attaching a cooling fin to the cold side of the TEG to
keep it at a constant zero degrees while the hot side is exposed to ambient
temperature.
25
2.2.5 Power and efficiency measurement of a thermoelectric cooler [16]
This study documents a laboratory experiment that determines the
efficiency of a thermoelectric cooler. The tests were done using an NI DAQ as a
DAQ system and involves the construction of a system that attaches a heater into
the TEC and pumps water into the cold side of the TEC.
2.3 Literature summary
Solar energy can be harvested using photovoltaic or thermoelectric solar
cells [7, 8]. Most studies regarding thermoelectric solar cells focus on designing
prototypes that use different methods such as combining PV and thermoelectric
devices [9], and the improvement of solar absorption and temperature management
of the system [10]. However, the problem with thermoelectric solar cells is that
most of its researches use many complex materials and the lack of further research
and development.
Some of the researches revolving around the implementation of TEGs on
improvised cooking systems include designing a biogas fueled kitchen system [11],
and implementing different cooling systems to increase stove efficiency [12]. Using
TEGs on cooking systems, usually improvised stoves, yields a good amount
harvested energy. However, most of these studies require the construction of stoves
that involves complex equipment.

26
Existing
Techniques in
Description Results
characterizing
TEGS
Water Boiling Test Exposes the hot side of the A multimeter provides
[15] TEG into boiling water and reliable DAQ. However, a
uses a multimeter and a thermal gun has accuracy
thermal gun for DAQ. problems when directed to
the TEG that is exposed in
boiling water.
Heating tape and Attaches a heating tape to Regulating water at the cold
water cooling [16] the hot side of the TEG side helps in increasing and
while regulating a flow of maintaining temperature
water into the cold side of difference. However, the
the TEG. temperature of a heating
tape cannot be controlled
and has limitations.
Table 2. 1 Summary of Existting Techniques in Characterizing TEG

27
Existing
Techniques for
Description Results
Increasing
Thermoelectric
Solar Cell
Efficiency
PV and STEG Involves implementing Provides high efficiency at
hybrid. [9] TEGs into PV technology the cost of complex
materials.
Heatsink Attached a heatsink to the System is able to maintain a
attachment with cold side of the TEG and high temperature difference
water cooling. [14] implements a water cooling given that the hot side is
system. exposed to high
temperature.
Solar absorber [10] Attaches a solar absorber Able to increase the
that absorbs solar energy temperature at the hot side of
the TEG.
28
and has high thermal
conductivity.
Table 2. 2 Existing Techniques for Increasing Thermoelectric Solar Cell

Efficiency
Existing
Techniques for
Description Results
Increasing
Energy
Harvesting Stove
Efficiency
Series-parallel Connects the TEG array in Lowers internal resistance of
connection. [15] a series-parallel the system and increases
connection. output current.

29
High Thermal Attaches metals with high Increases the temperature of
Conductivity thermal conductivity to the the hot side of the TEG and
Metals. hot side of the TEG. also protects the TEG from
damages.
Table 2. 3 Existing Techniques for Increasing Energy Harvesting Stove Efficiency

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Figure 3.1 Methodology Flowchart

31
This chapter covers the research methodology that explains the research
methods, techniques, and procedures used by the researcher to obtain a successful
outcome of the study.
Figure 3.1 shows the methodology flowchart which contains the flow of
process that is strictly followed which serves as a guide for the researchers in
achieving the objectives of the study. The first step requires conceptualizing the
design of the energy harvesting systems, as well as its different variations. Next,
various Solidworks simulations revolving TEGs are done in order to have a good
and efficient design on the energy harvesting system to be built. Then, the SP1848-
27145 TEG’s energy harvesting capabilities are characterized. After knowledge
gathering and simulations, designing the two energy harvesting systems is done,
with building these systems following immediately after the designing phase. The
constructed Thermoelectric Solar Cell and the tin stove with attached TEG systems
is finally used, the Thermoelectric Solar Cell is exposed to sunlight while wood or
coal is burned inside the tin stove with attached TEG systems. During these working
periods, different parameters are simultaneously characterized using the arduino
DAQ system. The last part is storing energy into a battery using the harvested
energy from the two different systems and calculate the rate of the charging of the
battery while the two systems are at work.

32
3.1 Conceptualized Energy Harvesting System
Figure 3.2 System Block
Figure 3.2 shows the conceptualized system block for the energy harvesting
systems. The entire system is divided into 4 parts. The first part is the thermoelectric
generation where heat from solar energy or from the fire in the tin stove heats up
the hot side of the thermoelectric generators. The resulting temperature difference
produces an output power which is regulated using a boost converter. The regulated
power is then stored in a lithium ion battery for device usage where the output of
the battery is regulated using a boost converter again, making the output power of
the battery stable and safe for device usage.

33
3.1.1 Thermoelectric Generator Efficiency Improvement
A Thermoelectric Generator works by converting a heat difference between
its hot side and its cold side. The greater the heat difference, the greater the
generated electrical energy. However, one downside of the thermoelectric generator
is that the heat from the hot side of the TEG carries over into the cold side via
conduction, hence, increasing the temperature of the cold side and therefore,
lowering the TEG’s temperature difference and output energy. This is always the
case of TEGs since it obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics where the hotter
object always transfer heat into the less hot object when both are in contact until
both objects are in thermal equilibrium, in this study’s case, the hotter object is the
hot side of the TEG and the colder object is the cold side of the TEG. Because of
this, TEG’s as of now have a limited operation time, which is the amount of time
when the temperature difference between the two sides of the TEG is large enough
to generate sufficient energy. There are many ways to compensate this type of
disadvantage of TEGs such as using a cooling system that flows into the cold side,
or using a simple fan to keep the cold side cooler. In this experiment a simple
aluminum heatsink is attached to the cold side of the TEG using thermal paste in
order to disperse the heat from the cold side into the atmosphere which allows for
the cold side to stay at a sufficiently lower temperature from the hot side for an
extended amount of time.

34
Figure 3.3 Aluminum Heatsink
A heatsink is a passive heat exchanger that transfers heat. The heatsink is
typically a metallic part which can be attached to a device releasing energy in the
form of heat, with the aim of dissipating that heat to a surrounding fluid in order to
prevent the device overheating.
Thermal paste is a very high heat conductive paste that is used between two
objects to get better heat conduction, one of which, is usually a heatsink. It fills in
all those microscopic imperfections on the heatsink and the other object that can
trap air in them and cause a loss in the heatsink’s performance as air is a very poor
conductor of heat.
35
3.1.2 CE8301 Boost Converter and Charging Technique
The DC - DC Boost Converter used in this study is the CE8301 model. It is
a CMOS PFM-control step up switching DC - DC converter that mainly consists of
a reference voltage source, an oscillator, and a comparator. The built-in MOS FET
is turned off by a protection circuit when the voltage at the LX pin exceeds the limit
to prevent it from being damaged. The input consists of two pins; one for positive,
and one for negative. The output of the CE8301 is a female USB port. The minimum
voltage required for the converter is 0.9 V and it boosts that voltage up to 5 V. It is
not safe or advisable to charge any device with a varying voltage input as it can
damage the device. In order to safely charge the lithium ion battery, the CE8301 dc
to dc boost converter is used for voltage regulation. Other than regulating the
voltage, the boost converter also increases the input voltage from the system into
the battery.
Figure 3.4 CE8301 Series Boost Converter

36
3.1.4 Lithium-ion battery
A 4.2 V lithium-ion battery is used to store the harvested energy from the
two systems. Lithium-ion batteries are suitable for this study because of their
advantages from other types of batteries. These advantages are that lithium-ion
batteries have higher energy densities than other common batteries allowing for
longer applications on devices and even though lithium ion batteries have high
energy densities, they still charge faster than other commercial batteries. Another
advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they have a low self-discharge rate
compared to other rechargeable batteries, which is usually around five percent
within the first few hours of being fully charged and falls down to about one to two
percent per month. More importantly, lithium ion batteries have low to zero
memory effect. Memory effect is a phenomenon observed in rechargeable batteries
in which they lose their maximum energy capacity when repeated recharged after
being only partially discharged. This property of lithium ion batteries is very useful
in this study because the series of experiments requires the chosen battery to be
charged and discharged multiple times at low values.

37
Figure 3.5Sony 4.2V VTC5 Lithium-ion Battery
3.1.5 TEG Board Design
The TEG array is attached to an aluminum sheet with 12 by 12 inch
dimension, as aluminum is one of the most commercially available metal sheets that
has high thermal conductivity. An aluminum sheet, however, is glossy and reflects
sunlight, which makes it harder for the sheet to heat up. To compensate for this
characteristic of aluminum, the sheet is spray painted with black thin paint. The
color black is suitable for the solar cell application as it absorbs all wavelengths of
light, and therefore, heats up faster than other colors of the visible spectrum.
Thermal is be applied in between the hot side of the TEG and the aluminum sheet
to compensate for the microscopic gaps and air pockets in between. The paste alone
cannot hold the TEG in place to the surface of the aluminum sheet. Therefore, the
38
TEG array are attached in place with metal or plastic strips that are fastened tightly
into the aluminum sheet with nuts and bolt. An array containing 15 TEGs is suitable
in this study because 15 TEGs is enough to be connected in series, parallel, or series-
parallel in order to achieve a desired voltage output.
Figure 3.6 Conceptualized TEG Array Board
Figure 3.7Side View of the Conceptualized TEG Array Board

39
3.1.6 TEG Array Distance Variation
TEG array distance variation is done using Solidworks. The TEGs undergo
temperature simulation and their distance from one another is be varied. This is to
find out whether a TEG Array where the TEGs are closely attached with each other
has a significant difference in temperature stability compared to a TEG Array where
the TEGs are a few centimeters apart. In this simulation, space compactness of the
TEG Array is taken into consideration as well as the temperature stability of the
system. There are three variations done for this simulation. The first variation
simulates no distance in between the TEGs, the second simulates a 2 cm spacing in
between the TEGs, and the third simulates a 4 cm spacing in between the TEGs.a
3.2 Measuring Techniques using Arduino
In measuring the different parameters such as the open circuit voltage, and
output power of the TEG and the system, the Arduino Uno is used as a data
acquisition system. Two thermocouple modules are connected to the Arduino and
attached to the hot side and cold side of the TEG in order to obtain the temperature
difference. The TEG system output is also connected to the arduino in order to
analyze its voltage characteristics as a function of temperature difference. The data
gathered by the arduino is analyzed and graphed using Microsoft Excel.

40
3.2.1 Voltage and Current Measurement
Figure 3.8 Voltage Measurement Circuit
Arduino Uno can be configured as a voltage measuring device. Figure 3.8
shows the circuit diagram for measuring the voltage across a load. Analog pins
configured as input pins are said to be in a high-impedance state equivalent to a
series resistor of 100 MΩ. The Arduino can accurately measure the voltage of a
voltage load because of the relatively large resistance across the nodes of the load
voltage. Arduino can only take a maximum input voltage of 5V at its analog pins;
a voltage divider with 1:1 ratio is configured to increase the voltage reading range
to 10V. Adjustments and calibrations for accurate data acquisition is done via the
arduino code which can be found in Appendix A.
Figure 3.9 is the circuit diagram for measuring the current across a load. The
relatively large resistance of the Arduino pin takes a negligible amount of current
41
from the load. Moreover, 1Ω is relatively small that it decreases the load current by
a negligible amount. To enhance the accuracy of the system, adjustments and
program calibrations has been conducted.
Figure 3.9 Current Measurement Circuit Diagram
3.2.2 Temperature Measurement
Figure 3.10 shows the pin configuration of the MAX6675 Thermocouple
Module. The GND, VCC, SCK, CS, and SO pins of module 1 is connected to pin
6, pin 5, pin 4, pin 3 and pin 2, respectively, while for module 2, these module pins
are connected to pin 13, pin 12, pin 11, pin 10 and pin 9, respectively. The arduino
program for temperature measurement can also be found in Appendix A.

42
Figure 3.10 Thermocouple Pin Configuration
3.3 TEG Characterization
For the TEG characterization, a heat blower is used in order to heat up the
hot side of the thermoelectric generator. The thermocouples are then attached to the
hot side and the cold side of the TEG in order to obtain the temperature difference.
The TEG and the thermocouples are then attached to an Arduino Uno for data
acquisition. To measure the open circuit voltage, short circuit current, internal
resistance and power output characteristics of the TEG, the hot side of the device is
43
heated up by the blower while the temperature of the cold side is maintained by
introducing a flowing water as coolant. The measured voltage, current, resistance
and power are compared to the instantaneous temperature difference with respect
to the real-time acquisition of data.
3.4 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Design
3.4.1 TEG and Heatsink efficiency variation for Thermoelectric Solar Cell
Three different variations in the TEG and heatsink is simulated in
Solidworks. The first uses only a Thermoelectric Generator in a temperature
simulation. The second has a heatsink attached into the TEG. Lastly, the third
variation has the heatsink attached TEG to be submerged in a water coolant that is
contained in an insulating box, the water in this system is constantly flowing. In the
third variation, only the heatsink is submerged in water. These three variations are
simulated in order to test which variation is more efficient in maintaining a high
and stable temperature difference. After the solidworks temperature simulation of
the three different TEG and Heatsink designs, the variation which has the higher
and more stable temperature difference with respect to time is chosen for the final
constructed Thermoelectric Solar Cell.

44
Figure 3.11 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Design Top View
Figure 3.11 shows the design for the thermoelectric solar cell. The
thermoelectric solar cell is placed on a Styrofoam box that acts as a water container.
A second Styrofoam box is placed at a lower elevation than the solar cell and
contains a water pump that pumps water via the blue hose into the first Styrofoam
box that acts as a water container for the solar cell. The water fills up the Styrofoam
water container and as it gets full, the water flows back into the Styrofoam box with
the water pump via two green hoses through gravity. This simulates flowing water
in the system by circulating water.

45
3.4.2 Thermoelectric Solar Cell
Upon simulating the 3 variations, the one with the water coolant yielded the
better temperature difference. Therefore the thermoelectric solar cell is constructed
with the design.
Figure 3.12 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Prototype
The Thermoelectric Solar Cell Prototype is shown in Fig. 3.6. A Styrofoam
box is used as the container for the water supply and water pump as well as the
container for which the TEG array is placed on. Water hoses are then used to
regulate the flow of water throughout the two Styrofoam containers.

46
3.5 Tin Stove Design
3.5.1 Tin Stove Modification and TEG array Attachment
The Tin Stove used in this study has the shape of a rectangular prism as it is
more convenient to attach the aluminum plate on a flat surface compared to a curved
one from a cylinder. A hole is cut at the lower part of one face of the stove, this is
where fuel such as firewood or coal is placed and burned to produce fire for cooking.
The TEG system is then attached to the opposite face of the hole where its aluminum
plate heats up via conduction and, in response, heat up the hot side of the TEG array.
3.5.2 Tin Stove TEG Fan Attachment
For Variation, a mini heatsink fan is attached to the heatsink of the TEG that
is attached to the cold side of the TEG. The fan draws power from the TEG. The
output power is then be compared to the output of a TEG without a fan attached to
the heatsink. It is then be calculated whether attaching a fan that draws power from
the TEG has any significant effect on the output power that the TEG generates.
47
Figure 3.13 Small Heatsink Fan
3.5.3 Tin Stove Prototype
Upon experimenting with the fan attached and without the fan, it is shown
that there is no significant difference in the output power of the TEG between the 2
variations. Therefore, the Tin Stove prototype will be constructed without small
heatsink fans attached.
Figure 3.14 Tin Stove Prototype front view

48
Figure 3.15 Tin Stove Prototype back view
Figures 3.8 and 3.9 show the front and back view of the tin stove prototype,
respectively. The tin stove is made from vintage biscuit tin cans that has a hole cut
at the bottom to allow for coal or firewood to be placed. Some people, usually from
rural areas, use this type improvised stove to cook their food. The TEG array is then
attached to the back of the Tin Stove.

49
3.6 Equations Used
3.6.1 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Convection Equation
For thermal conductivity:
𝑘𝐴∆𝑇
𝑞=
𝑑
Equation. 3.1 Thermal conduction equation
Where:
A = cross sectional area of the material (m2)
∆T = temperature difference between two sides of the material
d = thickness of the material (m)

50
For thermal convection:
𝑞 = 𝑘𝐴∆T
Equation 3.2 Thermal convection equation
Where:
A = exposed surface area of the material (m2)
∆T = temperature difference between the object and the convecting fluid
The equations for thermal conductivity and convection are nearly similar, with just
an addition of the thickness of the material (d) in the conduction equation. These
equations are used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in the two systems.
51
3.6.2 Thermal Efficiency Equation
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑛= ⋅ 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛
Equation 3.3 Thermal efficiency equation
Where:
n = efficiency in percentage (%)
Pout = output power (W)
Pin = input power (W)
The thermal efficiency equation considers the input heat and output power
of the system. This equation is used to calculate the efficiency of the two systems.
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter shows and discusses the results of the implementation of
energy harvesting system using an array of SP1848-27145 thermoelectric
generators from solar heat source and heat from tin stove.
4.1 Conceptualized Energy Harvesting System Initial Test Results
The initial tests of the conceptualized system uses a hair blower as a heat
source and is directed into the hot side of a thermoelectric generator. The test was
able to produce a voltage around the 1 V range but the temperature difference to
produce such voltage does not last long enough because the cold side of the TEG
also heats up due to conduction. Therefore, adding temperature regulating elements
such as a heatsink can help maintain a high temperature difference. The output
voltage of 1 volt is not high enough to charge a battery efficiently and an
inconsistent voltage output is not safe when charging a battery or any electronic
device. Thus, a boost converter is proves to be an efficient component to raise the
voltage to a maximum of 5V and regulate it for safety. However, the output power
of a 4.2 V lithium ion battery is not enough to charge common electronic devices,
such as a cellphone, therefore attaching another boost converter to the output of the
battery is found to be necessary to raise its power output for it to be able to charge
53
common electronic devices. The results if this test provides useful information for
the design and construction of the thermoelectric solar cell and energy harvesting
tin stove.
4.2 Effects of Varying the Distance between TEG modules
Source Temperature, Ts 60 ℃
Convective Coefficient of air, hc 10 W/m2.K
Volume Flow Rate 0.0002 m3/s
Table 4.1 Simulation parameters for TEG module

54
4.2a No Spacing
without spacing (isometric view).
Figure 4. 2 Simulation result for the steady state thermal analysis of the TEG array
without spacing (side view).
55
4.2b 2cm Spacing
with 2cm spacing (isometric view).
with 2cm spacing (side view).
56
4.2c 4cm Spacing
with 4cm spacing (isometric view).
with 4cm spacing (side view).
57
Spacing between Hot Side Cold Side Temperature

TEGs, cm Temperature, ℃ Temperature, ℃ Difference, ℃
0 60.00 45.62 14.38
2 60.00 44.86 15.14
4 60.00 44.82 15.18
Table 4.2 Simulation Summary
The initial condition parameters for the simulations is summarized in Table
4.1. Figures 4.1-6 show the thermal simulation results when the distance between
the TEG is varied by 0cm, 2cm, and 4cm. Results show that the temperature
difference measured for the three setup is 14.38℃, 15.14℃ and 15.18℃,
respectively. Consequently, it is inferred that there is no significant difference
between the temperature differences for the three setups.

58
4.3 SP1848-27145 TEG Characterization
Voltage vs Temperature Difference

1.4
1.2
1
Voltage, V
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature Difference, ˚C
Figure 4.7 Voltage response of the TEG module as a function of temperature

difference.
59
Current vs Temperature Difference

0.3
0.25
0.2
Current, A
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature Difference, ℃
Figure 4.8 Current response of the TEG module as a function of temperature

difference.
Resistance
5
4.5
4
Internal Resistance, Ω
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Figure 4.9 Internal resistance of the TEG module as a function of temperature

difference.
60
Power Output
0.35
0.3
0.25
Power, W
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Figure 4.10 Maximum power output of the TEG as a function of temperature

difference.
Figures 4.7-10 show the response characteristics of a TEG SP1848-27145
module with increasing temperature difference. Figures 4.7 and 4.8 shows that the
voltage and current characteristics, respectively, of the device increases linearly
with temperature difference. Moreover, figure 4.9 shows that there is no significant
change in the internal resistance of the TEG module when the temperature is varied.
In figure 4.10, it can be observed that the power output of the device increases
drastically as the temperature difference between the hot side and cold side
increases.
61
4.4 Performance of Thermoelectric Solar Cell
4.4.1 Thermal Analysis Simulation Results of Thermoelectric Solar Cell
This section discusses the effects of adding a heatsink to the cold side of the
TEG module.
4.4.1a No Heatsink
Table 4.3 Simulation parameters for simulating the TEG module without heatsink.
62
module without heatsink (isometric view).
module without heatsink (side view).
63
Average Hot Side Temperature, Th 60℃
Average Cold Side Temperature, Tc 58.316℃
Temperature Difference, ΔT 1.684℃
Table 4.4 Simulation summary for the TEG without heatsink.
The simulation condition parameters for simulating the TEG module
without heatsink is summarized in Table 4.3. Figures 4.11 and 4.12 show the
simulation results of the steady state thermal analysis in isometric and side view,
respectively. Result summary in Table 4.4 shows that the average surface
temperature at the hot side of the TEG is 60℃, and the average surface temperature
at the cold side is 58.316℃. As a result, the simulated average temperature
difference between the hot side and the cold side of the TEG is 1.684℃.
4.4.1b Addition of Heatsink with Free Convection through Air
Table 4.5 Simulation parameters for simulating the TEG module.

64
module with heatsink (isometric view).
module with heatsink (side view).
65
Table 4.6 Simulation summary
The simulation condition parameters for simulating the TEG module with
heatsink and free convection through air is summarized in Table 4.5. Figures 4.13
and 4.14 show the simulation results of the steady state thermal analysis in isometric
and side view, respectively. Result summary in Table 4.6 shows that the average
surface temperature at the hot side of the TEG is 60℃, and the average surface
temperature at the cold side is 48.719℃. As a result, the simulated average
temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of the TEG is
11.281℃.
66
4.4.1c With Heatsink and Water Coolant
Volume Flow Rate 0.0002 m3/s
Table 4.7 Simulation parameters for TEG module
module with heatsink and water coolant (isometric view).
67
module with heatsink and water coolant (side view).
Table 4. 8 Simulation summary

68
The simulation condition parameters for simulating the TEG module with
heatsink and using water as a heat dispersion medium is summarized in Table 4.7.
Figures 4.15 and 4.16 show the simulation results of the steady state thermal
analysis in isometric and side view, respectively. Result summary in Table 4.8
shows that the average surface temperature at the hot side of the TEG is 60℃, and
the average surface temperature at the cold side is 36.467℃. As a result, the
simulated average temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of
the TEG is 23.533℃. The results show that adding a heatsink with water coolant
into the system yields a significantly greater value of temperature difference.
Therefore, a setup with water coolant and heatsink is necessary to achieve optimal
efficiency for the thermoelectric solar cell.
4.4.2 Single TEG Module Performance for Thermoelectric Solar Cell
Figure 4.17 shows the open circuit voltage of the single TEG module when
the hot side is exposed under the sun. The average voltage value for the duration is
around 0.128 V. The equivalent circuit diagram for the TEG in this setup is
described in the schematic diagram in Figure 4.18.

69
Open Circuit Voltage
0.16
y=0.1276
0.14
0.12
0.1
Voltage, V
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 10 20 30 time,40mins 50 60 70 80
Figure 4.17 Open circuit voltage of a single TEG module for solar energy
harvesting.
Figure 4.18 Equivalent circuit for the TEG for solar energy harvesting.
70
4.4.3 Array of 15 TEG Module in Series for Thermoelectric Solar Cell

2.5
1.5
Voltage, V
0.5
0
9:00:00 AM 10:48:00 AM 12:36:00 PM 2:24:00 PM 4:12:00 PM
Time
Figure 4.19 Open circuit voltage of 15 TEG in series
Figure 4.20 Equivalent circuit for the 15 TEG array in series.

71
Figure 4.19 shows the open circuit voltage response of the 15-TEG in series
system when the hot-side aluminum plate is exposed under the sun. The duration of
the experiment covers from 9:53 AM to 3:13 PM, a total of 5.33 hours.
Power Output
0.35
0.3
0.25
Power, W
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Figure 4.21 Power output of the 15 TEG in series as a function of temperature

difference.
Figure 4.21 is the characterization of the system comparing the maximum
power output and temperature difference between the hot side and the cold side of
the device. The graph shows that the maximum power output increases in an
exponential manner as the magnitude of the temperature difference increases. Thus,
the efficiency of the system is increased if the temperature difference is maintained
at maximum.
72
Figure 4.22 shows the voltage response of the CE8301 Boost Converter at
its output with respect to the open circuit voltage of the 15-TEG system. The open
circuit voltage required for the boost converter to produce a regulated 5V output is
0.97 V. Moreover, Figure 4.23 shows the power output response of the CE8301
boost converter as a function of the open circuit voltage of the 15-TEG system. The
power output of the converter starts to increase linearly at 0.528 mark.
Output Voltage
6.0
5.0
4.0
Voltage, V
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Voltage, V
Figure 4.22 Voltage output of CE8301 Boost Converter with respect to TEG array
voltage output.
73
Power Output
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
Power, W
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Voltage, V
voltage output
74
4.5 Performance of TEG Array Attached in Tin Stove
4.5.1 Single TEG Performance with Heatsink attached in Tin Stove

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Voltage, V
y=0.470
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time, min
Figure 4.24 Open circuit voltage of a single TEG module

75
4.5.2 Effects of Adding a BF6025 DC Fan
Power
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-0.05
Figure 4.25 Power output consumption of the dc fan.
This section discusses the effects of adding an external exhaust dc fan
powered by a 4.2V lithium-ion battery to the performance of a single TEG. Figure
4.25 shows the power consumption of the fan with respect to the voltage input. The
power consumption of the dc fan at 4.2 Volts is 259 mW.
Figure 4.26 shows the changes in voltage output of the TEG when the fan is
introduced. The orange-colored curve describes the response of the TEG when the
fan is not present, the black-colored curve is the voltage response of the TEG when
the fan is turned on, and the dashed-blue line is the projected curve if the fan was
not turned on. The curve is described by the equation y = 508.04x-0.879. The average
increase in voltage is 0.161V. Consequently, the estimated increase in power output

76
is 6.78 mW. Considering the assumption that the battery voltage is maintained at
4.2 voltage, the power consumption of the fan 259.41 mW. As a result, adding an
external dc fan to increase the power output of the TEG yields a net increase in
power of -252.63 mW. Thus, the fan acts as a degenerative component for the
energy harvesting system.
ΔVave,increase 0.161 V
ΔPave.increase 6.78 mW
Pfan 259.41 mW
ΔPnet -252.63 mW
Table 4.9 Result summary when adding a fan

77
Voltage Output
1.4
1.2
1
Voltage, V
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Time, s
Estimated
Fan is Off Voltage Fan is On
Figure 4.26 Voltage variation when a dc fan is introduced.
4.5.3 Array of 15 TEG Module in Series-Parallel Combination attached in

Tin Stove
Figure 4.27 shows the open circuit voltage of the 15-TEG array in series-
parallel combination used for the energy harvesting from the heat of the tin stove.
Moreover, Figure 4.28 is the characterization of the 15-TEG system comparing the
power output as a function of temperature difference between the hot side and cold
side. Figure 4.29 shows the voltage response of the CE8301 Boost Converter at its
output with respect to the open circuit voltage of the 15-TEG system. The open
circuit voltage required for the boost converter to produce a regulated 5V output is
0.56 V. Figure 4.30 shows the power output response of the CE8301 boost converter
78
as a function of the open circuit voltage of the 15-TEG system. The power output
of the converter starts to increase linearly at 0.47V mark.
Voltage
3
2.5
2
Voltage, V
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-0.5
Time, mins
Figure 4.27 Open circuit voltage of a 15 TEGs in series-parallel configuration.

79
Power Output
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Power, W
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Figure 4.28 Power output of the 15 TEGs in series-parallel as a function of

temperature difference.
Output Voltage
6.0
5.0
4.0
Voltage, V
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Voltage, V
Figure 4. 29 Voltage output of CE8301 Boost Converter with respect to TEG array
voltage output.
80
Max Power
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
Voltage, V
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Voltage, V
voltage output.
4.6 Efficiency calculation
The input heat is measured as the rate of heat transfer from the hot side to
the cold side of the thermoelectric module. The TEG is a composite of three
materials which includes Alumina, solder, and Bismuth Telluride. The thermal
resistivity of the device is added in series for composite materials like TEG. The
rate of heat transfer for a TEG is described in the equation below.
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 −1
𝑞=[ + + ] (∆𝑇)
𝑘1 𝐴1 𝑘2 𝐴2 𝑘3 𝐴3
where,
81
L = thickness of the material (m)
A = cross-sectional area of the material (m2)
k = thermal conductivity of the material (W/m K)
ΔT = temperature difference between the hot side and cold side (K)
Thermal
Material Thickness, mm Area, m2
Conductivity
Alumina 0.96 0.0016 30
Soldering
0.32 0.000913 57
Material
Bismuth Telluride 2.54 0.000651 1.8
Table 4.10 Summary of the material properties of a TEG.

82
4.6.1 Efficiency of the Array of 15 TEGs
Efficiency and Power Input

Axis Title
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.25 200
0.2
Efficiency, %
150
Power, W
0.15
100
0.1
0.05 50
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Efficiency Power Input
Figure 4.31 Efficiency of the TEG array as a function of temperature difference.
Efficiency is the measure of the power output divided by the rate of heat
transfer, q, from the hot side to the cold side of the TEG. Using the equation of the
conductive heat transfer for composite objects and the material properties in Table
10, the efficiency can be estimated. Figures 4.32 and 4.33 show the efficiency of
the 15-TEG in series for solar energy harvesting and 15-TEG in series-parallel for
heat energy harvesting from tin stove. The maximum efficiency recorded from solar
energy harvesting is 0.257%, while from the heat from tin stove is 0.67%. This
efficiency values is the efficiency at the output of the TEG-system array only.
83
Heat Input and Efficiency for Solar

0.35 120
0.3 100
0.25 80
Efficiency, %
Power, W
0.2 60
0.15 40
0.1 20
0.05 0
0 -20
9:36:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 2:24:00 PM
Time
Efficiency Heat Input
Figure 4.32 Heat input and efficiency of the TEG array for solar energy
harvesting application.
Heat Input and Efficiency for Tin Stove

1 70
60
0.8
50
0.6
Efficiency, %
40
Power, W
0.4 30
20
0.2
10
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
-0.2 -10
Time, min
Power In
Figure 4.33 Heat input and efficiency of the TEG array for energy harvesting in tin
stove.
84
4.6.2 Efficiency of the CE8301 Boost Converter
Figure 4.34 Efficiency of the CE8301 boost converter.
Taken from the datasheet of the CE8301 Boost Converter, figure 4.34 shows
the efficiency of the device and the corresponding output current as response to the
specific voltage inputs. The typical efficiency of the boost converter is around 85%.
85
4.6.3 System Overall Efficiency
The overall efficiency of the system is defined by the equation
𝜂𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜂𝑇𝐸𝐺 𝑥 𝜂𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑡
where 𝜂𝑇𝐸𝐺 is the efficiency of the array of TEGs and 𝜂𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑡 is the efficiency of the
boost converter.
𝜂𝑇𝐸𝐺|𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 0.29%
𝜂𝑇𝐸𝐺|𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑣𝑒 0.67%
𝜂𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑡 85%
𝜼𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍|𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 0.25%
𝜼𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍|𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒗𝒆 0.57%
Table 4. 11 Summary of Efficiency
The overall efficiency of the thermoelectric energy harvesting system is
0.25% and 0.57% for solar energy harvesting and from the heat of the tin stove,
respectively.
86
4.7 Energy Harvesting and Storing
Phone Battery Percentage (%)

100
90
80 91%
70
Percentage, %
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time, mins
Figure 4.35 Phone battery percentage with respect to charging time
Lithium-Ion Battery Voltage (V)

4.5
4
3.5
3
3.245 V
Voltage, V
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time, mins
Figure 4.36 Battery voltage level with respect to charging time.

87
For charging the mobile phone with a 3000 mAh battery, the output of the
4.2 lithium-ion battery is regulated to 5V using CE8301 boost converter. Figure
4.31 shows the level of battery percentage with respect to charging time. At time =
0 min, the initial battery level of the mobile phone is 39%. The final charging time
is 220 min, and the battery level percentage of the mobile phone is 91%. The total
increase in battery level percentage is 52%. Figure 4.36 shows the voltage level of
the lithium-ion battery with respect to charging time. The initial voltage of the
battery at time = 0 min is 4.183V. After 220 min of charging, the voltage of the
battery dropped to 3.245 V. At this level, the battery can no longer provide the
charging requirements of the mobile phone.
Battery Voltage (Solar)

4.50 4.20
3.90
4.00 3.56
3.503.17
3.00
Voltage, V
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time, mins
Figure 4.37 Effective battery voltage as a function of charging time (solar cell).
88
Battery Voltage (Tin Stove)

4.5 4.2
3.96
4
3.53.25
3
Voltage, V
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time, mins
Figure 4.38 Effective battery voltage as a function of charging time (tin stove).
Figures 4.37 and 4.38 shows the voltage level of the battery when charged
by the solar energy harvesting and heat from tin stove, respectively. It takes around
3 hours to charge the battery from 3.17V to 4.2V from the solar energy harvesting
system, and around 40 minutes of charging to increase the battery voltage from 3.25
V to 4.2 V using the heat from tin stove.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conlcusion
The SP1848-27145 Thermoelectric Generator’s energy producing
capabilities were successfully characterized. Based on the data obtained, a TEG
array can be connected in series, parallel, or series-parallel, to achieve optimal
efficiency for different applications and the output power of designing
thermoelectric generator based energy harvesting system purely depends on the
number of TEG modules, the temperature difference between the hot side and cold
side of the TEG module, and the type of connection of the array.
A Thermoelectric Solar Cell was successfully designed and constructed. It
is concluded that the TEG array for a thermoelectric solar cell should connected in
series to effectively increase its open circuit voltage of the system, however, the
effective internal resistance of the system increases linearly with the number of
TEGs in series. The constructed Thermoelectric Solar Cell successfully harvests
solar energy and stores it in a lithium battery at a rate of 1.03V in 3 hours and the
system’s different parameters were successfully analyzed.

90
An Energy Harvesting Tin Stove was successfully designed and constructed
using thermoelectric generators. It is concluded that the TEG array attached to the
tin stove should be connected in series-parallel, as the large temperature difference
from a tin stove system can lead to a large amount of output voltage from the TEG.
A series-parallel connection is necessary to effectively decrease the internal
resistance of the system and in return, limits the open circuit voltage of the system.
The constructed Tin Stove successfully harvests waste heat energy and stores it in
a lithium battery at a rate of 0.95 V in 40 mins and the system’s different parameters
were successfully analyzed.
The temperature difference of TEGs should be considered in designing a
system and the connectivity of its array in order to achieve efficient performance.
The drawback of using TEG modules for energy harvesting is relatively high
internal resistance. Consequently, the maximum power that can be outputted by the
device is limited due to this factor. The collected data shows that there is no
significant change in the internal resistance of the system with respect to increasing
temperature difference, therefore it is desirable to make a thermoelectric energy
harvesting system that could maintain the temperature differential at maximum.

91
5.2 Recommendations
For further researches regarding thermoelectric based energy harvesting
systems, the researchers propose the following recommendations:
1. Improve the heat dispersion method by using a heatsink with larger fins.
This increases the surface area for either convective or conductive heat
transfer.
2. Use a heatsink material that has a higher thermal conductivity than
aluminum, such as copper.
3. Consider using a TEG module other than the TEG SP1848-27145 that yields
better performance than the latter.
4. Use expensive thermal paste with lower thermal resistance and make sure
that the materials in contact are tightly bonded.

APPENDIX A
Data Acquisition Arduino Code

93
References
[1] R. Gicquel, and May Gicquel. “Introduction to Global Energy
Issues”, 2013
[2] “SEEBECK EFFECT” Taken from:
https://www.marlow.com/how-do-thermoelectric-generators-tegs-
work
[3] “How Thermoelectric Generators Work”. Taken from:
http://www.alphabetenergy.com/how-thermoelectrics-work/
[4] A. Awria, M. Albana, R. Hakim, “Experimental Study: Design of
Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Fixture for Harvesting an
Automobile Electricity”, 2018
[5] S. Li, K. Lam, K. Cheng, “The Thermoelectric Analysis of Different
Heat Flux Conduction Materials for Power Generation Board”, 2017
[6] Q. Wan, Y. Teh, P. Mok, “Analysis of a Reconfigurable TEG Array
for High Efficiency Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting”, 2016

95
[7] M. DeBono, “What is Solar Energy and How Do Solar Panels
Work?”,2017
[8] D. Fong, “Sustainable Energy Solutions for Rural Areas and
Application for Groundwater Extraction” 2014
[9] E. Urbiola, L. Bulat, Y. Vorobiev, “Solar Hybrid Systems With
Thermoelectric Generators” 2012
[10] D. Kraemer, B. Poudel, H. Feng, J. Caylor, B. Yu, X. Yan, Y. Ma,
X. Wang, D. Wang, A. Muto, K. McEnaney, M. Chiesa, Z. Ren, G.
Chen, “High-Performance Flat-Panel Solar Thermoelectric
Generators With High Thermal Concentration”, 2011
[11] J. Sale, E. Sinugbuhan, “Biogas Fuelled-off-Grid Thermoelectric
Microcogeneration Kitchen System”, 2017
[12] H. Gao, G. Huang, H. Li, Z. Qu, Y. Zhang, “Development of stove-
powered thermoelectric generators: a review”, 2015
[13] M. Guang-yu, C. Jiu-ju, Z. Wen-wei, D. Hui, “Analytical Research
on Waste Heat Recovery and Utilization of China’s Iron & Steel
Industry”, 2011
96
[14] M. L. Olsen , E. L. Warren , P. A. Parilla , E. S. Toberer, C. E.
Kennedy , G. J. Snyder , S. A. Firdosy , B. Nesmith , A. Zakutayev,
A. Goodrich , C. S. Turchi , J. Netter , M. H. Gray , P. F. Ndione ,
R. Tirawat , L. L. Baranowski , A. Gray , and D. S. Ginley, “A High-
Temperature, High-Efficiency Solar Thermoelectric Generator
Prototype”, 2013
[15] G. Masamayor, J. Pueblas, “Improvement of Biogas Fuelled-off-
Grid Thermoelectric Microcogeneration Kitchen System”, 2018
[16] S. O’Halloran, M. Rodrigues, “Power and efficiency measurement
of a thermoelectric cooler”, 2012

CURRICULUM VITAE
ROVIC JAN RAFAEL L. ROA

Address: Pob. 1, Oroquieta City,
Misamis Occidental
Birthdate: January 11, 1997
Birthplace: Oroquieta City
Contact No.: 09955682691
Email: rovicroa@gmail.com
Father: Rey M. Roa
Mother: Blaise L. Roa
Educational Background:
TERTIARY: MSU – Iligan Institute of Tecnology

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
Batch 2019
SECONDARY: Misamis Occidental National High School
Batch 2013
ELEMENTARY: Oroquieta City Central Elementary School
Batch 2009
Work Experience
On-the-Job Training: PLDT-PHILCOM
Cagayan de Oro City
June – August 2017
98
AFFILIATIONS
Cybercom Head, Junior Institute of Electronics Engineers in the Philippines
- Iligan Bay Chapter, 2017 – 2018
Cybercom Head, Junior Institute of Electronics Engineers in the Philippines

- MSU – IIT Chapter, 2018 - 2019
Cybercom Member, Junior Institute of Electronics Engineers in the Philippines

- MSU – IIT Chapter, 2016 – 2019
Member, Junior Institute of Electronics Engineers in the Philippines
- Northern Mindanao Chapter, 2015 – 2016
- Iligan Bay Chapter, 2016 - 2019

- MSU – IIT Chapter, 2013 - 2019

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ENERGY HARVESTING CAPABILITIES OF THERMOELECTRIC

GENERATOR SP1848-27145 IMPLEMENTED THROUGH

SOLAR CELLS AND TIN STOVES

Presented to the Faculty of

In Partial Fulfillment of the subject

BIENVENIDO H. LASACA, JR.

ROVIC JAN RAFAEL L. ROA

DR. OLGA JOY L. GERASTA

The undergraduate thesis attached hereto, entitled “ENERGY

PROF. JENNIBETH F. GATAL PROF. ANGILINE L. TEATRO

PROF. OLGA JOY L. GERASTA

This undergraduate thesis is approved in partial fulfillment of the

PROF. ALLENN C. LOWATON ATTY. EDGAR ALAN A. DONASCO

Chairman, Department of Electrical Dean, College of Engineering & Technology

Engineering and Technology

Presented in this paper is the characterization of the energy harvesting

capabilities of the thermoelectric generator model SP1848-27145 and its

systems consist of an array of 15 TEGs attached to a piece of aluminum plate of

27145 TEG exhibits an output power of up to 300 mW at a temperature difference

of 35°C with an average internal resistance of 3.7 Ω which is constant regardless of

temperature difference. The thermoelectric solar cell’s TEG array is connected in

series and exhibits an output power of up to 300 mW at a temperature difference of

35°C, an internal resistance of 69 Ω, an efficiency of 0.25%, and was able to charge

a 4.2V lithium-ion battery from minimum voltage to maximum in 3 hours. The

power of up to 700 mW at a temperature difference of 60°C, an internal resistance

APPROVAL SHEET .............................................................................................ii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents .................................................................................................. vi

List of Figures ........................................................................................................ xi

List of Tables ........................................................................................................ xv

1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................... 2

1.3 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................... 2

1.4 Significance of the Study......................................................................... 3

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study ....................................................... 4

1.6 Definition of Terms ................................................................................. 5

1.7 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................... 7

1.7.1 Seebeck Effect................................................................................... 7

1.7.2 Thermoelectric Generator .................................................................... 8

1.7.3 Thermocouple ........................................................................................ 9

1.7.4 MAX6675 Thermocouple Module ........................................................ 9

1.7.5 Arduino UNO ....................................................................................... 10

1.7.6 DC to DC Boost Converter ................................................................ 11

1.7.7 Thermal Paste ...................................................................................... 11

1.7.8 Solidworks ............................................................................................ 12

1.7.9 Thermal Conduction Equation........................................................... 12

1.7.10 Thermal Convection Equation ......................................................... 13

1.7.11 Thermal Efficiency Equation ........................................................... 14

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................................ 16

2.1 Sustainable Energy and Efficient Energy Utilization ............................. 16

2.1.1 Analytical Research on Waste Heat Recovery and Utilization of

2.2 Thermoelectric Solar Cell Related Literature ......................................... 17

2.2.1 Solar Hybrid Systems With Thermoelectric Generators ................. 17

2.2.2 A High-Temperature, High-Efficiency Solar Thermoelectric

2.2.3 High-Performance Flat-Panel Solar Thermoelectric Generators

2.3 TEG Attached Tin Stove Related Literature ........................................... 20

2.3.1 Improvement of Biogas Fuelled-off-Grid Thermoelectric

2.3.2 Conversion of Wasted Heat Energy into Electrical Energy Using

2.2 Thermoelectric Generators ....................................................................... 23

2.2.2 Analysis of a Reconfigurable TEG Array for High Efficiency

2.2.3 Experimental Study: Design of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG)

2.2.4 The Thermoelectric Analysis of Different Heat Flux Conduction

2.2.5 Power and efficiency measurement of a thermoelectric cooler . 25

2.3 Literature summary ................................................................................... 25