PHILOSOPHY b) Post- Socratic – socratic
(knowledge)
I.
A. Pythagoras – 1st coined philosophy
Gk: philein + sophia
“to love” + “wisdom”
a) Lover of gain – sell their wave for
money
- “sophists” – lawyers (laymao’s
term)
b) lover of honor – people compete
for honor
- “attiletes”
c) lover of wisdom – to seek for
knowledge
- “philosophes”
B. Aristotelico- Thomistic Definition
- Philosophy is the science which
inquires into the ultimate causes,
reasons and principles of all things in
the light of reason alone.
 science- particular/ dimensional
 philosophy – holistic/
multidimentional
C. Karl Jasper – Philosophy is a
discipline wherein questions are more
important than the answer where every
answer leads to further questions.
II. APPROACHES
A. Historical Approach
1. Ancient Period (BC- 600 BC)-
COSMOCENTRIC – world centered /
meaning of the world
a) Pre- Socratic – Miletians (world
stuff)
- zeitgeist
- time – spirit
c) Death of Aristotle – (ethics)
d) Neoplatonist – (myshecism)
2. Medieval Period (600 BC- 1600 AD) –
Greko- Romans- THEOCENTRIC- God
centred
- age of religion/ catholic
church- to make faith
reasonable
 Greek Fathers – most important
philosophers
- St. Thomas Aquinas – angelic
doctor
- St. Augustine – 1st Father of
Medieval Period
 Latin Fathers – high/ low
3. Modern Period- Renaissance Period
– ANTROPOCENTRIC – man centered
 Rationalism- knowledge comes
from reason
 Empiricism- knowledge comes
from experience
- birth of reasons
 Rene Descartes – father of
modern philosophy
- Meaning of life
- Completion of socratic period
4. Post-Modernity (1900- present)-
BOARDERLESS
- Dead- end of modernity
 Immanuel Kant- father of post
modernity
- no focus of study
*Post Eurocentric
 Martin Heidegger- destroyed
Greek Philosophy
Age of Revolution/ Age of Dialogue 4. Scholastic Period (600 AD- 1700)
B. Systematic Approach
6 ORTHODOX SCHOOLS
* 7 Classical Approach of – upanishads and
Philosophy* Philosophical treatise
1. Metaphysics- reality/ being a) Nyaya- school of logic
- queen of all sciences (Aristotle) b) Vascheshika- school of
- highest form of abstraction (St. T. metaphysics
Aquinas) c) Sonkya- school of evolution/
- equated to Theology (Aquinas) cosmology
 Special Metaphysics d) Yoga- personal liberation
 General Metaphysics e) Mimamsa- early vedanta
f) Vedantia- late vedanta
3 Types of Abstraction:
3 HETERODOX SCHOOLS –
 Physics- qualitative unfaithful
 Mathematics- quantitative
 Metaphysics- highest form a) Charvaka- materialism/
pleasure
2. Theodicy- nature of the existence of b) Jainism- ethics/karma
God c) Buddhism- nature- life
3. Cosmology- nature of the world/ - Hinayana- found in Sri
universe Lanka, Thailand Burma
- Manayana- found in
4. Psychology/ Philosophical Mongolia, Japan,
Anthropology- man Korea, Tibet (Social
Budhism)
5. Epistemology- nature of human
knowledge/ problem of certainty LOGIC
6. Logic- reason/ critical thinking/ validity Features:
7. Ethics- morality of human act - critical thinking
Types of Fallacy - reasoning
1. Linguistic Manipulation - understanding
2. Psychological Warfare
3. Logical Maneuver ARISTOTLE – father of logic
Organon- book
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY- dasana
Zeno the Stoic- producing the term
1. Vedic Period (2500 BC- 600 BC) “logic”
2. Epic Period (600 BC- 200 AD) Logic- Gk: “logos”- word
3. Sutra Period (200 AD- 600 AD)
- Reason, thought, discourse
- science – correct thinking /////// rules /  Nurture
principle/ methods 3. Attitudinal Level- person’s
inclinations
Art- there is beauty, precision
- feelings, ideas, convictions
II. Importance
THEORIES OF HUMAN
1. Helps develop clear critical
NATURE
thinking
2. Helps as a guide in drawing
I. Ancient
conclusion
A. Thales- world stuff is
3. Helps detect fallacy (false
WATER
argument)
- man has water: 80%
4. Avoid parallelism + also avoid
brain; 70% body
combat sophism
B. Anaximenes – AIR
III. Basic Concepts - human body –
condensed air
1. Argument- clusters of proposition - human soul- rarefied air
2. Proposition- building blocks of C. Anaximander- APEIRON/
argument boundless
3. Premise- reason or evidence - 1st photo evolution-
4. Conclusion- statement that animal- species- human
evidence is claimed to support life (man)
2 KINDS OF ARGUMENT D. Heraclitus- FIRE
- man has fire in himself
1. Deductive- general to particular/ through the form of heat
specific E. Pythagoras- body + soul
- absolute necessity - soul = immortal, divine,
2. Inductive- particular to general metempsychosis
- probability (reincarnation- Hindu)
F. Socrates- didn’t write any
3 - FOLD LEVEL book
- Plato’s books
1. Somatic Level- bodily - man is a being who
composition thinks
2. Behavioral Level- deals with - man’s life should be
modes of acting oriented:
a) Cognitive- mental  to do good =
dimensions techne- poiesis
b) Affective- emotional  to know god = (art)
dimensions (way of knowing)
c) Psychomotor- actions  to avoid evil = art
 Nature- looks into tendency and of knowing things
possibility
 Gk: pronesis- praxis
(the way of living) (way
of doing)
G. Plato- man is a soul using
a body
- body and soul are
separate
3 KINDS OF SOUL
 Rational – head/
brain
 Appetitive- stomach
 Breast/ chest-
spiritual
H. Aristotle- man is the
substantial unity of the
body and soul
- principle of hylemorphism
(hyle=matter; morphism=
form)
- man = body + soul
 SOUL
 Vegetative- plant
 Sensitive/
distinctive- animal/
brutes
 Rational- man
I. Zeno of Cituim (Greece)
Most renowned schools
- academy – Plato
- lyceum- Aristotle
- stoic- Zeno
II. Medieval
A. St. Augustine- God created man
B. St. Thomas- also the same with
Aristotle
III. Modern
A. Rene Descartes- man is a
substance (anything that exist in
itself)
Substance = finite (man= body
‘tex extensa’ + soul ‘cognitas’) ;
infinite (God)
IV. Post- Modernism
A. Karl Marx- father of communism
- man is man only in the context
of labor
- “religion is the opium of the
mass”
* EXISTENTIALISM- derived from the
word existence/ experience
- offspring of Post-modernism
- advancement of technology
- is not a philosophical system
Existentialism = existing – special way
of life, has purpose
= living – only of
experience man can emerge
Common features:
1. Man is capable of transcendence.
2. Man is an open ---
3. Man is self- related and others-
related
4. Man is intrinsically free
5. Man has to ace squarely the
reality of death
2 COMPS:
 Atheistic (don’t believe in God)-
Jean Paul Sartre; Albert Camus
Ponty
  Theistic (God) – Soren
Kierkiguard; Grabiel Marcel; Karl
Jasper
 Abstain- Martin Heidegyer
Atheist
1. Sartoe- “to exist is to condemned
to be free”
- freedom means responsibility
2. Camus- central notion about
absurdity – meaningless
- to exist is to live in absurdity –
arises from the separation
between you and the world.
- religion based fear
3. Soren Kierkiguard- father of
existetentialism
- youngest philosopher
- his philosophy is in the post-
modern period
3 STAGES OF LIFE
1. Aesthetic- stage of pleasure
- moment to moment existence
- outwardness
2. Ethical- opposite of aesthetic
- stage of morality and standards
- inwardness
3. Religious- highest stage in one’s
life
-related with God
-self-reliance to God
*theological ethics- end of morality
which is always the goodness of
mankind.
Morchel- Christian Existence
- transcendent
- life is lifeless when identity is
lost.
BROKEN WORLD
- caused by mechanical world
- lifeless
-senseless
- mystery/ question of being
- problematic man – monotonous
life, machine, fixed idea
*in order for man to break the
problem, he has to go back in the
mystery of being/transcendence
TRANSCENDENCE
-ese- est- coesse
(to exist is to coexist)
Thinking- calculative
(mathematically);
-meditative (opens man to
possibilities)
KARL JASPER- philosophy cannot
replace theology
MARTIN HEIDDEGER- German
philosopher
-supplemented Immanuel Kant
- “being and time”
- deconstruct/destroy the Greek
philosophy
- man- process of existence
 - DA/SIEN- German-
“existence”/ “existence”
-DASMAN- they- public
4 THINGS TO EXPERIENCE
1. Dread- fear/ left alone
2. Core- other’s related
3. Concern- guardian/ shepherds
4. Guilt- man has to admire his
conscience
- voice of God
PHENOMENOLOGY – offspring of
extentialism
Gk: --Phenomenon- what appears
- Edmund Hussert- opposite of
Descartes/ Father of Phenomenology
- Philosophy as a rigorous science
- “presuppositioniess philosophy”
-- epoche- brocketing
- veil of ignorance
MANUEL DY – phenomenology of love
– cause; origin
Misconceptions:
1. Love is equated to romance
2. Love is an act of processing
3. Love is equal to sex
Origin of Love
 Begins with the experience of
loneliness (search for someone)
 Loving encounter – meeting of
person
 Love is raprocated- you have
concern
THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE
SOCIETY
1. Nicollo Machiavelli- “the end
justifies the means”
- power ethics
- “The Prince” and
“Discourses”
- 2 Forms of Government
o Monarchy
o Republic
- Plato – “The
Republic” –
blueprint of all
philosophies
- Socrates-
main character
BOOK 1 – Polynarchus (ideal)- “justice
is giving what is due and appropriate”
BOOK 2 –Ihracymachus (realistic)-
“justice is the advantage and beneficial
and the stronger”
BOOK 3- Socrates- “justice is attained in
society if people are just” – people are
doing their duties situated to their soul.
CLASSES OF MAN
1. Philosopher king- rule the state
2. Avxillaries- protect and defend
the state
3. Craftmen- supply the need of the
state
3 ADVICES FROM THE PRINCE
1. A person must have virtue
(manliness; masculinity)
2. Any ruler can resort to both law and
force
3. A leader must display like a fox and
a lion
ALBERT BORGMANN – German-
American living Philosopher
 - Philosophy of technology
- technology is an extension/
expansion of ourselves (physical,
social, intellectual)
DEVICE PARADIGM – state of
increasing reliance to technology
- cultural displacement
FOCAL THINGS AND PRACTICES
- meaningful activities
-involves mind and body
- greater threshold
MAN OF THEORY VALUES – death of
Aristotle
a) Hedonism- hedone – “pleasure”
-nedys- “sweet”
- pleasure is the norm of our desires
and passion
2 PHILOSOPHERS:
1. Aristippus- pleasure is the one and
only good
- pleasure= basis of moral judgment
2. Charvaka- Bhispati Lhanka
-Loka/yata school
b) Stoicism- Zeno founded Stoa- school
of antiquity
-opposite of Hedonism
- minimizing desires and passion in
order to attain happiness.
*Epictetus- taught that the greatest
virtue is “peace og mind”
- POM- priceless wealth of man
3 things:
1. Live within your means
2. Accept the things that can’t be
change
3. You should embrace difficult
problems in life
*Lucius Annaeus Seneco- no evil, no
misfortune can discourage spirit of
stalwart man
- disastrous situation gives chance to
prove strength
*Marcus Aurelius- impermanence and
fortitude
- don’t act as if you are to live 10 000
yrs. Death comes over there. While you
live, while you are in power, be good.
c) Epicuraenism- named after Epicurus
(founder)
- intermediate pleasure and suffering
- pleasure doctrine
3 COURSES OF PAIN
1. Excesive use
2. Abuse
3. Non- use
3 KINDS OF DESIRE
1. Natural and necessary
2. Natural but unnecessary
3. Unnatural and unnecessary
- there is immorality or not at all.