Senior High School Department: Emilio Aguinaldo College - Manila

Emilio Aguinaldo College -Manila
1113-1117 San Marcelino St.

Ermita, Manila
Comparative analysis of Nicotine content of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes
Antonio, Clairess Kaira
Basio, Rockie
Lenon, Kyla Nicole
Ramos, Ina
Rementilla, Marjorie
Gr.12 – STEM 2
School Year 2018-2019
Senior High School Department

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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE - MANILA
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Research in Daily Life 2, this research study
title Comparative analysis of Nicotine content of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes prepared and
submitted by Antonio, Clairess Kaira; Basio, Rockie Mae; Lenon, Kyla Nicole; Ramos, Ina;
Rementilla, Marjorie from Grade 12 - STEM 2 is hereby approved and accepted.
Ms. Teresa U. Pagarigan, LPT.

Instructor – Research in Daily Life 2

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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
We hereby declare that the research study titled Comparative analysis of Nicotine
content of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes is our own work and that to the best of our knowledge
and belief, does not contain materials previously published or written by another person nor
material to which a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any degree, accept where
due acknowledgment is made in the text.
We also that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even though
we may have received some assistance from others on style, presentation and language of
expression.
Basio, Rockie
Lenon, Kyla Nicole
Ramos, Ina
Rementilla, Marjorie
Researchers

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Table of Contents
Approval Sheet……………………………………………………………………2
Certificate of Originality……………………………………………………..3
Table of Contents………………………………………………………….....4
List of Tables and Figures………………………………………………..…5-9
Abstract …….…………………………………………………………………10
I. Introduction……………………………………………………………..…11-20
A. Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
D. Significance of the Study
E. Review of Related Literature and Related Studies
F. Conceptual Framework
G. Hypothesis of the Study
H. Definition of Terms
II. Methodology………………………………………………………………21-25
A. Research Design
B. Sample and Sampling Techniques
C. Instrumentation
D. Statistical Treatment of Data
E. Data Gathering Procedure
III. Results……………………………………………………………………26-29
IV. Discussions…………………………………………….…………………30-32
A. Summary of Findings
B. Conclusions
C. Recommendations
List of References…………………………………..…………………………33-34
Appendices…………………………………………………………………….35-38

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List of Tables and Figures
Framework
Cigarettes
Nicotine Content
E-Cigarettes
Fig.1
Research Procedure
BEFORE: DURING:
The researchers will be The researchers will
having a survey gather all the information
questionnaires that will be from the survey
the way to know the AFTER:
questionnaires and the
background of the After the data have
laboratory test for the
respondents in terms of gathered the researchers
nicotine content of
smoking, researchers will will proceed to the data
cigarette and electric
also do a laboratory test analysis.
cigarette. Then, will
for the Comparative analyse all the answers
analysis of nicotine content and information that they
of cigarette and e have gathered.
cigarette.

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Table
AGE
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 2 28.6 28.6 28.6
16 1 14.3 14.3 42.9
17 1 14.3 14.3 57.1
18 1 14.3 14.3 71.4
19 1 14.3 14.3 85.7
20 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
Table 1. Demographic profile of the Respondents
MALE
Cumulative
Valid 2 28.6 28.6 28.6
0 1 14.3 14.3 42.9
2 1 14.3 14.3 57.1
3 1 14.3 14.3 71.4
4 1 14.3 14.3 85.7
6 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0

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FEMALE
Cumulative
Valid 2 28.6 28.6 28.6
1 2 28.6 28.6 57.1
2 2 28.6 28.6 85.7
4 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
Cigarettes and E-cigarettes
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 1 33.3 33.3 33.3
(Cigar)12 1 33.3 33.3 66.7

(vape)13 1 33.3 33.3 100.0
Total 3 100.0 100.0
Table 4. Number of respondents by their frequently used between cigarettes and e-
cigarettes/vape

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F P
Gender (Frequency) (Percentage)
Male 6 24
Female 6 24
Total 12
Table 5. Number of respondents who choose cigarettes by their gender
F P
Male 8 32
Female 5 20
Total 13
Table 6. Number of respondents who choose e-cigarettes/vape by their gender

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Age Male (%) Female (%) Total

12-13 0 0 1 4 1
14-16 7 28 3 12 10
17-20 1 4 0 0 1
21 and above 0 0 0 0 0
Total 8 4 12
Table 7. Number of respondents when they first try smoking cigarettes by their age and gender

12-13 1 4 0 0 1
14-16 4 16 1 4 5
17-20 3 12 4 16 7
21 and above 0 0 0 0 0
Total 8 5 13
Table 8. Number of respondents when they first try to puff e-cigarettes/vape by their age and gender

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Abstract
Introduction; The present study examined the influence of flavouring on the smoking and
vaping behaviour of cigarette smokers asked to adopt e-cigarettes for a period of 6 weeks.
Methods; Participants were 88 current male and female smokers with no intention to stop
smoking, but who agreed to substitute e-cigarettes for their current cigarettes. On intake,
participants were administered tests of taste and smell for e-cigarettes flavoured with tobacco,
menthol, cherry and chocolate, and were given a refillable e-cigarette of their preferred flavour
or a control flavour. Participants completed daily logs of cigarette and e-cigarette use and were
followed each week.
Results; Analyses over days indicated that, during the 6-week e-cigarette period, cigarette
smoking rates dropped from an average of about 16 to about 7 cigarettes/day. e-Cigarette flavour
had a significant effect such that the largest drop in cigarette smoking occurred among those
assigned menthol e-cigarettes, and the smallest drop in smoking occurred among those assigned
chocolate and cherry flavours. e-Cigarette vaping rates also differed significantly by flavour
assigned, with the highest vaping rates for tobacco- and cherry-flavoured e-cigarettes, and the
lowest rates for those assigned to chocolate.
Conclusions; The findings suggest that adoption of e-cigarettes in smokers may influence
smoking rates and that e-cigarette flavourings can moderate this effect. e-Cigarette vaping rates
are also influenced by flavourings. These findings may have implications for the utility of e-
cigarettes as a nicotine replacement device and for the regulation of flavourings in e-cigarettes
for harm reduction.

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Introduction
1.1.Background of the Study
The nicotine is a highly addictive chemical found in the tobacco plants. According to
Adam Felman, nicotine is a chemical that contains nitrogen, which is made by several types
of plants, including the tobacco plant. It is also produced synthetically. Facts about nicotine;
chewing or snorting tobacco products usually releases more nicotine into the body than
smoking. Nicotine is at least as difficult to give up as heroin. The side effects of nicotine can
affect the heart, hormones, and gastrointestinal system. Some studies suggest that nicotine
may improve memory and concentration. There are more than one billion tobacco smokers
worldwide. Also about the tolerance, it increases with the amount of nicotine consumed and
people require higher doses to enjoy the same initial effects. As most of the nicotine in the
body leaves the body during sleep, tolerance may have virtually disappeared first thing in the
morning.
Nicotine is primarily consumed by inhaling the smoke of tobacco cigarettes. Other ways
to smoke of tobacco include pipes and cigars. Smokeless tobacco is inhaled through the nose
as a power or held in the mouth, according to Amber Erickson Gabbey.
According to Terry Martin, a cigarette is a cylindrical roll of shredded or ground tobacco
that is wrapped in paper or another substance that does not contain tobacco. Many
manufactured cigarettes also have filters on one end that are intended to trap some of the
toxic chemicals contained in cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke is a complex mix of more than

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7000 chemicals. Some are produced by the additives listed above, some from pesticides that
are used in the tobacco farming process, some are formed when those additives are heated
and/or burned, and some are formed when burning chemicals combine, producing yet more
unique chemicals. To date, 250 poisonous chemicals have been identified in cigarette smoke,
and 70 carcinogens.
While the electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, e-vaporizers, or electronic
nicotine delivery systems, are battery-operated devices that people use to inhale an aerosol,
which typically contains nicotine (though not always), flavorings, and other chemicals. They
can resemble traditional tobacco cigarettes (cig-a-likes), cigars, or pipes, or even everyday
items like pens or USB memory sticks. Other devices, such as those with fillable tanks, may
look different. Regardless of their design and appearance, these devices generally operate in
a similar manner and are made of similar components.
1.2.Statement of the Problem
Cigarette smoking is the global problem. Once a person starts smoking it will be continuous
it becomes unstoppable because of the nicotine. The problem is the nicotine in Cigarette and
E-cigarette is becomes addiction to the person.
This study aims to answer the following question:

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1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following:
b) Age
c) Gender
2. Which is more frequently used by the respondents E-cigarettes or Cigarettes sticks?
3. Is there a significance difference between cigarettes and E-cigarettes in terms of nicotine
content?
1.3.Scope and Delimitation
The general intent of the study is determining and comparing nicotine content of both
cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Nicotine is the primarily addictive chemical in tobacco. The
nicotine content is determine by the manufacturers that is often varies between brands and
within brand’s model but recent studies labelled and measured nicotine content.
This study will use conceptual framework that the propose variables are to measured its
nicotine content in cigarettes and e-cigarettes. This will be conducted on Emilio Aguinaldo
College. The researcher will be doing a laboratory test to be able to measure the content of
both variables. In able to measures the content of e-liquid it should be in mg/ml. While on the
other hand, one pack of cigarettes will be using.
The only coverage of this study is determining the nicotine level of both cigarettes and e-
cigarettes.

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1.4. Significance of the Study
The finding of this study will give benefits to the society, knowing that smoking or
vaping plays an important role in this society today. Many people say they smoke to relieve
stress, or they smoke more when they are experiencing stress. People who have quit smoking
says stress is the number one reason for relapse. While there is no one right away to work
through stress, there are negative and positive methods to overcome stress. It is important to
use positive methods that improve our health and well-being, and to find what works for us
personally when faced with stress. They think that smoking is the solution to lessen the stress
that you’re experiencing.
We chose to research this study because even if they cannot stop smoking, there is still a
chance to lessen the damage by knowing what it less harmful to your health.
1.5.Review of Related Literature and Related Studies
1.5.1. Local Literature
1.5.2. Foreign Literature
A cigarette is an efficient, well-engineered nicotine delivery device that has proved to be
deadly when smoked regularly. Nicotine from a smoked cigarette will reach the brain in as
little as 7 seconds after inhalation. (Hoffmann D et al, 1995)
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are nicotine delivery devices that are proposed as tobacco
harm reduction products to smokers. Nicotine delivery from ECs is potentially important in
their efficacy as smoking substitutes. Herein, nicotine delivery from using a new-generation

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EC device (variable-wattage, set at 9 W) was evaluated, comparing experienced (vapers) with
naïve users (smokers). Twenty-four vapers and 23 smokers participated to the study. They
were asked to obtain 10 puffs in 5 minutes and then use the EC ad lib for 60 more minutes
(total duration of use: 65 minutes). An 18 mg/mL nicotine-containing liquid was used. Blood
samples were obtained at baseline, 5-minutes and every 15 minutes thereafter, while number
of puffs and average puff duration were recorded. Although at baseline both groups had
similar plasma nicotine levels, smokers consistently exhibited lower levels at all time-
periods; at 5-minutes the levels were lower by 46%, while during the subsequent period they
were lower by 43% (at 65-minutes) to 54% (at 20-minutes). Both groups took similar number
of puffs, but smokers had average puff duration of 2.3 s compared to 3.5 s in vapers. Even in
vapers, plasma nicotine levels at 5 minutes were lower than those observed after smoking 1
tobacco cigarette.
This is the first study to directly compare nicotine delivery from EC use between
experienced and naïve EC users. A new-generation device was used, which has been
previously shown to deliver nicotine more effectively compared to first-generation (cigarette-
like) devices7. The study clearly showed that both groups obtain nicotine from EC use,
however, faster absorption rate and higher plasma nicotine levels were observed in
experienced compared to naïve users. It seems that this is partly explained by differences in
puffing patterns between the two groups; in particular, smokers took shorter puffs compared
to vapers, and puff duration was independently associated with the elevation of plasma
nicotine levels after 65 minutes of use.
New generation EC devices are predominantly used by dedicated users who, in most
cases, are heavy ex-smokers2. The hypothesis that such devices deliver nicotine more

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efficiently compared to first-generation devices was confirmed in a recent clinical study
which found higher plasma nicotine levels in experienced users when using a new-generation
device compared to a “cigarette-like” product7. Subsequently, a laboratory study confirmed
that elevating power levels leads to increased aerosol yield and nicotine delivery from the
liquid to the aerosol13. Herein it was shown that naïve users are unable to obtain similar
levels of nicotine compared to experienced users when using advanced devices. This was
partly explained by differences in puff duration between the two groups. Smokers were using
the EC in a similar puffing pattern as tobacco cigarettes, taking shorter puffs compared to
experienced users. Similar observations were reported in a previous study of EC use
topography8. In that study, vapers took 4.2 sec puffs, compared to 2.4 sec puffs observed in
naïve users. In the present study vapers took somewhat shorter puffs, which can be explained
by the higher EC power used in this study. However, considering the weak correlation
between changes in plasma nicotine levels and puff duration, it seems that additional factors
contribute to nicotine absorption. Such factors could be depth of inhalation and time of
keeping the vapor inhaled.
According to Food and Drug Administration, they say that the electronic- (e-) cigarette is
not a proven nicotine replacement therapy and reiterating the WHO's statement that there is
no scientific evidence to confirm the product’s safety and efficacy.
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, or vaping, in the worldwide is increasing. Less than
a decade ago, the e-cigarette was an obscure product marketed as a safe, tobacco-free
alternative to conventional cigarettes by a single company in China. Seven years ago, the
electronic nicotine delivery device entered the US market. Today, health officials, policy
makers, and researchers are all scrambling to keep up with a rapidly expanding, wildly

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controversial, and largely unregulated $3 billion global industry that has, at last count, 466
brands, 7,764 flavors(bubblegum, cherry crush, bacon, java jolt, menthol), and slick, youth-
oriented Big Tobacco marketing designed to create the perception that e-cigarettes are not
only safe, but cool. Non-nicotine, but an abundant amount of toxic chemicals produced by
the combustion of tobacco are the cause of well-known health problems. E-cigarette vapor
contains no or only minimal quantities of potentially harmful substances. Hence it can be
assumed that vaping in adults is much less harmful than smoking of cigarettes. Furthermore,
no data exist that e-cigarettes will encourage youngsters to become cigarette smokers. E-
cigarette vaping has the potential to reduce the daily number of cigarettes smoked or
facilitates cessation of smoking in heavily nicotine-dependent smokers, who keep on
smoking despite a structured smoking cessation program. Health professionals should be
aware of this type of nicotine substitution, since the controversial discussion is often
emotional and not evidence-based. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rejected these
claims, and in September of2010 they informed the President of the Electronic Cigarette
Association that warning letters had been issued to five distributors of e-cigarettes for
“violations of good manufacturing practices, making unsubstantiated drug claims, and using
the devices as delivery mechanisms for active pharmaceutical ingredients.” People use is
highly controversial from scientific, political, financial, psychological, and sociological
ideologies. Given the controversial nature of e-cigarettes and vaping, how should medical
care providers advise their patients? To effectively face this new challenge, health care
professionals need to become more familiar with the existing literature concerning e-
cigarettes and vaping, especially the scientific literature. Thus, the aim of this article is to

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present a review of the scientific evidence-based primary literature concerning electronic
cigarettes and vaping.
The role of melanin in nicotine uptake and metabolism has received little attention.
Because nicotine has been shown to accumulate in tissues containing melanin, exploring
links between melanin and nicotine may provide additional clues to understanding smoking
behavior and disease effects. To examine the scientific literature on the relationship between
melanin and nicotine, we conducted a PubMed search. We also searched online archives of
internal tobacco industry documents. We retrieved and reviewed 82 published research
papers related to melanin and nicotine or melanin and metabolism of other drugs, and 150
relevant internal tobacco industry documents. The published literature suggests that nicotine
may accumulate in human tissues containing melanin and this retention may increase
melanin synthesis. Existing research on the relationship between melanin and nicotine lacks
an adequate consideration of this relationship's potential impact, if any, on nicotine
metabolism, level of nicotine dependence, and ability to quit smoking. Differential
accumulation of nicotine in melanin-containing tissues could have implications for
individuals with high levels of melanin.
1.5.3. Local Studies
1.5.4. Foreign Studies
According to The American Association of Public Health Physicians, smokers who have
been unable to quit using counselling and NRT and 7 those who do not wish to quit smoking

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should consider switching to a less hazardous smoke-free product, such as e-cigarettes, sinus,
dissolvable, or chewing tobacco.
According to Food and Drug Administration, they say that the electronic- (e-) cigarette is
not a proven nicotine replacement therapy and reiterating the WHO's statement that there is
no scientific evidence to confirm the product’s safety and efficacy.
1.6. Conceptual Framework
Cigarette smoking is the global problem. Once a person starts smoking it will be continuous
it becomes unstoppable because of the nicotine. The problem is the nicotine in Cigarette and E-
cigarette is becomes addiction to the person.
Cigarettes
Nicotine Content
E-Cigarettes
Fig.1
The independent variable is the measure of nicotine in cigarettes and e-cigarettes. The dependent
variable is the level of nicotine. The researchers’ collect the result of the nicotine in cigarettes
and e-cigarettes to compare the level of nicotine of the two.

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1.7. Hypothesis
Alternative:
The two almost have the same chemical but different nicotine content, and they both
didn’t have the same amount as nicotine.
Null:
The two almost have the same chemicals but different nicotine content, which named
Cigarettes and E-cigarettes, have different amount of nicotine content and one of them didn’t
follow the same amount of nicotine content.
1.8. Definition of Terms
Tobacco - a plant that produces leaves which are smoked in cigarettes, pipes, etc.
Heroin - a powerful illegal drug that is made from morphine.
Nicotine - a poisonous substance in tobacco that makes it difficult for people to stop smoking
cigarettes.
Aerosol – a substance that is kept in a container under that is released as a fine spray when a
button is pressed.
Hazardous – involving risk or danger.
Smoke – the act of smoking a cigarette, cigar, etc.
Adrenaline – a substance that is released in the body of a person who is feeling a strong
emotion and that causes the heart to beat faster and gives the person more energy.

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Methodology
In this chapter indicate the methods of data collection and the process of the research.
The researchers’ explains the research methods were done. This is being described by the terms
of research design, sample and sampling technique, research instrument, data gathering
procedure and statistical treatment of data.
2.1. Research Design
In this study the researchers analyse the different nicotine level between cigarettes and e-
cigarettes. Our instruments will be survey and laboratory test. We will be having 25
respondents and we will gather it to serve as our guide in our study.
The researchers will use Descriptive - Experimental research design. The descriptive
aims to determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their age and
gender. And also determine more frequently used of e-cigarette or cigarette. The experiment
aims to determine the significance between the difference of cigarettes and e-cigarettes.
2.2. Sample and Sampling Techniques
The researchers will conduct a survey questionnaire, the target for the respondents are the
Senior High School Students of Emilio Aguinaldo College. The respondents in this study
were twenty-five (25) respondents, ten (10) of which are girls and the remaining twenty-five
(15) are boys. The research measure the population from different strands. Grade, Section,
Age and gender will be included and it’s a must but the name is optional to somehow respect

22
the identity of the respondent. The researchers will be having a laboratory test for the
nicotine content of cigarette and e-cigarette.
The sampling that the researchers will be using is Cluster Sampling, it divides the
population into separate groups called clusters. Then a simple random sample of clusters is
selected from the population. Once the survey questionnaires were answered and the
laboratory test for the Nicotine content was collected, the researchers will gather all the
information that showing the comparative of nicotine content of cigarette and electric
cigarette.
2.3. Instrumentation
In this study the researchers’ will use survey questionnaire and laboratory test. The
questionnaire is consisting of series of question for the purpose of gathering information
from respondents. The researchers’ will collect the data for statistical analysis. The used of
laboratory test determine the different of nicotine content of two variable.
The research instrument that we are going to use is a survey that questions their
background in using cigarettes or the electrical one. Using this instrument, we will be able to
collect the questionnaires that the respondents have answered and we will gather all of them
for us to find out of why they become addicted with it which is the important part of the
research. The survey or questionnaire that we’ve made includes: name (optional), grade &
section, age and gender of the respondents.

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2.4. Statistical Treatment of Data
The researcher will use Percentage, Average and T-test to know the treat the statistical result
1. Percentage
This will employ to determine the frequency counts and percentage distribution of the
answers of the respondents in each question.
Formula: %= (F/N) x 100
% is the percentage of respondents
F is the Frequency
N is the total number of respondents
100 is the constant value
2. Average
This will be used to determine the assessment of the respondents with regards to their
person profiles.
Formula: X=Fx/N
X is the weighted mean
F is the frequency
x is the weight of each item

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N is the number of cases
3. T-test
This will be determine the difference effects of the nicotine of e-cigarette between cigarette
Formula:
x1 = 1st set of values
x2 = 2nd set of values
S1 = standard deviation of the 1st set of values
S2 = standard deviation of 2nd set of values
n1 = total number of the values in 1st set
n2 = total number of the value in 2nd set

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2.5. Data Gathering Procedure
For the purpose of this research, the researchers adapted a research questionnaire from the
previous research with the same study and laboratory test. They conduct a research questionnaire
at the Emilio Aguinaldo College. The researcher gathered the data from the research
questionnaire and the laboratory test and analyse the information for the result and conclusion.
BEFORE: DURING:
The researchers will be The researchers will
having a survey gather all the information
questionnaires that will be from the survey
the way to know the AFTER:
questionnaires and the
background of the After the data have
laboratory test for the
respondents in terms of gathered the researchers
nicotine content of
smoking, researchers will will proceed to the data
cigarette and electric
also do a laboratory test analysis.
cigarette. Then, will
for the Comparative analyse all the answers
analysis of nicotine content and information that they
of cigarette and e have gathered.
cigarette.

26
Results
AGE
Cumulative
Valid 2 28.6 28.6 28.6
16 1 14.3 14.3 42.9
17 1 14.3 14.3 57.1
18 1 14.3 14.3 71.4
19 1 14.3 14.3 85.7
20 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
MALE
Cumulative
Valid 2 28.6 28.6 28.6
0 1 14.3 14.3 42.9
2 1 14.3 14.3 57.1
3 1 14.3 14.3 71.4
4 1 14.3 14.3 85.7
6 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0

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FEMALE
Cumulative
Valid 2 28.6 28.6 28.6
1 2 28.6 28.6 57.1
2 2 28.6 28.6 85.7
4 1 14.3 14.3 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
Cigarettes and E-cigarettes
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 1 33.3 33.3 33.3
(Cigar)12 1 33.3 33.3 66.7

(vape)13 1 33.3 33.3 100.0
Total 3 100.0 100.0
Table 4. Number of respondents by their frequently used between cigarettes and e-
cigarettes/vape

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F P
Male 6 24
Female 6 24
Total 12
Table 5. Number of respondents who choose cigarettes by their gender
F P
Male 8 32
Female 5 20
Total 13
Table 6. Number of respondents who choose e-cigarettes/vape by their gender

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12-13 0 0 1 4 1
14-16 7 28 3 12 10
17-20 1 4 0 0 1
21 and above 0 0 0 0 0
Total 8 4 12
Table 7. Number of respondents when they first try smoking cigarettes by their age and gender

12-13 1 4 0 0 1
14-16 4 16 1 4 5
17-20 3 12 4 16 7
21 and above 0 0 0 0 0
Total 8 5 13
Table 8. Number of respondents when they first try to puff e-cigarettes/vape by their age and gender

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Discussions
4.1. Summary of Findings
I. How does Nicotine delivers its effects?
- After exposure to nicotine, there is a "kick" caused in part by the drug’s stimulation of
the adrenal glands and resulting discharge of epinephrine (adrenaline). The rush of adrenaline
stimulates the body and causes a sudden release of glucose as well as an increase in blood
pressure, respiration, and heart rate.
II. What happens when you get used of smoking?
- Too much exposure to nicotine may lead you to addiction. Many of the smokers who try
to quit/stop smoking were failed without treatment. It is difficult to avoid it because the nicotine
itself leads you to want more of it.
III. What are the medical consequences of Nicotine use?
- The medical consequences of nicotine results from the effects of both the nicotine itself
and how you are taking/using it. The most harmful effects of nicotine addiction are from tobacco
use, which accounts for one-third of all cancers. Among the cancers that caused by tobacco is
lung cancer (the number one cancer killer of both men and women).
IV. Is vaping better for you than smoking cigarettes?
- For smokers, vaping is better than all the health risks of smoking. For smokers who
totally give up smoking, the answer is yes, vaping is safer. But that doesn't mean vaping is safe.

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V. How much nicotine is in a cigarette compared to vape?
- Every American tobacco cigarette contains about 9 mg, but cigarette smoking burns away
a lot of the nicotine. On average you're inhaling about 1 mg of nicotine per tobacco cigarette.
Therefore, a teaspoon of 12 mg e-liquid is equal to about 60cigarettes.
4.2. Conclusions
The aim of this research is about Comparative analysis of Nicotine content of cigarette and e-
cigarette. Cigarette smoking is the global problem. Once a person starts smoking it will be
continuous it becomes unstoppable because of the nicotine. The use of products containing
nicotine poses dangers to youth, pregnant women, and fetuses. The use of products containing
nicotine in any form among youth, including in cigarette and e-cigarettes, is unsafe. When
discussing quitting smoking or vaping use, many users will say that they have to die from
something, so why bother to quit. Unfortunately, some of the repercussions for this addiction are
miserable chronic diseases that do not end quickly or pleasantly. Clearly, there are many
challenges for the dental professional in trying to get their patients to quit this addiction. It takes
time, is frustrating, requires education and an organization of the office team, and is rarely
reimbursable. Despite all of that, the satisfaction one gets in watching someone break this
addiction, and how it positively impacts them, as well as their friends and relatives is quite
fulfilling in itself. In order to be effective, a dental office must be knowledgeable about cigarette,
e-cigarette and nicotine addiction, have resources such as brochures in the office to read, as well
the contact information for counselors, and quit lines that are available in the area.

32
4.3. Recommendations
The present situation in which the most toxic form of nicotine delivery is the least
regulated, is unacceptable from a public health perspective because nicotine appears to be
responsible for a small proportion of cigarette and e-cigarette-caused diseases relative to other
cigarette constituents and emissions. There is considerable scope for developments that reduce
the risks experienced by users of cigarette and e-cigarette, but without undermining efforts to
prevent initiation to cigarette and e-cigarette use and promote cessation among established user.
In the absence of firm contrary data, those responsible for public policy decisions are justified in
using the conservative assumptions that smokers’ preferences for a nicotine dose are persistent
over time and are not influenced by changes in the product used and that smokers will
compensate for reductions in yield to maintain a relatively consistent dose of nicotine. A broad
and comprehensive regulatory framework is required to enable policy options for controlling
nicotine to move forward in ways that minimise the risks.

33
List of References
Online References
Alaska Department of Health and Human Services (January 2015) . ‘E-cigarettes: a review
of the literature.’
 “smokers who have been unable to quit using counselling and NRT and 7 those who do
not wish to quit smoking should consider switching to a less hazardous smoke-free
product, such as e-cigarettes, snus, dissolvables, or chewing tobacco.”
Department of Health and Human Services (1989). ‘Nicotine and Tar in Cigarette
Tobacco: A Literature Review to Inform Policy Development’
 “There are over 4,000 known constituents in cigarette tobacco or its smoke. Many of
them are carcinogenic or toxic.”
Department of Health (April 2018). ‘Electronic Cigarette’
 “On April 10, the Food and Drug Administration issued an advisory saying the electronic
(e-cigarettes) is not a proven nicotine replacement therapy and reiterating the WHO’s
statement that there is no scientific evidence to confirm the product’s safety and
efficacy.”

34
Winter & Spring (2012). ‘Nicotine Content of Cigarette and Pipe Tobacco in Iran’
 “Major symptoms of nicotine poisoning are sweating, vomiting, mental confusion,
diminished pulse rate and breathing difficulty. People who smoke have more chronic
illnesses, including emphysema and bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, cancer,
bronchopulmonary disease, etc.”
Hoffmann D et al (1995) ‘Comparison of the nicotine content of tobacco used in bidis and
conventional cigarettes’
 A cigarette is an efficient, well-engineered nicotine delivery device that has proved to be
deadly when smoked regularly. Nicotine from a smoked cigarette will reach the brain in
as little as 7 seconds after inhalation.
Cancer. Org (2017) ‘Nicotine Levels in Electronic Cigarettes’
 “Many of the chemicals have a strong connection to some leading health conditions,
including; cancer, heart disease and lung disease but you will not find these chemical
elements during the process of creating a cigarette.”
 Combusting the tobacco leaf starts the process of chemical reactions, which in turn
creates smoke that is full of carcinogens.

35
Appendices

36
Appendix A
Sample Instrument
October 18, 2018
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
Greetings!
We are the researchers from Grade 12 STEM 2 of Emilio Aguinaldo College. We are conducting
a research entitled “Comparative Analysis of Nicotine Content of Cigarettes and E-
cigarettes”. In accordance to this, we seek your approval to be a participant in our research. We
don’t anticipate that there are any risks associated with your participation, but you have the right
to stop or withdraw from the research at any time.
We, the students from Grade 12 STEM 2 are writing an excuse letter to the subject teacher to let
us excuse some of your student to participate in our study. The research study involves
participants from different Strands-Grade 12 students and gathering of data takes place in Emilio
Aguinaldo.
Your approval is highly appreciated and will make our research gather the suitable data from the
said respondents.
We hope for your favorable approval on this request.
Thank you so much
Respectfully yours,
The Researchers
Basio, Rockie Mae
Lenon, Kyla Nicole M.
Ramos, Ina C
Rementilla, Marjorie R.
Noted by:
Ms. Teresa U. Pagarigan, LPT

Research Teacher

37
Research Questionnaire
“Comparative analysis of Nicotine content of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes”

This study was provided by the students of Emilio Aguinaldo College as a part of our
research on our Daily Life 2. This survey is all about using cigarettes or e-cigarettes. Answering
this questionnaire will take you 2-3 minutes only.
This questionnaire was only adapted by the researchers from the previous research with
the same study.
Name (optional): Gender:
Age:
Instruction: Put check ( / ) in the indicated box.
 What type of cigarette did you used?
Commercial cigarettes
E-Cigarette / Vape
a) If you answer is commercial cigarettes ;
1. How old were you when you first try to smoke a cigarette?
12- 13 years old 17-20 years old
14-16 years old 21 years old and above
2. How often did you smoke?
Daily
At least weekly
At least monthly
Don’t know/ Not sure
3. Where do you usually smoke?
At home
At friend’s house
In public place

38
4. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden?
Yes No
5. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette?
After 60 minutes 6-30 minutes
31-60 minutes Within 5 minutes
b) If you answer E-cigarettes/ Vapes;
1. How old were you when you first try to smoke a E-cigarette/vape?
12- 13 years old 17-20 years old
14-16 years old 21 years old and above
2. How often did you smoke?
Daily
At least weekly
At least monthly
Don’t know/ Not sure
3. Where do you usually smoke?
At home
At friend’s house
In public place
4. Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden?
Yes No
5. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first vape?
After 60 minutes 6-30 minutes
31-60 minutes Within 5 minutes

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Comparative analysis of Nicotine content of Cigarettes and E-cigarettes

Antonio, Clairess Kaira

Lenon, Kyla Nicole

School Year 2018-2019

Senior High School Department

Rementilla, Marjorie from Grade 12 - STEM 2 is hereby approved and accepted.

Ms. Teresa U. Pagarigan, LPT.

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due acknowledgment is made in the text.

Antonio, Clairess Kaira

Lenon, Kyla Nicole

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List of Tables and Figures

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Table 3. Demographic profile of the Respondents

Cigarettes and E-cigarettes

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

(Cigar)12 1 33.3 33.3 66.7

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Age Male (%) Female (%) Total

Age Male (%) Female (%) Total

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followed each week.

lowest rates for those assigned to chocolate.

for harm reduction.

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1.1.Background of the Study

as a power or held in the mouth, according to Amber Erickson Gabbey.

According to Terry Martin, a cigarette is a cylindrical roll of shredded or ground tobacco

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While the electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigarettes, e-vaporizers, or electronic

a similar manner and are made of similar components.

1.2.Statement of the Problem

E-cigarette is becomes addiction to the person.

This study aims to answer the following question:

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2. Which is more frequently used by the respondents E-cigarettes or Cigarettes sticks?

3. Is there a significance difference between cigarettes and E-cigarettes in terms of nicotine

1.3.Scope and Delimitation

other hand, one pack of cigarettes will be using.

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that you’re experiencing.

1.5.Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

1.5.1. Local Literature

1.5.2. Foreign Literature

A cigarette is an efficient, well-engineered nicotine delivery device that has proved to be

little as 7 seconds after inhalation. (Hoffmann D et al, 1995)

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previously shown to deliver nicotine more effectively compared to first-generation (cigarette-

nicotine levels after 65 minutes of use.

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device compared to a “cigarette-like” product7. Subsequently, a laboratory study confirmed

experienced users. Similar observations were reported in a previous study of EC use

keeping the vapor inhaled.

no scientific evidence to confirm the product’s safety and efficacy.

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contains no or only minimal quantities of potentially harmful substances. Hence it can be

facilitates cessation of smoking in heavily nicotine-dependent smokers, who keep on