What you need to know about June 2013

Price: $19.99

Steering Angle Sensors

and Alignment Service
 Table of contents
The importance of Steering Angle Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Electronic Stability Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Electric Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Active Front Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lane Departure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The evolution of wheel alignment: Pre-1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The evolution of wheel alignment: 1978 - Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
The evolution continues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SAS reset options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CodeLink provides a simple, integrated solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
®

CodeLink : The new last step in alignment service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

®

The alignment process with CodeLink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-19

®

Frequently asked questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21

Glossary of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23
Evaluate your knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Hunter's CodeLink supports these OEM-mandated Steering Angle Sensor reset procedures
® * **

ACURA FIAT LEXUS NISSAN (cont.) TOYOTA (cont.)

ILX 500 CT Murano/Murano CC Camry
MDX FORD ES NV Corolla
RDX GS Pathfinder Highlander
RL Escape GX Quest Land Cruiser
TL 4x4 GMC HS Rogue Matrix
ZDX Acadia IS Sentra Prius (includes C, V)
AUDI LS Titan RAV4
HONDA
LX Versa Sequoia
A3 Civic RX Xterra Sienna
A4 CR-V SC Tacoma
A5 Ridgeline PONTIAC
MAZDA Tundra
A6 G6 Yaris
HYUNDAI
A7 Tribute Vibe
A8 Azera VOLKSWAGEN
Elantra MERCURY SATURN
Allroad Quattro Beetle
Q5 Santa Fe Mariner Aura Eos
Q7 Sonata MINI Outlook Golf
TT Tucson Vue Jetta
Clubman
Veloster Cooper SCION Passat/Passat CC
BMW
INFINITI FR-S Rabbit
1 Series MITSUBISHI
EX iQ Tiguan
3 Series Eclipse Touareg
5 Series FX xA
Endeavor xB
6 Series G Galant VOLVO
7 Series I xD C30
Lancer
X3 JX Outlander SUBARU S40
X5 M BRZ V50
Q45 NISSAN
X6 Forester S60
Z4 QX56 350/370 Impreza XC60
KIA Altima Legacy/Outback C70
BUICK Armada
Optima Tribeca XC70
Enclave Cube S80
Rio XV Crosstrek
CHEVROLET Frontier XC90
Soul GT-R TOYOTA
Malibu Classic Sportage
Traverse Juke 4Runner
Maxima Avalon

* Although steering angle sensors are most common, CodeLink also resets other related sensors when required, such as yaw rate, torque angle, and deceleration sensors.
** Steering Angle Sensor reset requirements vary based on model and year. Please see Hunter's CodeLink 2010 Application Guide for detailed model and year coverage.

2
The importance of Steering Angle Sensors
Steering Angle Sensors (SAS)
monitor the driver’s input by
continuously measuring the
position and turning rate of the
steering wheel and reporting the
information to the vehicle on-board systems .
The SAS works within a network of sensors that
track wheel speed, lateral forces, vehicle roll and
Electronic Stability Control
Electric Power Steering
Lane Departure
Lane Assist
other variables . These measurements, along with
the steering data provided by the SAS, are used
to control various driver-assist systems such as
Electronic Stability Control, Electric Power Steering
and Active Steering .
Each of these systems depends on "knowing" the
driver's intended steering direction and turning force
to function as intended .
Parking Assist
Traction Control
Anti-Lock Braking System
Active Steering
It is important that the SAS, as well as other related
sensors (e .g ., yaw rate, torque angle), be calibrated
to the straight-ahead position in line with the front
wheels and thrustline of the vehicle to relay accurate
steering information .
For years, shops have calibrated or reset these
sensors under OEM mandates for special cases
like sensor replacement or collision repair . But a
growing number of OEMs now require reset
in conjunction with alignment service to
ensure the driver-assist systems perform
properly after a change to a vehicle's
steering angle geometry.
3
 Electronic Stability Control
Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
systems work by using a network
of sensors to continuously measure
and compare a driver’s intended
direction of travel (measured by
the SAS) to a vehicle’s actual direction of travel
(measured by sensors calculating lateral acceleration,
vehicle rotation [yaw] and individual wheel speeds) .
If the intended direction differs enough from the
vehicle’s actual direction to indicate loss of steering
control, ESC automatically engages to operate some
or all of a variety of vehicle functions including the
brakes, throttle, traction controls and steering to
help the driver maintain control of the vehicle .
Numerous studies confirmed the effectiveness of
ESC in helping the driver maintain control, thereby
saving lives and reducing the severity of crashes .
In 2004, the National Highway and Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) confirmed the results of
earlier studies and concluded that ESC could reduce
crashes by 35% .
Typical Electronic Stability
Control configuration
By 2006, NHTSA issued a requirement that all new
vehicles weighing up to 10,000 pounds be equipped
with ESC by 2012 .
Though commonly known as Electronic Stability
Control, OEMs refer to the system by different
names such as Active Stability Control (ASC),
Dynamic Stability Control (DSC), Precision Control
System (PCS), Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC),
Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA), and others .
ESC systems may utilize the following:
4 Steering angle sensor
4 Lateral acceleration sensor
4 Yaw rate sensor
4 Torque angle sensors
4 Wheel speed sensors
4 Throttle pedal position sensor
4 Anti-Lock Brake system (ABS)
Steering Angle
Sensor Brake Pedal
Position Sensor

Wheel Speed
Sensors (4)

Lateral Acceleration Sensor

Yaw Rate Sensor

Torque Angle
Sensor
Anti-Lock Brake
Electronic Stability Throttle Pedal System Modulator
Control Module Position Sensor

4
The primary function of ESC is to avoid the Understeer
crashes and rollovers caused by oversteering
or understeering a vehicle .
"Understeer" (also known as "push") is a term
describing a condition where the vehicle does not
turn as quickly as the angle of the front wheels are
demanding . The car does not respond to the steering
input and continues a straight path .
Oversteer
“Oversteer” is a term describing a condition where
the vehicle wants to turn too far, with the back end
sliding around . This typically results in the vehicle
spinning around .
ESC relies on accurate steering input from SAS
to analyze either situation and apply appropriate
measures to help direct the vehicle on the
intended path .

Over 30 million vehicles require

35
Steering Angle Sensor reset ... and growing!
30

25
MILLIONS

20

15
ESTIMATE

10

0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

As of 2012 model year, all new vehicles sold in the U.S.A. are now Source: Hunter Engineering Company research

equipped with Electronic Stability Control. Many will require SAS reset.

5
 Electric Power Steering
Electric Power Steering (EPS) Calibration of the sensors is important to the proper
uses an electric motor and control functioning of the EPS system and can correct
module to provide steering certain steering symptoms such as:
assistance to the driver when needed .
4 Steering wheel vibration
EPS works by using the SAS and 4 Vehicle pull
torque angle sensor to measure the motion and
4 Differences in steering effort between
torque of the steering column . This information tells
left and right turns
the control module to apply varying amounts of
assistive torque supplied from the electric motor to Several automakers have adopted EPS over
match driving conditions . conventional power steering . The design eliminates
the belt-driven pump, hoses and fluid necessary for
EPS works within the network of other driver-assist
a hydraulic system, simplifying the manufacturing
system like ESC to instantly apply different levels
and maintenance of the vehicle .
of torque and help stabilize vehicle during evasive
maneuvers .

Typical Electric Power Steering

Which OEMs use EPS? configuration
Buick Lincoln
Cadillac Mazda
Chevy Mercury Steering
Ford Pontiac Angle
GMC Saturn Sensor

Torque Angle Sensor

Control Module

Electric Motor

Steering Rack

6
Active Front Steering
Active Front Steering (AFS)
electronically varies the amount
of responsiveness between the
steering wheel and the front wheels .
AFS is designed to increase the
steering-wheel-to-front-wheel turning ratio at low
speeds and decrease the ratio at high speeds .
Increasing the steering ratio at low speeds assists
the driver by reducing the amount the steering
wheel must be turned to accomplish hard turns .
This reduces hand-over-hand steering in situations
such as parking or maneuvering through crowded
residential areas .
At higher speeds, the steering ratio decreases,
increasing the amount the steering wheel must
be turned for a slight direction change . This helps to
prevent the driver from oversteering at high speeds .
In the event of a skid or slide, AFS will react to
information from the network of on-board sensors,
including SAS, to automatically modify the steering
ratio of the front wheels and stabilize the vehicle . The
reaction time of AFS is much faster than the driver,
greatly improving the chances of maintaining control .
Which OEMs use AFS?
Audi Infiniti
BMW Lexus
Cadillac

Low-speed steering maneuver High-speed steering maneuver

At low speeds, AFS increases At high speeds, AFS

the steering ratio to enable decreases the steering ratio
the driver to turn the wheels to prevent the driver from
sharply with only a slight turn oversteering in a potentially
of the steering wheel. dangerous situation.

7
 Lane Departure
Lane Departure technology warns
the driver if the vehicle drifts
over the edges of its intended
lane, unless a turn signal is on in
that direction . Lane Departure is
designed to minimize accidents by addressing the
main causes of collisions: driving error, distraction
and drowsiness .
Most Lane Departure systems use a forward-
mounted camera that monitors the lane markings
in view as the vehicle is travelling . Using input from
the camera, SAS, turn signals and other devices, a
control module determines if the driver should be
warned of the vehicle leaving its intended lane .
The warning may come in the form of an illuminated
dash light, a trembling steering wheel or seat, and/
or an alarm .

Lane Departure
Electronics

Lane Departure
Camera

Which OEMs use Lane Departure?

Acura Infiniti
Audi Kia
BMW Lexus
Buick Mercedes-Benz
Cadillac Nissan
Honda Volvo
A forward-mounted camera monitors lane markings to help
determine if the vehicle leaves its lane.

If the lane departure system detects that the vehicle leaves its lane, …the system alerts the driver with a vibrating steering wheel or seat,
a dashboard warning, and/or an alarm.

8
The evolution of wheel alignment: Pre-1978
Two-wheel centerline alignment
Prior to the late a complete picture of the relationship between the
1970s, alignment front and rear by not considering the direction of
service consisted travel of the rear wheels .
of measuring Not knowing the direction of travel typically resulted in
and aligning only multiple adjustments by the technician in an attempt
the front-wheel to level the steering wheel when driving straight or
toe angles using the geometric centerline as the removing the steering wheel to reattach it at a level
reference point . position . Centerline alignment also often resulted
Although this technique was far superior to relying in dogtracking issues .
on hub gauges or scribing tires, it failed to provide

Before alignment adjustment After alignment adjustment

Front wheels out of specification Front wheels aligned using vehicle
centerline as reference
Unknown direction of travel Direction of travel remains unknown,
since rear wheels are not measured

Negative results:
4 Uneven steering wheel
4 Dogtracking
Centerline
Geometric
Centerline
Geometric

Unknown Unknown
thrustline thrustline

? ? ? ?

9
 The evolution of wheel alignment: 1978 – Present
Thrustline alignment for vehicles
with non-adjustable rear wheels
By the late 1970s, Thrustline alignment became the common procedure
new steering to service rear-wheel-drive vehicles with non-
and suspension independent rear suspensions .
designs ushered
Like centerline alignment, the thrustline alignment
in advancements
procedure adjusts only the front individual toe angles,
in alignment
but uses the thrustline as a reference instead of the
technology . In 1978, Hunter Engineering introduced
geometric centerline . Using the thrustline allowed the
the first alignment system capable of measuring
technician to achieve a straight steering wheel for the
rear individual toe, providing the information to
first time and extend tire life . But the inability to adjust
determine the direction of travel of the rear wheels,
the rear wheels continued to produce dogtracking
which came to be known as thrustline .
issues as seen with earlier centerline alignments .

Before alignment adjustment After alignment adjustments

Front wheels out of specification Rear wheels measured to determine vehicle thrustline

Unknown thrustline Front wheels aligned using thrustline as reference

Positive results:
4 Level steering wheel
4 Extended tire life

Negative results:
4 Dogtracking

? ? Thrustline

10
Total four-wheel alignment for vehicles
with adjustable rear wheels
The growing Measuring and adjusting rear toe to the preferred
popularity and specification sets the thrustline parallel with the
population of vehicles geometric centerline of the vehicle . The steering
with independent wheel is leveled and then front individual toe is
rear suspensions and adjusted to the current thrustline .
front-wheel-drive
Total four-wheel alignment allowed the technician
systems took thrustline alignment to the next level .
to finish the alignment with a level steering
Total four-wheel alignment evolved to service wheel and set the vehicle body to travel straight in
vehicles with adjustable rear wheels to correct rear line with all four wheels, extending tire life and
individual toe (thrustline) before adjusting front eliminating dogtracking .
individual toe .

Before alignment adjustment Rear adjustment Front adjustment

Pre-alignment angles Rear wheels measured Steering wheel leveled
out of specification and adjusted to set vehicle
thrustline to the centerline Front wheels adjusted to
new thrustlline

Thrustline Thrustline Thrustline

Centerline
Geometric
Centerline
Geometric
Centerline
Geometric

11
 The evolution continues…
Steering angle sensor reset:
The new last step in alignment service
Until recently, a total four-wheel alignment was
considered complete once the technician finished
adjusting front toe . With all four wheels set to
specification (pointing straight with the thrustline
of the vehicle) and a level steering wheel, the
technician had accomplished the objective and
was ready to move on to the next job . However,
for millions of vehicles equipped with Steering
Angle Sensors, this is no longer true .
A growing number of OEMs now require
Steering Angle Sensor reset in conjunction
with alignment service.
Alignment corrects mechanical adjustments,
but the SAS requires an electronic reset to match
the vehicle's new thrustline . The actual position
of the SAS is unknown after an alignment, which
is why measuring and resetting the SAS is now the
new last step of alignment service .
Failure to perform SAS reset when required can
affect the proper operation of electronic driver-assist
systems that rely on precise steering information
from the SAS . Shops unfamiliar with SAS reset face
new challenges and questions of how to properly
align vehicles with SAS .

Alignment questions for vehicles with SAS:

4 Is this vehicle equipped with SAS?
4 Does this vehicle require SAS reset?

Steering 4 How do I reset SAS on this vehicle?

Angle
Sensor
4 What tool do I use?
4 How do use this tool?
4 How do I document SAS reset was complete?
The position of the Steering Angle
Sensor is unknown after alignment
adjustments, prompting many OEMs to
now require SAS reset.

12
SAS reset options
Currently, millions of vehicles on the road require
reset of SAS along with other related sensors during
alignment service . As this number increases, the
likelihood of a shop of being asked to align one of
these vehicles (that is, if they have not unknowingly
Using diagnostic scan tools to reset SAS requires a large investment
of time and money to properly perform alignments.
Consider the following:
4 D
iagnostic scan tools work independently from
the alignment system, so the technician has
no way of knowing if a vehicle requires a reset
without referring to OEM service documents .
4 N
o documentation is provided to the vehicle
owner to prove the reset was completed properly .
4 B
oth OEM and aftermarket scan tools require
costly software upgrades . The high price of the
tools and continuous software updates can equal
thousands of dollars .
4 C
omplexity . These tools are designed for
underhood diagnostics . Using them to reset
SAS and other related sensors may prove to be a
complicated process, especially for an alignment
technician who may not be familiar with a
particular tool's operation .
done so already) is growing . Rather than turning
work away, subletting to another shop, or risking
a comeback, most service providers are equipping
themselves to take advantage of this new opportunity .
OEMs use proprietary scan tools, capable of
performing many other functions, to reset SAS
and other related sensors . However, an aftermarket
shop would need to purchase tools from each
manufacturer and update the tools each year,
which would be cost-prohibitive .
While no single aftermarket diagnostic scan tool
currently resolves all SAS reset requirements, some
handle at least part of the vehicles requiring reset .
Even these tools, since they are intended to perform
many other functions, are not geared toward a
simple alignment bay solution .
4 N
either OEM nor aftermarket scan tools include
alignment-specific reset instructions, requiring
extra training for an alignment technician and
added cost .
4 S
ince a reset must be performed with the
alignment, a multi-function diagnostic scan tool
may not always be available for the alignment
bay, causing loss of revenues .
Though OEM and aftermarket scan tools are possible
solutions to solving these problems, it is easy to see
why a shop may think the costs and complexity of
these tools outweigh the benefits .
13
 CodeLink provides a simple, integrated solution...
®

Hunter Engineering's patented CodeLink fully

®

integrates with Hunter’s WinAlign alignment

®

systems to provide fast, simple solutions to

resetting SAS and other related sensors .

CodeLink keeps it simple and

®

affordable
4 Automatically identifies candidate vehicles .
4 Incorporates reset steps into alignment
procedure .
4 On-screen instructions allow the technician
to use the same familiar interface –
easy to learn .
4 Simplified reset instructions using
easy-to-read graphics replace confusing
OEM procedures .
4 One tool replaces multiple OEM scan tools .
l
4 Much less expensive than OEM and aftermarket
diagnostic scan tools .
4 Updates with alignment software –
2
no extra expensive software required .
4 Dedicated alignment tool – 3
stays in the alignment bay .

CodeLink finishes the job right

®
OE procedures
CodeLink steps
4 No other product can match CodeLink's patented
integration with the alignment procedure .
4 CodeLink works with the alignment sensors to ensure the
front wheels are adjusted correctly for proper SAS reset .
4 Guarantees precision when working with small steering
angle thresholds .
4 Reduces the possibility of errors that may result
in a customer comeback .
4 Provides printed documentation that confirms to the Alignment printouts
customer that reset was completed properly . document reset

14
CodeLink
®

The new last step in alignment service

Thrustline Thrustline Thrustline

Centerline
Geometric
Centerline
Geometric
Centerline
Geometric

Wheels Rear wheels Front wheels

measured aligned aligned

The new last step…

CodeLink's patented integration “links”
the vehicle OBD-II system to the aligner to
measure SAS position and reset the sensor
referenced to the vehicle’s alignment geometry .

CodeLink advantages:
®

4 Integrated with Hunter

WinAlign systems
®

4 Simple instructions shown

on aligner screen
Steering
4 Only one tool required Angle
Sensor
4 Wireless communication with aligner
4 Resets SAS and other related sensors Vehicle
OBD-II
4 Alignment printouts document reset System

15
 The alignment process with CodeLink
®

Step 1: Automatic Steering Angle Sensor (SAS) identification

After the vehicle is entered into the system, the software instantly identifies the vehicle
as a candidate for reset .

Step 2: Automatic SAS reset alert (if needed)

The system alerts the technician of the need to reset SAS by displaying vehicle-specific
information of included electronic driver-assist systems and placing the reset in the
proper sequence of the alignment procedure .

CodeLink reset procedure

16
Step 3: Rear adjustments – as usual
WinAlign presents the manufacturer’s preferred alignment procedure to adjust the rear
®

wheels and set the thrustline to the geometric centerline of the vehicle .

Step 4: Front adjustment – as usual

Easy-to-understand, graphic instructions guide the technician through the final adjustments
to level the steering wheel and set the front wheels to the new thrustline .

17
 The alignment process with CodeLink
®
(cont.)

Step 5: The CodeLink procedure

®

CodeLink connects to the vehicle OBD-II system and guides the

technician with simple instructions shown on-screen .

4 Steer ahead using color-coded

bar graph as a guide .

4 SAS position is
displayed .

Step 6: The SAS reset confirmation

CodeLink resets SAS to 0 .0° with the front wheels steered in the straight-ahead position .
Verification is shown on-screen, along with any additional information important to the process .

18
Step 7: Document completed work
Show customers completed work with before-and-after color printouts of
alignment adjustments and SAS reset . The final alignment printouts show
successful communication with the on-board computer and verify that SAS
and other related sensors were calibrated successfully .

19
 Frequently asked questions
Q
Question:
How long have steering angle sensors (SAS) been in use?
Q
Question:
Why don’t all OEMs require reset after alignment?

A
Answer:
These sensors have been in use on certain vehicles since
A
Answer:
Each OEM has its own service requirement criteria .
the early 1990s, but became commonplace by 1998 . Most OEMs have only added the requirement in the last
few years . Some as recently as 2008 .

Q
Question:
Why does the SAS need to be calibrated or reset after
Q
Question:
a wheel alignment? Does the SAS need to calibrated or reset if thrust angle

A
Answer:
Because it is required by the OEM .
is not changed during the wheel alignment?

A
Answer:
Yes . Thrust angle is only one of many conditions

Q
Question:
When did OEMs begin requiring SAS reset with
causing the SAS to report a value other than zero when
the front wheels are steered straight-ahead based on the
thrust angle .
alignment?

A
Answer:
Some as early as 2003, others as recently as 2008, Q
Question:
Why do some SAS reset procedures require the vehicle
though some 2008 models were specified as early as to be driven a given distance to complete the procedure?

2002 . Hunter’s WinAlign software has always provided
vehicle specific screens that advised technicians that
special equipment and software would be required
to complete the alignment .
A
Answer:
Each vehicle manufacturer develops the SAS reset
procedure based on the technology and design of the
system . In some cases, a test drive is needed for the

Q
Question:
Why am I just now hearing that SAS need service?
vehicle’s ECM to verify proper operation . CodeLink will
indicate which specific vehicles require a test drive .

A
Answer:
Because many newer on-board systems such as Q
Question:
Do SAS automatically calibrate themselves after the
electronic stability control and electric power steering vehicle has been driven a given distance?

A
rely on accurate input of the driver’s intentions . This
input is provided by the SAS . Answer:
On some vehicles, SAS is automatically calibrated; on

Q
Question:
Why do some OEMs require SAS reset in conjunction
other vehicles, it is not . In either case, OEM mandates
determine whether SAS reset is required after wheel
alignment . Always follow the OEM's recommended
with alignment on only particular models or model year
of vehicles? service procedures .

A
Answer:
Each OEM has their own specific selection criteria
on which vehicles are affected .

20
Q
Question:
What may happen if the SAS requires calibration or reset
Q
Question:
How do I know which SAS reset procedure to use from
and the process is ignored? one model vehicle to another?

A
Answer:
A variety of symptoms may result from a SAS reporting
A
Answer:
CodeLink does it for you . CodeLink is programmed
inaccurate information . Examples of such symptoms may to follow the exact procedure given by the OEM for
be a shutdown of the electronic stability control system, the vehicle recalled from specification memory .
untimely application of individual brakes, steering wheel
vibration or a vehicle that drifts of pulls in one direction .
Q
Question:
Does CodeLink read and report all DTCs?
Q
Question:
Why don’t the OEMs all use the same system to avoid A
Answer:
CodeLink is an alignment tool, not a scan tool . CodeLink
needing a multitude of scan tools and procedures?

A
reads and reports DTCs relative to the systems affected
Answer: by the SAS .
Historically, OEMs develop technology independent
of each other as a method of gaining market advantage .
In addition, some OEMs use different technology within
their own model line .
Q
Question:
Does CodeLink reset other vehicle sensors in addition
to SAS?

Q
Question:
Why has Hunter Engineering Company decided to enter
A
Answer:
Yes . CodeLink also automatically resets other related
the scan tool market? sensors, such as yaw rate and deceleration sensors,

A
when required by the OEM .
Answer:
CodeLink is not a stand-alone scan tool . Hunter’s
patented CodeLink device is an integrated solution for
SAS reset . It is designed to be used in the alignment bay
Q
Question:
Will Hunter Engineering Company continue to develop
the CodeLink software to address additional vehicles?
at the end of alignment adjustments while the vehicle
is still on the alignment rack . Proof of completion is
included on the printout, so the vehicle owner is assured
A
Answer:
Yes . Hunter Engineering Company is working on
the work was done correctly . expanding CodeLink’s application for both newer
and older vehicles .

Q
Question:
How do I know CodeLink will work with the vehicle Q
Question:
selected for wheel alignment? How do I update my CodeLink device?

A
Answer:
The most visual method of knowing if the CodeLink
device will work with the vehicle selected is the CodeLink
icon located in WinAlign’s procedure bar on the right
side of the display . An application guide (Form 6066-T)
is also available for use away from the alignment system .
A
Answer:
WinAlign specification updates will include new
CodeLink reset procedures to support added vehicles .
However, possible improvements to the CodeLink user
interface, the printouts or the integration of the CodeLink
step in the alignment procedure will require a WinAlign
software update .

21
 Glossary of terms
Vehicle Technology Terms
Blind spot detection system (side vision aid):
Side vision aid alerts the driver if another vehicle is in
the blind spot when changing lanes . When the signal,
an indicator, typically located on the side-view mirror,
signals whether a vehicle is in the blind spot .
Electronic Control Module (ECM):
The computer in an electronic control system, also
known as an electronic control unit (ECU) .
Electronic Power Steering (EPS):
EPS is a power steering system that varies the amount
of steering assist according to engine or road speed .
At slow speeds more steering assist is delivered and
steering the wheels is easier; necessary for parking, etc .
At higher speeds, steering assist is reduced and more
steering effort is required to steer the car, giving the
driver greater feel of the road .
Electronic Stability Control (ESC):
Electronic Stability Control has ABS's hardware and two
additional sensors: SAS, which measures the position
and rate the steering wheel is turning, and a yaw sensor,
which measures the rate the vehicle is actually turning .
By comparing them, the on-board computer will know
if the vehicle is oversteering or understeering .
Lane Departure system:
Issues a warning when the vehicle edges off course
and reaches the highway lane markers . It delivers a
noticeable sound when the vehicle starts to move into
an adjacent lane, whether due to inattention, drowsiness
or distraction .
On-Board Diagnostics (OBD):
A diagnostic software system in the ECM or PCM that
monitors computer inputs, outputs, and resultant engine/
transmission operations for failure . OBD-ll has been
a federally mandated system since 1996 .
22
Powertrain Control Module (PCM):
On vehicles with computer control systems, the main
computer that determines engine operation based on
sensor inputs and by using its actuator outputs . The
PCM may also control transmission operation .
Scan tool:
Device designed to communicate with a vehicle's
on-board computer system to perform diagnostic
and troubleshooting functions .
Steering Angle Sensor (SAS):
Determines the absolute angle position of a steering
wheel of a motor vehicle .
Technical Service Bulletin (TSB):
Information published by vehicle manufacturers that
describe updated service procedures and service
procedures that should be used to handle vehicle issues .
Traction control system:
Traction control is designed to prevent a vehicle’s
wheels from spinning on slippery surfaces . Each wheel
"searches" for optimum traction several times a second
and adjustments are made accordingly .
Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS):
A permanent magnet sensor, usually located on the
transmission, that provides an input to the vehicle
computer control system regarding vehicle speed .
Wheel speed sensor:
A permanent magnetic sensor that sends information
to the vehicle computer regarding wheel speed .
Yaw angle:
The angle of rotation of a body about a vertical axis
with respect to the flow stream direction .
Alignment Terms
Alignment: Non-independent suspension:
The process of measuring and positioning all wheels A suspension design which creates a direct connection
attached to a common chassis . between the left and right front wheels or left and right
rear wheels .
Camber:
The inward or outward tilt of the top of the wheel as Pull:
viewed from the front . The tendency of a vehicle to steer away from a directed
course . A constant pressure is maintained by the driver
Camber roll: at the steering wheel to travel straight ahead .
The changes of camber that occur in a turn due to caster .
Thrust angle:
Caster: The angle formed between the thrustline and the
The forward or rearward tilt of the steering axis as viewed geometric centerline .
from the side .
Thrustline:
Centerline steering: The bisector of rear toe, also described as a line drawn
A centered steering wheel with the vehicle tracking in the direction the rear wheels are pointed .
a "straight-ahead" course .
Total toe (angular):
Directional stability: The angle formed by the intersection of lines drawn
The tendency for a vehicle to maintain a directed path . through both wheels of a given axle .
Dogtracking: Total toe (linear):
The appearance given when the thrustline is not parallel The difference in measurements taken across the front
with the centerline of the vehicle . of the tires versus a measurement taken across the rear
Drift (lead): of the same tires .
The tendency of a vehicle to steer away from a directed Tracking:
course . Less severe than a pull, constant pressure at the The interrelated paths taken by the front and rear wheels .
steering wheel is not needed to maintain straight-ahead .
Geometric centerline:
A line drawn through the midpoint of both front wheels
and both rear wheels .
Independent suspension:
A suspension which provides an isolated mounting for
left and right front wheels or left and right rear wheels .
Individual toe:
The angle formed by the intersection of an individual line
drawn through the plane of one wheel and the centerline .

23
 Evaluate your knowledge
1 . Technician A says a steering angle sensor is capable 6 . Technician A says alignment procedures have changed
of measuring steering wheel position and rate of turn . as technology made it possible to measure rear toe .
Technician B says the steering angle sensor is used on a Technician B says “dogtracking” exists when thrust angle
variety of electronic safety/control systems . Who is correct? is greater than zero . Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct

2 . Technician A says a steering angle sensor is used on
vehicles equipped with electric power steering . Technician
B says electric power steering and active steering are
basically the same technology . Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct
7 . Technician A says a change in rear individual toe may
affect the steering angle sensor’s calibration . Technician B
says a change in front individual toe may affect the steering
angle sensor’s calibration . Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct

3 . Technician A says an electronic stability control system 8 . Technician A says CodeLink replaces the need for multiple
is designed to stiffen the suspension to correct excessive OEM scan tools when calibrating/resetting a steering
lateral force . Technician B says an electronic stability angle sensor . Technician B says the steering angle sensor
control system is capable of applying brakes at one or calibration/reset procedure is simplified in WinAlign .
more wheel positions . Who is correct? Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct

4 . Technician A says “Lane Departure” typically uses a sonar
system to evaluate lane position . Technician B says “Lane
Assist” is capable of warning the driver with vibration,
sound and/or dash lights . Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct
5 . Technician A “Active Steering” is designed to vary the
steering response based on speed . Technician B says
“Active Steering” is capable of varying the steering gear
ratio to stabilize the vehicle . Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct
9 . Technician A says CodeLink is able to calibrate/reset
steering angle sensors on all vehicles equipped with
ESC . Technician B says a statement is placed on the
bottom of the alignment printout if CodeLink successfully
communicated with the vehicle’s on-board computer .
Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct
10 . Technician A says “Parking Assistance” systems may use
the steering angle sensor input . Technician B says the
“Blind Spot” technology may be affected by the vehicle’s
tracking or body offset condition . Who is correct?
a) Technician A c) Both technicians are correct
b) Technician B d) Neither technician is correct

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0613HAP5M1.33

Copyright © 2011 Hunter Engineering Company Form 6158-T, 06/13

Answers: 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.C Supersedes 6158-T, 11/11