Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 2. List out the clinical scales from highest to lowest T score.

Validity
scales are placed separately to the right of the clinical scales. (See
(MMPI-2) example below)
3. Scales with T scores of the same value or within one point of each
MMPI DEVELOPMENT other should be underlined.
4. Elevator symbols are then added using the following marks to
 The MMPI was empirically derived using a process called criterion designate (on-point T-score ranges:
keying.
 Prior to the MMPI personality tests were logically derived and !! 120
rated on construct of law validity. ! 110-120
 Standardization on clinical groups ** 100-109
 Standardizations on non-clinical or normal groups * 90-99
 Item selection and scale development “ 80-89
 The final version ‘ 70-79
60-69
PROBLEM WITH THE MMPI 50-59
40-49
 Some items objectionable
30-39
 Cultural relevance
29 and below are to the right of the #sign
 Administration protocol was different from the original card box
administration.
Symbols are placed to the right of the scale numbers that fall within a
 Restandardization of the MMPI was needed.
particular range.
CHANGES TO MMPI-2 Example: 4*26”837 01-95 F-L/K
Scale 4 is in the 90s
 141 items reworded to eliminate outdated and sexist language, Scales 2 and 6 are in the 80s
and improve understanding. Scales 8, 3 & 7 are in the 70’s
 16 repeated items were dropped Scales 3 and 7 are equal or within one point of each other
 13 items were dropped from the clinical scales because of Scales 0 and 1 are in the 60s
objectionable item content. Scales 9 and 5 are in the 50s
 77 items were dropped primarily from the last 100 items [Do not need to include the last symbol since 50s is all that is left.]
 106 items were dropped from the MMPI and 107 items were Scale F is in the 70s
added to the MMPI-2 No scale was in the 60s
Including the mark indicates missing ranges
THE MMPI-2 THE FINAL VERSION
Include as many marks as there are missing ranges.
 567 items and retains the original 13 scales. Scale I is in the 50s
 Normative sample of 2,600 people from 7 states Scale K is in the 40s
 The norm sample reflects national census data
 T-scores changed from linear Ts to uniform Ts.
INTERPRETING PROTOCOL VALIDITY
THE MMPI-2 LIMITATIONS
 Time required to complete the test
 Scores are heterogeneous  Erasures
 Scales have only low to moderate test-retest reliability  Omissions or Cannot say items
 Inadequate for assessing normal personality
CANNOT SAY SCALE
 Variables such as race, sex, intelligence and education can all
elevate scores on some scales  High scores (30+ items): Profile is probably invalid
 Traditional labels upon which scale names were based have  Moderate scores (11 to 29 items): profile is of questionable
become outdated and misleading. validity.
 Modal scores (2 to 10 items): Profile is probably valid.
ADMINISTRATION ISSUES
 Low scores (0 to 1 item): Profile is valid
 Ethical test use
INTERPRETING PROFILE VALIDITY
 Examinee testability
 Testing conditions Evaluate the relationship between L. F, and K scales to determine
 Instructions validity and interpretability of results.
 Proctoring
 Time L OR LIE SCALE [Slide V- Fakegood]
 Scoring
 Very high scores(>80T): Profile is probably invalid
 Completing the Basic Profile
 High scores (70T to 79T): Profile is of questionable validity
WELSH CODING SYSTEM  Moderate scores (60T to 69T): Profile is probably valid
 Modal Scores (50T to 59T): Profile is valid
1. Designate scales as I through O, F, L and K. Do not use scale labels  Low scores(<49T): Profile is of questionable validity
(e.g., Hs, D, Hy, Pd, etc.)
F OR INFREQUENCY SCALE INTERPRETING THE MMPI-2 CLINICAL SCALES

 Extreme scores (>100T) GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

 Very High scores (80T to 99T)
 High scores (65T to 79T)  Multipoint interpretations are preferable to singe point
 Moderate scores (60T to 64T) interpretations.
 Modal scores (50T to 59T)  The more extreme the score, the more reliable and
 Low scores (<50T) accurate it probably is.
 Interpretations from one scale often will contradict
FB OR BACK F SCALE those of other scale
 There is no generally research support yet for within
 Extreme scores (>100T)
normal limits (WNL) score interpretations.
 Very High scores (80T to 99T)
 Slope of the profile can be revealing.
 High scores (65T to 79T)
 Modal scores (50T to 64T) SCALE 1: HYPOCHONDRIASIS (Hs)
 Low scores (<50T)
 32 items (33 on the MMPI)
K OR CORRECTION SCALE  Measure excessive concern over poor health and somatic
 High scores (>71T) functioning.
 Moderate scores (60T to 69T)  Reflects a chronic personality style that is stable over time
 Modal scores (40T to 59T) and resistant to treatment.
 Low scores (<40T) Scale 1 Interpretations

Common Validity Scale Configurations

T-SCORE
Most validity scale configurations fall into one of 4 patterns LEVEL INTERPRETATION
>80 Extreme somatic concerns: possible somatic delusions
1. Normal Profile
Excessive concern about vague somatic complaints;
 The three scales slope upward from left to right, i.e., L<F<K
complaints are used to manipulate and control others
2. Naïve attempt to look good
(secondary gain); cynical, whiny, defeatist, pessimistic;
 Profile slopes down from left to right L>F>K 65-80 demand attention. Prognosis not good. Typically resist
3. Defensive Profile attempts at psychological interpretation of their symptoms.
 L & K are higher the F, and form a steep valley or “V” Frustrate and infuriate physicians. Tend to "shop around"
4. Typical Clinical from physician to physician
 Most frequently encountered validity profile in clinical Typical of physical handicapped and persons with actual
settings. L and K <50T, F>60T physical illness. Likely to be seen as immature, stubborn and
58-64
Typical Clinical [Variation 1] (SlideV-Typical-1] lacking in drive. Pessimistic about the ability of others to help
L<50T, F and K are about equal and both above 55T them
Typical Clinical [Variation 1] (SlideV-Typical-1] 40-57 Unremarkable. MMPI scores in this range indicated an alert
L and K are between 50T and 60T, F>65 capable, and responsible individual with good judgement and
common sense.
All True Response Set (Slide P-All True)
All False Response Set (Slide P-False)
<40 May be denying physical complaints
Random Response Set (Slide P-Random)
Defensive Response Set (Slide P-Defensive)
All Deviant/ All Non-Deviant (Slide P-Deviant) SCALE 2: DEPRESSION ( )

 57 Items (69 on the MMPI)

VRIN & TRIN
VRIN [Variable Response Inconsistency Scale]
VRIN> 12 Probably invalid; random response set
VRIN< 12 Valid response set
TRIN [ True Response Inconsistency Scale]
TRIN> 12 Probably invalid; All True Response set
TRIN= 6 to 12 Valid
TRIN<6 Probably invalid; All False Response set
 Measure a variety of depressive symptoms
 Measure a reactive or exogenous depression rather than an
endogenous depression
 Some elevation to be expected since most disorders include
depressive component.
 An elevated scale 2 (T>65) can indicate suicide risk.
SUBSCALE NAME & DESCRIPTIONON HIGH SCORES
D1: SUBJECTIVE DEPRESSION

 Feel unhappy or depressed, lack energy for coping with problems

of everyday life, and lack interest in what goes on around them.
 They feel inferior, lack self-confidence and feel uneasy in social
situations

D2: PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION
 Lack energy to cope with everyday activities, appear to
emotionally immobilized, avoid other people. Deny hostile or
aggressive impulse or behavior.
D3: PHYSICAL MALFUNCTIONING
 Preoccupied with physical functioning. Deny good health and may
report a wide variety of specific somatic complaints.
D4: MENTAL DULLNESS
 Lack of energy, tension, difficulty with concentration, attention
and memory. Lack self-confidence and feel inferior. Experience
little pleasure and may feel life is not worth living.
D5: BROODING
 Lack energy, brood, cry, ruminate. May feel that they are losing
control of their thought processes and that life is not worthwhile.
T-SCORE
LEVEL DEPRESSION INTERPRETATION
Pessimism, depression and hopelessness pervade the
examinee's life. Extreme feelings of guilt and self-
>70
depreciation. Consider suicide potential. Consider Major
depressive episode.
Depressed mood, feel dejected, dissatisfied with life
situation, worried, lacking self-confidence or self-efficacy,
withdrawn, somatic complaints and sleep disturbance.
60-70
Consider reactive depression (especially when scale 2 is
only elevation) or dysthymia if depression is chronic. Good
prognosis for therapy.
Unremarkable. MMPI scores in the range indicated an
40-59
active, cheerful, enthusiastic and outgoing person.
<40 Examinees should rarely score in this range. May indicate
denial of depression
SCALE 3: HYSTERIA ( )
 60 Items (Same on the MMPI) appear to measure admission of
specific somatic complaints.
 Associated with Histrionic Features
T-SCORE
LEVEL INTERPRETATION
Consider Conversion Disorder or Hystericak Neurosis
>80
Conversion type
Naïve, suggestible, lack insight into or deny their
problems. They are immature, self-centered, and
65-80
demanding of affection and attention. Specific somatic
symptoms may develop under stress.
Extraverted, Exhibitionistic, flamboyant, naïve, self-
58-65 centered and superficial. They avoid unpleasant issues
and deny any problems.
40-57 Unremarkable
MMPI scores in this rangemay indicated caustic
manners, sarcasm, cynicism and social isolation. They
<40
have few defenses and few interests, and are socially
conforming.
SUBSCALE NAME & DESCRIPTION ON HIGH SCORERS
Hy1: DENIAL OF SOCIETY ANXIETY
 Socially extraverted, comfortable interacting with others, not
easily influenced by social standards and customs.
Hy2: NEED FOR AFFECTION
 Strong needs for attention and affection from others. Fears this
need will not be met if honest about their feelings and beliefs.
Claim to see others as honest, sensitive and reasonable and deny
critical or resentful feelings towards others.
Hy3: LASSITUDE-MALAISE
 Feel uncomfortable and are not in good health. Feel unhappy,
weak, fatigued, and have difficulty concentrating and sleeping.
Present a good front, but need attention and reassurance.
Hy4: SOMATIC COMPLAINTS
 Have multiple somatic complaints of the type of suggest
repression and conversion. Express little or no hostility towards
others
Hy5: INHIBITION OF AGGRESSION
 Deny hostile or Aggressive impulses. Tend to be sensitive about
how others respond to them.
SCALE 4: PSYCHOPATHIC DEVIATE
 50 Items of scale 4 measure general social maladjustment,
absence of strong pleasant experience, problem with family and
authority figures, social alienation and boredom. Strong
Association with Cluster B Personality Disorder.
SUBSCALE NAME & DESCRIPTION ON HIGH SCORERS
Pd1: FAMILIAL DISCORD
 Struggle against family control. Describe their families as lacking in
love, understanding and support.
Pd2: AUTHORITY PROBLEMS
 Present the demands conventions, and standards of parents and
society. Admit to problems with, the law or in school.
Pd3: SOCIAL IMPERTURBABILITY
 Comfortable and confident in social situations. Have strong
opinions and defend them vigorously. Exhibit indifference, and
deny anxiety or dependency needs.
Pd4: SOCIAL ALIENATION
 Feel isolated and estranged from other people. They believe that
the other people do not understand then and they get a raw deal
from life.
 Tend to externalize and blame for their difficulties.
Pd5: SELF-ALIENATION
 Express vague regret, guilt and remorse for past deeds.
 Are unhappy, despondent and uncomfortable with a life that they
find uninteresting or unrewarding.
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