CREDIT HOURS: 2+1

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Usman Khalil

TEXT BOOKS:
Fundamental of Physics by Halliday-Resnick-Walker (8th Edition)

PREREQUISITE: None

MODE OF TEACHING: Lectures

COURSE OBJECTIVES: To give students a basic exposure to Physics that

will better prepare them for more rigorous courses that will be taken later
on.
 Marks Distribution
Quiz 15 Marks

Assignments 10 Marks

Mid-Term 25 Marks

Final 50 Marks
 S.No CLO Statement PLO

1 Solve numerical problems for motion in 2 1

Theory

and 3 dimensions

2 Apply work-energy theorem to determine 1

the force acting on an object.
 A Glance Over The Course
Week Session Topic(s)
1 Scalars and Vectors

2 Motion in One Dimension

3 Motion in Two Dimension

4 Newton’s laws of motion

5 Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s laws

6 Work Kinetic Energy and Power

7 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

8 MID-TERM EXAM
 A Glance Over The Course
Week Session Topic(s)
9 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis

10 Electrostatics and Electrodynamics

11 Electrostatics and Electrodynamics (Cont)

12 Magnetism and Electromagnetism

13 Magnetism and Electromagnetism (Cont)

14 Waves & Oscillations

15 Waves & Oscillations (Cont)

16 Revision
 Coordinate System
 Many aspects of physics deal in some form or other with
locations in space.
 For example, the mathematical description of an object’s
motion requires a method for describing the object’s
position at various times.
 This description is accomplished with the use of
coordinates. Normally they are of two types.
1. Cartesian Coordinate System
2. Polar Coordinate System
Cartesian Coordinate System
The Cartesian coordinate system, in which horizontal and
vertical axes intersect at a point taken to be the origin.
Cartesian coordinates are also called rectangular
coordinates.
Polar Coordinate System
 Sometimes it is more convenient to represent a point in a
plane by its plane polar coordinates (r, Ө ) as shown in the
fig.
 In this polar coordinate system, r is the distance from the
origin to the point having Cartesian coordinates (x, y), and
Ө is the angle between r and a fixed axis.
 This fixed axis is usually the positive x axis, and is usually
measured counterclockwise from it.
Transformation of Coordinates
From the right triangle in Figure,
we find that SinӨ = y/r
and that CosӨ = x/r.
Therefore we can obtain the Cartesian coordinates, using the
equations.

Furthermore, the definitions of trigonometry tell us that

 Scalars And Vectors
Scalars
Scalar is a physical quantity, which can be expressed
completely by a number having an appropriate unit e.g.
temperature, density, mass and speed etc.

Vectors
Vector is a physical quantity which needs magnitude (a
number) with proper unit and a particular direction for its
complete recognition e.g. force, torque, weight and velocity
etc.
Representation of a Vector
• A vector is represented graphically by an arrow head line segment
whose length is proportional to the magnitude of vector.
• For example: If the velocity of a body is 3 m/sec along y-axis then
we can write it as; = 3𝑗 m/sec. where 3 is the magnitude of
𝑉
the vector and 𝑗 represents the direction of the vector
𝑉 𝑉
 MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR 𝑣

You can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the hypotenuse.

The magnitude 𝑉 of the triangle formed by x,y and 𝑣:

Where v is the Magnitude of the Vector 𝑣

 DIRECTION OF VECTOR 𝑣

Because of our knowledge of trigonometry, we know that

Where tanӨ is the tangent of the angle. This means that

Direction of the vector 𝑣 is,
Ө = tan–1(y/x)
Unit Vector
• A vector whose magnitude equals to “one” is called unit
vector and it just represents the direction of vector.
• In three dimensional space the unit vectors along x, y
and z axis are 𝑖, 𝑗 and 𝑘 respectively.

 Any vector can become unit vector by dividing it by vector’s

magnitude. Suppose we have velocity vector
𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
To find unit vector 𝑣
𝑣
𝑣=
𝑣

𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
𝑣=
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
 RESOLUTION OF VECTOR
 The process of splitting a vector into various parts or
components is called "RESOLUTION OF VECTOR“
 These parts of a vector may act in different directions and
are called "components of vector".
 We can resolve a vector into a number of components.
Generally there are three components of vector i.e.
 Component along x-axis is called x-component
 Component along y-axis is called y-component
 Component along z-axis is called z-component
 Here we will discuss only two components x-component &
y-component which are perpendicular to each other. These
components are called rectangular components of vector.
 METHOD OF RESOLVING A VECTOR INTO RECTANGULAR
COMPONENTS

Consider a vector acting at a point making an angle Ө with positive x-axis. Vector
𝑉
is represented by a line OA. From point A draw a perpendicular AB on y-axis. Suppose
𝑉
OB and BA represents two vectors. Vector OB is parallel to x-axis and vector BA is
parallel to y-axis. Magnitude of these vectors are and respectively. By the method of
𝑉𝑥 𝑉𝑦
head to tail we notice that the sum of these vectors is equal to vector .Thus and
𝑉 𝑉𝑥
are the rectangular components of vector.
𝑉𝑦

Vx = Horizontal component of
𝑉
Vy = Vertical component of
𝑉
MAGNITUDE OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL COMPONENT
Q1: A force of 10 N makes an angle of 30 degree with
horizontal. Find its rectangular components.

Fx = F CosӨ
Fx =10Cos300
Fx = 8.66N

Fy = F SinӨ
Fy =10Sin300
Fy = 5N
Q2: The horizontal and vertical components of a velocity
vector are 8 m/sec and 6 m/sec respectively. Find
a) Velocity vector
b) Magnitude of velocity vector
c) Unit vector
d) Angle of vector

We have 𝑣𝑥 = 8m/sec and 𝑣𝑦 = 6m/sec

a) Velocity vector
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗
𝑣 = 8𝑖 + 6𝑗
b) Magnitude of velocity vector
𝑉= 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2
𝑉 = 82 + 62
𝑉 =10m/sec

c) Unit vector
Unit vector = velocity vector / magnitude of velocity vector
𝑣 = (8i + 6j) / 10
𝑣 = 8/10i + 6/10j
𝑣 = 4/5i + 3/5j

d) Angle of velocity vector

Ө = tan–1(Vy / Vx)
Ө = tan–1(6/8)
Ө = tan–1(0.75)
Ө = 36.86 0
POSITION VECTOR
A vector which starts from origin is called position vector. Suppose we
have a fixed reference point O, then we can specify the position of a
given point P with respect to point O by means of a vector having
magnitude and direction represented by a directed line
segment OP .This vector is called POSITION VECTOR.

In a three dimensional coordinate system if O is at origin then, O(0,0,0)

and P is any point say P (x,y,z). In this situation position vector of point
P will be.
 ADDITION OF VECTOR
A vector can be added to another vector in three different
ways.
1. Head -to- Tail Rule
2. Analytical Method
3. Rectangular component Method
 Head-to-Tail Rule
Head-to-Tail method or graphical method is one of the
easiest method used to find the resultant vector of two
or more than two vectors.
Consider two vectors and acting in the directions as
shown below:
In order to get their resultant vector by head to tail method we must follow the
following steps:
Step 1: Choose a suitable scale for the vectors so that they can be plotted on
the paper.
Step 2: draw representative line of vector
and draw representative line of vector such that the tail of coincides
with the head of vector
Step 3: Join 'O' and 'B'.
represents resultant vector of given vectors and

Step 4: Measure the length of line segment and multiply it with

the scale to get the magnitude of resultant vector. The direction of
resultant vector is directed from the tail of vector to the head of
vector
 ANALYTICAL METHOD
This is a mathematical method of vector addition and it is
based upon laws of trigonometry.
According to law of cosines in any triangle

Then the magnitude of the resultant vector will be

For finding the direction of resultant vector we use law of

Sine. This formula gives the direction of resultant vector c.
RECTANGULAR COMPONENT METHOD
Q: Two forces F1 and F2 are acting at a point such that the
angle between these forces is Ө. Find the resultant of force?

The Law of Parallelogram of Forces

It states that if two vectors acting on a particle at the same time be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram drawn
from a point their resultant vector is represented in magnitude and direction by
the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the same point .
Suppose force F1 is acting along x-axis and F2 makes an angle Ө with F1, as
shown in the figure.
From the given figure we can say that,
Ө1 = 00
Ө2 = Ө
F1x = F1 Cos Ө1
F1x = F1 Cos 00
F1x = F1
F1y = F1 Sin Ө1
F1y = F1 Sin 00
F1y = 0
F2x = F2 CosӨ2
F2x = F2 CosӨ
F2y = F2 SinӨ2
F2y = F2 SinӨ
2
𝐹𝑥 =
𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥

= (F1 + F2 CosӨ)2
2
𝐹𝑦 =
𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦

= (F2 SinӨ)2
𝐹 = 2 2
𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦

𝐹 = 2 2 2𝐹 𝐹 cos 𝜃
𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 1 2
 PRODUCTS OF VECTORS
Different vectors can be multiplied with each other but the
result of multiplication of two vectors may be a scalar or a
new vector quantity. Therefore there are two types of
product of two vectors depending upon the result of
multiplication i.e.
i. Scalar Product or Dot Product of two vectors.
ii. Vector product or Cross Product of two vectors.
SCALAR PRODUCT or DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
Whenever the result of multiplication of two vector quantities is a
new scalar quantity then this type of multiplication is called Scalar
Product of two vectors. As we usually put a “ . ” (dot) between two
vectors to represent such multiplication then scalar products is also
known as dot product of two vectors.
Mathematically, the product of magnitudes of two vectors and
cosine of the angle between them is called Scalar Product of two
vectors.
Scalar Product =AB Cos
Scalar Product= .
. = AB Cos
As we know that force and displacement are both vector quantities but their product is work done
which is a Scalar quantity. So we can say that work done is the dot product of force and
displacement.
W= F . d
VECTOR PRODUCT or CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO
VECTORS
Whenever the result of multiplication of two vector quantities
is a new vector quantity then this type of multiplication is
called vector Product of two vectors. As we usually put a “ x ”
(cross) between two vectors to represent such multiplication
then vector product is also known as cross product of two
vectors.
Mathematically, the product of magnitudes of two vectors and
sine of the angle between them is called vector Product of two
vectors.
Vector Product =AB Sin
Vector Product= x
Q: The following forces act on particle P:
F1 = 2i + 3j-5k ; F2 = -5i + j+3k ; F3 = i -2j +4k; F4 = 4i -3j-2k
(a) Find resultant of the forces
(b) Magnitude of resultant force
Resultant force = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
= (2i + 3j-5k ) + (-5i + j+3k) + (i -2j +4k) + (4i -3j-2k)
F = 2i – j N
Magnitude of resultant force = √ (Fx2 + Fy2)
= √ (22 + (-1)2)
= √5
= 2.23N
 ASSIGNMENT 1
Q1: Three forces of 4N, 7N, 15 N are acting on a body by making
angles of 300, 450and 600 respectively. Find the magnitude and
direction of resultant force on the body ?
Ans: F = 25.51 N , Ө = 51.40

Q2: An automobile travels 200km due east and then 150km 450 north
of east. Determine the resultant displacement and the direction of the
resultant with respect to x-axis.
Ans: Displacement = 324 km , Ө = 19.110

Q3: Two tug boats are towing a ship, each exerts a force of 6000N
and the angle between the rope is 600 . Calculate the resultant force
on the ship?
Ans: F = 10392.305N
Q4: If A = 3i – j - 4k ; B = -2i + 4j - 3k ; C = i + 2j – k
Find (a) 2A-B+3C (b) 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 (c) 3𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 4𝐶
Ans: (a) 11i – 8k (b) 9.64 (c) 19.94

Q5: If A = 2i – 3j - k ; B = i + 4j - 2k
Find (a) A . B (b) A x B (c) (A+B) x (A-B)
Ans (a) -8 (b) 10i +3j +11k (c) -20i -6j -22k

In dot product
i.i =j.j = k.k = 1
i.j = j.k = k.i = 0

In cross product
ixi = jxj = kxk = 0
ixj = k jxi = -k
jxk = i kxj = -i
kxi = j ixk = -j