Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

C.M Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City

Fannie Jane S. Balagosa ECE 5A

COE64a Assignment

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a small, low-cost and self-contained computer-on-a-chip that can be

used as an embedded system. Microcontroller is a compressed microcomputer manufactured
to control the functions of embedded systems in office machines, robots, home appliances,
motor vehicles, and a number of other gadgets.

1. MICROCONTROLLER 8051
- 8051 Microcontrollers persist to be an ideal choice for a huge group of hobbyists
and experts. In the course of 8051, the humankind became eyewitness to the most
ground-breaking set of microcontrollers.
- 8051 microcontrollers are designed by Intel in 1981. It is an 8-bit microcontroller.
These most modern Microcontrollers need fewer amount of power to function in
comparison to their forerunners.
- There are two buses in 8051 Microcontroller one for program and other for data. As
a result, it has two storage rooms for both program and data of 64K by 8 size. The
microcontroller comprises of 8-bit accumulator & 8 bit processing unit. It also
consists of 8 bit B register as majorly functioning blocks and 8051 microcontroller
programming is done with embedded C language using Keil software. It also has a
number of other 8 bit and 16 bit registers.
- Features of MICROCONTROLLER 8051:
 4 KB on chip program memory.
 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM).
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus
 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits
 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
 Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
 Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
 16-bit program counter and data pointer.
 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.
- The microcontroller 8051 applications include large amount of machines, principally
because it is simple to incorporate in a project or to assemble a machine around it. These
 applications are; Energy Management, Touch screens, Automobiles, and Medical
Devices.

2. RENESAS MICROCONTROLLER
- Renesas is latest automotive microcontroller family that offers high performance
feature with exceptionally low power consumption over a wide and versatile extend of
items. This microcontroller offers rich functional security and embedded safety
characteristics required for new and advanced automotive applications. The core
structure of microcontroller CPU support high reliability and high performance
requirements.
- The Renesas microcontroller offering low power, high performance, modest packages
and the largest range of memory sizes combined together with characteristics rich
peripherals.
- Features and Benefits of the RENESAS MICROCONTROLLERS:
 Low power consumption is realized using multi-core technology
 Support for 5V operation for industrial and appliance designs
 Scalability from 48 to 145 pins and from 32KB to 1MB flash memory, with
8KB of data flash memory included
 Integrated safety feature
 An integrated rich function set of 7 UART, I2C, 8 SPI, comparators, 12-bit
ADC, 10-bit DAC and 24-bit ADC (RX21A), which will reduce system cost
by integrating most functions
- Some applications of Renesas Microcontrollers are in the field of;
 Industrial automation
 Communication applications
 Motor control applications
 Test and measurement
 Medical applications

3. AVR MICROCONTROLLER
- AVR microcontroller is developed by Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan from Atmel
Corporation. The AVR microcontrollers are modified harvard RISC architecture with
separate memories for data and program and speed of AVR is high when compare to
8051 and PIC. The AVR is stands for Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan’s RISC
processor.
- AVR Microcontrollers are classified into three types:
 TinyAVR – Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications
 MegaAVR – These are the most popular ones having good amount of
memory (up to 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable
for moderate to complex applications
 XmegaAVR – Used commercially for complex applications, which require
large program memory and high speed
- Features of AVR Microcontroller:
  32 x 8 general working purpose registers.
 32K bytes of in system self programmable flash program memory
 2K bytes of internal SRAM
 1024 bytes EEPROM
 Available in 40 pin DIP, 44 lead QTFP, 44-pad QFN/MLF
 32 programmable I/O lines
 8 Channel, 10 bit ADC
 Two 8-bit timers/counters with separate prescalers and compare modes
 One 16-bit timer/counter with separate prescaler, compare mode and
capture mode.
 4 PWM channels
 In system programming by on-chip boot program
 Programmable watch dog timer with separate on-chip oscillator.
 Programmable serial USART
 Master/slave SPI serial interface
- There some special features in this microcontroller, such as Six sleep modes: Idle, ADC
noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby and extended standby; Internal
calibrated RC oscillator; External and internal interrupt sources; Power on reset and
programmable brown-out detection.
- There are many applications of AVR microcontroller; they are used in home
automation, touch screen, automobiles, medical devices and defense.

4. PIC MICROCONTROLLER
- PIC microcontroller is also a Harvard architecture based controller. PIC is an acronym
stands for "Peripheral Interface Controller". This type of microcontroller supports
programming in C, Assembly and BASIC C.
- PIC is a peripheral interface controller, developed by general instrument’s
microelectronics, in the year of 1993. It is controlled by the software. They could be
programmed to complete many task and control a generation line and many more.
- PIC microcontrollers are finding their way into new applications like smart phones,
audio accessories, video gaming peripherals and advanced medical device
- Features of pic 18 families:
 It has RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture.
 It contains ROM (read only memory) of size 2M (megabytes).
 It has On chip program (code) ROM (read only memory) in the form of flash
memory.
 It contain RAM (random access memory) between 256 bytes to 4096 bytes.
 It has Data EEPROM (Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory).
 It includes Timers.
 It has ADC (analog to digital converter).
 It include USART PROTOCOL for PC communication.
 It contains I/O port between 16 to 72 pins.
 All I/O port register are bit accessible and port accessible both.
  It includes SPI PROTOCOL and I2C PROTOCOL for memory
communication.
 There is 2-stage pipeline in PIC18F458.
- PIC microcontroller is a RISC design, its code is extremely efficient, allowing the
PIC to run with typically less program memory than its larger competitors and it is
low cost, high clock speed

5. Zilog MICROCONTROLLER
- Is an American manufacturer of 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. Its most famous
product is the Z80 series of 8-bit microprocessors that were compatible with the Intel
8080 but significantly cheaper.
- Microcontroller families:
 Zilog Z380 (1994)
 Zilog Z8 Encore!
 Zilog Z8 Encore! XP
 Zilog eZ80 (2001)
 Zilog eZ8 (2005)
 Zilog Z16F, ZNEO, 16-bit microcontroller (2006)
 Zilog Z8051 (2011)
- The eZ8 is an eight-bit microcontroller family based on Zilog’s successful Z8 family
and on the great Z-80 heritage. It features a Harvard CISC machine with up to 4,096
bytes of RAM (file register and special function registers area), up to 64 KB of program
memory (usually Flash memory), and up to 64 KB of data memory (RAM). The eZ8
core also includes a vectored interrupt controller with programmable priority and an
on-chip debugger which communicates with the host computer using asynchronous
serial communication. These microcontrollers are packed with a very nice peripheral
set, ranging from versatile 16-bit timers to motor control timers.
- One major feature of the eZ8 programming model is the lack of a fixed accumulator.
Instead, any of the 4,096 possible RAM addresses can work as accumulators. The CPU
treats its main RAM (the file and SFRs — special function registers — area) as a big
set of CPU registers. In order to accomplish that, RAM is split into register groups
(there are 256 groups of 16 working registers each). An instruction usually works within
a single working register group, which is selected by an SFR named RP (register
pointer). Note that all SFRs are located at the last page of RAM (addresses starting from
0xF00 up to 0xFFF).

6. MOTOROLA MICROCONTROLLER
- Motorola microcontroller is highly integrated microcontroller that is used for high-
performance data manipulation operation. This microcontroller unit uses a System
Integration Module (SIM), Time Processing Unit (TPU) and Queued Serial
Module(QSM).
- Motorola's 68HC11 Micro-controller is an extension, and an overall improvement, of
Motorola's 6800 family (built in 1975) of micro-controllers. The 68HC11 is upward
 compatible with the 6800 processor with an addition of the Y index register. The
68HC11 processor is an 8-bit data, 16-bit address micro-controller.
- The 68HC11 is an 8-bit data and 16-bit address processor. This means that it can store,
in its data registers, 8-bits of data at a time. It does, however, handle an address space
of 16-bits (from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF). There are instructions that can take as both input
and output, a 16-bit constant to the 8-bit registers. (i.e., 16-bits divided by 16-bits stored
into 8-bits.) The 68HC11 currently has 145 instructions.
- By far the most common use for a 68HC11 micro-controller is as a processor for
small robots.

7. ARM MICROCONTROLLER
- ARM is the name of a company that designs micro-processors architecture. It is also
engaged in licensing them to the producers who fabricate genuine chips. In actuality
ARM is a 32 bit genuine RISC architecture. This ARM base microprocessor does not
have on-board flash memory. ARM is particularly designed for micro-controller
devices, it is simple to be trained and make use of, however powerful enough for the
most challenging embedded devices.
- The ARM stands for Advanced RISC machine and it is a 32-bit reduced instructions
set computer (RISC) microcontroller. It was first introduced by the Acron computers’
organization in 1987.
- The ARM microcontrollers are cost sensitive and high performance devices which are
used in a wide range of application such as industrial instrument control systems,
wireless networking and sensors and automotive body system etc.
- Other than that the ARM microcontrollers can also be used in space and aerospace
technologies, used in many medical equipment such as MRI, CT scanner, ultrasound
and implantable devices. Also used at the research level in particle accelerators, nuclear
reactors and X-ray cargo scanning applications.
- The ARM7TDMI core is a 32-bit embedded RISC processor delivered as a hard
macrocell optimized to provide the best combination of performance, power and area
characteristics. The ARM7TDMI core enables system designers to build embedded
devices requiring small size, low power and high performance.
- ARM7TDMI Features
 32/16-bit RISC architecture (ARM v4T)
 32-bit ARM instruction set for maximum performance and flexibility
 16-bit Thumb instruction set for increased code density
 Unified bus interface, 32-bit data bus carries both instructions and data
 Three-stage pipeline
 32-bit ALU
 Very small die size and low power consumption
 Fully static operation
 Coprocessor interface
 Extensive debug facilities (EmbeddedICE debug unit accessible via JTAG
interface unit)
8. Texas MICROCONTROLLER
- Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American technology company that
designs and manufactures semiconductors and various integrated circuits, which it sells
to electronics designers and manufacturers globally
- Texas Instruments also offers a portfolio of microcontrollers, including:
 MSP430: low cost, ultra-low-power consumption, and general-purpose 16-
bit MCU for use in embedded applications
 MSP432: low cost, low power consumption + performance, 32-bit ARM
Cortex-M4F CPU for use in embedded applications, now rebranded as part
of the SimpleLink platform.[62]
 TMS320C2xxx: 16- and 32-bit MCU family optimized for real-time
control applications
 C24X: 16-bit, fixed point, 20 to 40 MHz
 C28X: 32-bit, fixed or floating point, 100 to 150 MHz
 Stellaris (rebranded as Tiva in 2013) ARM Cortex-M3 based 32-bit MCU
family
 Hercules: transportation and industrial safety MCU's based on the Cortex-
R4F and Cortex-M3
- In the past, TI has also sold microcontrollers based on ARM7 (TMS470) and 8051
cores.
- The Texas Instruments MSP430 family of ultra-low-power microcontrollers consists of
several devices featuring different sets of peripherals targeted for various applications.
The architecture, combined with five low-power modes, is optimized to achieve
extended battery life in portable measurement applications. The device features a
powerful 16-bit RISC CPU, 16-bit registers, and constant generators that contribute to
maximum code efficiency. The digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) allows wake-up
from low-power modes to active mode in less than 1 µs.
- Typical applications include low-cost sensor systems that capture analog signals,
convert them to digital values, and then process the data for display or for transmission
to a host system.
- Features:
 Low Supply-Voltage Range: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
 Ultra-Low Power Consumption
 Five Power-Saving Modes
 Ultra-Fast Wake-Up From Standby Mode in Less Than 1 µs
 16-Bit RISC Architecture, 62.5-ns Instruction Cycle Time
 Basic Clock Module Configurations
 Two 16-Bit Timer_A With Three Capture/Compare Registers
 Up to 24 Capacitive-Touch Enabled I/O Pins
 Universal Serial Communication Interface (USCI)
 POSIBBLE TRACKS
1. MOBILE ROBOTS
- a machine controlled by software that use sensors and other technology to identify its
surroundings and move around its environment. Mobile robots function using a
combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and physical robotic elements, such as
wheels, tracks and legs.
- Some robotics uses 8051 microcontrollers.
- Other uses ATMEL AVR microcontrollers is easily programmed using the
ATMEL integrated development environment AVR studio 4, where assembly
programs can be edited, simulated, debugged and downloaded to the microcontroller.
- Common microcontrollers in hobby robotics are: Atmel AVR microcontrollers
(ATmega, ATtiny, etc.), Microchip Technology PIC microcontrollers (PIC16, PIC24,
etc.), and Microcontrollers based on ARM technology.
- Microcontroller AT89C52 was used to process the input from sensor and then execute
the program to control two geared DC motors.

2. SMART IOT
- SMART IOT is the leading Internet of Things (IoT) innovator. Our technologies blur
the edges between smart cities, connected properties and enterprise level solutions;
designed to fit both commercial and residential applications.
- The Internet of things(IoT) is enabling our hyperlinked world to get even more
connected. Microcontrollers are a tiny, self-contained computers hosted on a microchip.
They enable connectivity and control in all the things which could be connected to the
internet. Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific functions, and they can be
integrated into almost anything ranging from industrial equipment, warehouse
inventory items, wearables devices, to home appliances and much more.
- The leading architectures used by ⅔ of the IoT developers and organizations are:
 ARM
 MIPS
 X86
- The selection of the microcontroller heavily depends on the functional requirements of
your IoT product, like does it require low power, or high-performance, wireless
connectivity, or high-end security. Regardless of the features, environment, and their
operational activities, the microcontroller needs enough processing to execute the
functions and tasks.

3. AUTOMATION
- Industrial Automation mainly works on Programmable Logic Controllers and
Microcontrollers. Sometimes they both are used separately and the other time combined.
Siemens, Phoenix, Schneider are some of PLC manufacturers. ARM, PIC, AVR are
some of the Controller IPs. Nowadays there are also Programmable System on Chips
available by Cypress Semiconductors. System on Chips and Digital Signal Processors
can also be used according to application.
4. INTELLIGENT SYSTEM
- A machine with an embedded, Internet-connected computer that has the capacity to
gather and analyze data and communicate with other systems.
- Intelligent system commonly used ARM Microcontroller.

SOME APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLER

1. MOBILE PHONES
- Mobile phones are used for talking, messaging and communicating with people around
the world.
- Most mobile phones use ARM processors. (ARM 11 332 MHz processor, Intel XScale
PXA270 processor)
- The increased use of smartphones and tablets has led the users reach the outer world
more easily. The users who frequently use such devices must be aware of the term ARM,
as it is the hardware used under these devices. It has a bit difference in usage when
compared with laptops or desktops.
- ARM7 is one of the types of microcontrollers that help the devices to work in an easier
manner and this increases the confidence of users in a particular device. Many
organizations use ARM7 in their devices to enhance the functionality and give the best-
in class services. ARM7 Microcontrollers have a bright future ahead and so does ARM7,
as the usage of smartphones and such devices is moving on rapidly.

2. AUTO MOBILES
- Different Microcontrollers used in an automobile can communicate with one another
through a multiplexing. These microcontrollers can manage related systems
separately by using a BUS to communicate with other networks when they are
required to perform a function.
- The communication in the automobiles, which is established by different
microcontrollers has control over both fail safe systems and automotive fault
tolerant systems wherein the microcontrollers can not only serve to respond mishaps
and faults that occur to the car (anti lock brake interference, accelerator and broken
lights), but also to duplicate as secondary units that continuously check the primary
microcontroller in the event of microcontroller itself failing
- Basically, different types of microcontrollers used in automobiles are AVR
microcontroller, 8051 microcontroller and PIC microcontroller. These types of
microcontrollers need a chip that comprises a CPU, RAM (random-access memory),
program memory, and programmable I/Ps and O/Ps. Present microcontrollers enhance
the control of automobiles range. This range is from 8bit-32bit Harvard architecture
with low-cost CPUs, high performance and efficient data storage in memory.

3. WASHING MACHINE
- From the perspective of system, the washing machine could be divided into two
categories: top loading and drum; from the perspective of technology, the washing
machine could be hall sensor or sensor-less. The main stream in the market now is
 hall sensor, but sensor-less solution becomes more and more popular in recent years
owing to low cost and high efficiency advantages. Cypress Arm®-Cortex® M3 MCU
is very suitable for washing machine motor drive and system control (display,
communication, buzzer, voice, etc).
- The AT89S51 microcontroller can also be used to control the process of washing cycle
and to drive the external output devices such as water inlet valve, wash motor, water
drain valve. The control strategy program for AT89S51 microcontroller is implemented
by using assembly language.

4. CAMERAS
- In real time security is major factor for any industrial or civil area. And electronic is the
vast field for image processing. Here we use Advance ARM processor for image
capture. By using ARM processor, we can capture image using Camera. Here we use
CMOS camera which is “camera on a chip” image sensors have be- come available,
It’s memory size and performance also suggest that it could be more than just a simple
camera.
- Some cameras interface was implemented using the Atmel AVR
ATmega16 microcontroller.

5. SECURITY ALARMS
- The home security system can be achieved by accepting important controllers to switch
home appliances that notice different variables using an appropriate sensor.
- This security system uses a microcontroller which is pre-programmed such that
whenever the parameter crosses their specified limits, then it sends the control signals
to various controlling devices such as relays, buzzer devices, and motors.
- Basically, different types of microcontrollers used in automobiles such as 8051
microcontrollers and AVR Atmega8515 microcontroller.