The Determination of Translation Techniques in Direct Speech in The Story

“Why Are You So Stingy?” Adapted from The Book “Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak
Terpuji: Stories for Character Building” by Watik Ideo and Fitri Kurniawan

Ani Siti Nur'aeni Wahidah1, Desri Utari Darojatun2 and Siti Nurul Pajriati3

English Literature Department, State Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati UIN Bandung1
English Literature Department, State Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati UIN Bandung2
English Literature Department, State Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati UIN Bandung3

Abstract. This mini research purposes to find out and describe translation techniques used in the
direct speech of a story titled “Why Are You So Stingy?” by Watik Ideo in a book of “Kumpulan
Cerita Akhlak Terpuji: Stories for Character Building” by Watik Ideo and Fitri Kurniawan. The
subject of this mini research is for assign mid-tem of translation course. The mini research
methodology that used is qualitative method, which describe the natural state in depth and detail
about the translation techniques used in the story. To find out and describe the translation
techniques of the story, the researchers used some of the translation techniques. The results of
this mini research is finding and describing translation techniques used in the direct speech of a
story titled “Why Are You So Stingy?” by Watik Ideo in a book “Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak
Terpuji: Stories for Character Building” are adaptation technique, literal technique, transposition
technique, reduction technique, and addition technique.

Keywords: source language, target language, translation techniques

1. Introduction
Language is important for human being. We can comunicate to each other with a language.
In this globalization era, people from various countries interact with each other without
restricting regional and linguistic boundaries. Language that can be used as a two-way
communication tool by people from different countries is needed. Therefore, it was decided to
have an international language. Some languages that are used as international languages are
English, Arabic, Mandarin language, Spanish, Russian and French. English is the very first
international language we have learned from elementary school up to college. One of the skills
we should have to master an international language, in this case English, is translation.

2. Theoretical Foundation
To conduct a research, theories are needed to explain some concepts and terms applied in
search concerned. The terms have to classify to avoid confussion. Therefore, the classification of
the concept will be minimized possible misunderstanding between the writer and the reader. In
other words, they are very important to be explained, so that the reader will get the point clearly.
A. Definition
Pinchuck in Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003: 13) states that translation as a process of
finding a Target Language (TL) to be equivalent toward the Source Language (SL) utterance.
The equivalence in translation is the closest TL with the SL which is used by the translator
in the translation. The equivalence in translation can be reached by mastering the language
skills. In finding the equivalence, translator also need to study some linguistics theories
related to the translation study before they do the translation work.
In translating a text, a translator should convey the message of the source language into
the target language. Hatim and Mason (1997: 1), states that the translator both a receiver and
a producer. While, the translator’s task is to read and to understand a written text (source
text) and then to transfer the meaning to the TL in a written form. While, the other
explanation is added by Catford (1984: 12) that states the goal of translator is to keep the
meaning of the translation to be constant. Translator does not just transfer each words in SL
into TL, but a good translator must skillful in translating the SL into TL without changing
the purpose and message in TL.

B. Translation Technique
In this mini research, the writers use six translation techniques, they are :

a. Literal Technique
A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others
dependent on the sentence structure. Example “I have a car” translated be “Aku punya
sebuah mobil”.

b. Adaptation
Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in
a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a
shift in cultural environment. For example “Dear Sir” be “Dengan hormat”.

c. Transposition
This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are
translated. It is in a sense a shift of word class. For example “Musical Instrument” be
“Alat Musik”.

d. Addition
Addition is a strategy used by giving additional information the target language as
an obligatory. For example “Saya dosen” be “ I am a lecture”.
 e. Reduction
It is to reduce the language component of source language or to reduce one or more
than words. For example “Automobile” be “mobil”.

f. Discursive Creation
Discursive creation is an operation in the cognitive process of translating by which
a non-lexical equivalence is established that only works in context. For example “Kata
pengantar” be “Preface”.

3. Method
In this mini research, the writers explain research design, data and source of data, and
technique of collecting and analyzing data that they use.

3.1 Research Design

The study of this research uses descriptive qualitative method. The writer only
collected, classified, analyzed the data and then draw conclusion.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

The object of this research are type translation techniques, the most dominant type of
translation technique of translation English to Indonesian of a story titled “Why Are You So
Stingy?” by Watik Ideo in “Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak Terpuji: Stories for Character
Building”. Data of this research are direct speeches in the story which involves two different
languages both the Source Language (English) and the Target Language (Indonesian). While,
the source of source data of this research is a story titled “Why Are You So Stingy?” by
Watik Ideo in “Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak Terpuji: Stories for Character Building”.

3.3 Technique of Collecting and Analyzing Data

In collecting the data, the writer uses content analysis. In content analysis, the uses
story titled "Why Are You So Stingy?" by Watik Ideo in “Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak Terpuji:
Stories for Character Building”. The writer collected the direct speeches from the story,
classified the direct speeches from the story and the analyzed the translation techniques.

4. Result
The writer analyzes the type and the most dominant translation technique. In analyzing the
type of translation technique, the researcher uses the direct speech from story “Why Are You So
Stingy?” by Watik Ideo in “Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak Terpuji: Stories for Character Building”.
There are five type of translation techniques. The direct speeches used one technique, doublet
technique and triplet technique.
A. One Technique
One technique means there is one translation techinque in a sentence.

a. Adaptation
There are the direct speeches that only used adaptation technique:
1. SL : “Oh my! What shall we do?”
TL : “Aduuuh! Bagaimana ini!”
2. SL : “Psst! Zal!! Will you help me later?”
TL : “Sssst! Zal! Nanti bantuin ya!”
3. SL : “Yeah! I did not review the lesson last night!”
TL : “Iya! Aku belum belajar nih semalam!”
4. SL : “Psstt! Zal! Share me your answer!”
TL : “Ssst! Zal! Bagi jawabannya dong!”
5. SL : “Zal! Zal! Slide your paper here a bit!”
TL : “Zal! Zal! Geser sedikit dong kertasnya!”
6. SL : “Zal! Why were you so stingy!”
TL : “Zal! Kamu tuh pelit deh!”
7. SL : “You are so cocky!”
TL : “Sok pintar!”
8. SL : “How could you!”
TL : “Keterlaluan!”
9. SL : “Hmm, you three look worried.”
TL : “Teman-teman, kulihat kalian cemas sekali.”
10. SL : “Anything I can do to help?”
TL : “Barangkali aku bisa membantu?”
11. SL : “We are afraid to fail to proceed to the next grade.”
TL : “Kami jadi takut tidak naik kelas.”
12. SL : “Let me help you study.”
TL : “Aku mau kok mengajari kalian.”
13. SL : “Because I felt that it would do no good.”
TL : “Karena uhmmm... kurasa itu tak ada gunanya.”
There are the direct speeches used adaptation technique to translate SL to TL daily
language and following TL language culture.

b. Literal
There are the direct speeches that only used literal technique :
1. SL : “I am really sorry guys, I was just...”
TL : “Maafkan aku teman-teman, aku hanya....”
2. SL : “Don't be sad, guys. “
 TL : “Jangan sedih, Teman-teman.”
3. SL : “We can study together after school, every day,”
TL : “Kita bisa belajar bersama setiap pulang sekolah,”
4. SL : “Yes, please forgive us. You are really kind.”
TL : “Iya! Maafkan kami. Kau baik sekali.”
5. SL : “We were supposed to be more diligent just like you.”
TL : “Harusnya kami giat belajar sepertimu.”
6. SL : “No problem.”
TL : “Ah, tak apa-apa.”
7. SL : “I know, you did not really mean to stay away from me.”
TL : “Aku tahu, kalian tak bersungguh-sungguh menjauhiku.”
There are direct speeches used literal technique to translate SL to TL dependent on
the sentence structure.

B. Doublet Technique
Doublet technique means there are two translation techniques in a sentence.

a. Adaptation + Addition
There are the direct speeches used double technique (adaptation technique and
addition technique) :
1. SL : “You have one hour from now,”
TL : “Waktu kalian satu jam dari sekarang,”
2. SL : “That's it! From now on, we are not friends anymore!”
TL : “Ah, sudahlah! Mulai sekarang, kau bukan teman kami lagi!”
3. SL : “We can fail to move to the next grade!”
TL : “Gawat! Bisa-bisa kita tidak naik kelas!”
4. SL : “And uhmm.. I am sorry I did not share my answers in the exam that
time.”
TL : “Dan, uhmm... maafkan aku karena tak memberi kalian contekan waktu
itu.”
There are the direct speeches used adaptation technique to translate SL to TL
following TL language culture and used addition technique to add one or more words.

b. Transposition + Addition
There is the direct speech used double technique (transposition technique and
addition technique) :
SL : “Are you ready students?”
TL : “Anak-anak, semua sudah siap?”
There is the direct speech used transposition technique to change their sequence and
used addition technique to add one or more than words.
 c. Literal + Addition
There are the direct speeches used double technique (literal technique and addition
technique) :
1. SL : “Oh no! I get 3 for maths!”
TL : “Uh! Bagaimana ini, matematikaku dapat 3!”
2. SL : “Me too.”
TL : “Iya, raporku juga.”
3. SL : “We are really sorry. We have been bad to you!”
TL : “Maafkan kami karena telah bersikap buruk kepadamu ya, Rizal.”
There are the direct speeches used literal technique to translate SL to TL dependent
on the sentence structure and used addition technique to add one or more than words.

d. Literal + Reduction
There is the direct speech used double technique (literal technique and reduction
technique) :
SL : “Same here! Me too!”
TL : “Sama! Aku juga!”
There are the direct speech used literal technique to translate SL to TL dependent
on the sentence structure and used reduction technique to reduce one or more than
words.

e. Reduction + Addition
There is the direct speech used double technique (reduction technique and addition
technique) :
SL : “Now, please answer all these questions.”
TL : “Kerjakan seluruh soal yang sudah Bapak berikan ya.”
There is the direct speech used reduction technique to reduce one or more than
words and used addition technique to add one or more than words.

C. Triplet Technique
Triplet technique means there are three translation techniques in a sentence.

a. Literal + Adaptation + Addition

There is the direct speech used triplet technique (literal technique, adaptation
technique and addition technique):
SL : “You are right. That will do no good,”
TL : “Ya, kau benar. Itu memang tak ada gunanya,”
There is the direct speech used literal technique to translate SL to TL dependent on
the sentence structure and used adaptation technique to translate SL to TL daily
 language and following TL language culture and also used addition technique to add
one or more than words.

b. Adaptation + Reduction + Addition

There is the direct speech used triplet technique (adaptation technique, reduction
technique and addition technique):
SL : “Yeah! Why didn't you just share your answer?”
TL : “Iya! Masa nggak mau membagi kami jawaban sih!”
There is the direct speech used adaptation technique to translate SL to TL daily
language and following TL language culture and used reduction technique to reduce one
or more than words and also used addition technique to add one or more than words.

5. Conclusion
The writers would like to draw the conclusion to answer the statement of this mini research
as stated in the previous chapter. There are many translation techniques that we have learned in
class but there are only a few techniques used in this mini research in the story “Why Are You
So Stingy?”, which was adapted from the book “Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak Terpuji: Stories for
Character Building” by Watik Ideo and Fitri Kurniawan, which focuses on direct speech. In
conclusion, adaptation dominates most of the translation techniques in the direct sentences
contained in the story. Besides that, the writer deflects some techniques in the number of
translation techniques used in one sentence such as, one technique, doublet and triplet.

6. Reference

Ideo, Watik dan Fitri Kurniawan. 2016. Kumpulan Cerita Akhlak Terpuji: Stories for Character
Building. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Fitria, Tria Nur. 2015. Translation Technique of English to Indonesian Subtitle in Doraemon
“Stand By Me” Movie.