TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF TRANSLATION

This Assignment Requirements Submitted One Of Subject Translation Fifth Semester

English Departement Programme First Grup Of IAIN Bone

By:

Group 1

Triana (02.17.4018)

Andi Widya Purnama (02.17.4001)

Mita Batari (02.17.4014)

Ayu Sapitri (02.17.4020)

Nur Alisa (02.17.4014)

TARBIYAH FACULTY
INSTITUTE AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (IAIN)
BONE
2019
 TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF TRANSLATION

According to Larson (1984: 15) translation is classified into two main types,
namely form-based translation and meaning-based translation. Forms-based
translation attempts to follow the form of the source language (SL) and it is known as
literal translation, while meaning-based translation makes every effort to
communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor
language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation. A literal translation sounds
like nonsense and has little communication value (Larson, 1984: 15). The literal
translation can be understood if the general grammatical form of the two languages is
similar. Larson (1984: 16) says that idiomatic translations use the natural forms of the
receptor language both in the grammatical constructions and in the choices of lexical
items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like it
was written originally in the receptor language. Therefore, a good translator will try
to translate idiomatically. This is his/her goal.

A. According to Catford

Catford (1978: 21) divides the three aspects of translation differently, those
are: extent, level, and ranks.

Based on the extent, the types of translation are:

1) Full translation, it is a type of translation in which the entire SL text is

reproduced by the TL text materials.
2) Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated
into the TL text.

In full translation, all texts are processed through the translation process, each part
of the SL text is replaced with TL text material. For example: "How are you doing?"
Translates "How are you?". There is a replacement for every part of the BSu, namely
the replacement of grammar, words and graphology (writing).

In partial translation, a part or parts of the SL text are left untranslated. The parts
are only diverted and put into TL text as it is in TL for member "local color". For
example: "I'm going to the sauna" translates to "I'm going to the sauna". Saunas are
left untranslated, because they are considered 'not translate'.

In terms of level, the types of translation are:

1) Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.

2) Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with
equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level,
graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis.

In the translation level, found comprehensive translation and limited translation.

In the overall translation, the translator is done by transferring SL grammar and
vocabulary with TL grammar and vocabulary equivalents accompanied by transfer of
SL phonology / graphology with TL phonology / graphology (which is not their
equivalent). For example, "If there is one woman in the world who deserves our great
admiration, it is Florence Nightingable" translates to "If there is a woman in this
world who deserves high respect from us, she is Florence Nightingable".

The limited translation is intended to transfer the SL textual material with its
equivalent textual material at a level. For example, translations are made at the
phonological, graphological, grammatical, or vocabulary level. The following
example shows a shift at the phonological level, the plural forms of cats in English
will be words only cats, not kucings or cats, because Indonesian does not recognize
the addition of suffix clutsers for plural formation.

In terms of rank, translation is divided into:

 1) Rank-bound translation, it means that the selection of TL text equivalent is
limited at only one rank, such as word-for-word equivalence, morpheme-for-
morpheme equivalence, etc.
2) Unbounded translation, it can move freely up and down the rank-scale.

In the translation bound to the level, an attempt is made always to choose the
equivalent level in the SL with the TL. For example in sentence to sentence, group /
phrase to group / phrase, word to word. In other words, an English sentence is
translated into a sentence in Indonesian, as well as an English word translated into an
Indonesian word. The word Home (English) is translated as home (Indonesian), not a
place to live or a place where someone lives with their parents or family.

The more popular terms for this scope are word for word translation, literal
translation, and free translation. Word-for-word translation, as stated by the term, is
basically bound to the word level. Literal translation is between free translation and
word-for-word translation, but then makes changes to suit the TL, such as giving
additional words or changing the structure.

Unbounded translation is always independent of the scale of the equivalent level

and tends to work at a higher level. The adjustment of vocabulary into idiomatic or
colloquial expressions is a free translation. Look at the following example:

SL Text: It's raining cats and dogs

TL Text:

1. It's raining cats and dogs. (word by word)

2. It rains very much like cats and dogs. (literally)

3. Heavy rain. (free).

B. According to Jacobson
 Jacobson classified translations into three possible types: intralingual,
interlingual, and intersemiotic.

• The Intralingual Translation, or rewording, is defined by Jakobson as “an

interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language” (233).
This type of translation encompasses dictionaries, reformulations of sentences,
paraphrases, etc.;

• The Interlingual Translation, or proper translation, is defined as “an interpretation of

verbal signs by means of some other language” (233). In this category falls the type
of translation most usually thought of (translation between languages), but bilingual
and trilingual dictionaries can also be included;

• The third kind is the Intersemiotic Translation (IT), or transmutation, which is “an
interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system” (233). This
category includes all kinds of translations of any particular work (a book, a movie, a
video game) to another form of textuality or media platform, which can be a movie
translated into a book, a book translated into comics, a video game translated into TV
series, among several other possibilities and their respective “vice-versa.”

C. According to Savary

Savory ( 1969: 20 – 24 ) categories translation proper into four types as follow :

1. Perfect translation, all purely informative , such as are encountered by the traveler
or used by the advertiser . for example, at some air terminal thre hang notice
boards with the following messges.

IMPORTANT or INTENTION or PERHATIAN

Please ensure that your baggage is

 Correct before leaving terminus !

Messieurs less passengers sont pries verifier

Leurs bagages Avant de quitter I aerogare !

Silakan memeriksa barang – barang anda

Sebelum meninggalkan pelabuhan udara !

The three messager are not word for word identically phrase , but all contain
advise of identical meaning . you may assume that an Englishman, a frechman or
Indonesia takes away exactly the same impression, and that they all usually and
unemotional and it is made in plain words to which no very intense associations are
attached.

2. Adequate translation ( for mere entertainment )

Into this second category fall the very large number of almost characterless
translation made for general reader who may use them without giving a though to the
fact that what he is reading was not originally written in his own language , for
example English pop novels translated into Indonesian. In the process of translating
from English into Indonesian the translator may omit word, or even whole sentences,
which he finds obscure. He can freely paraphrase the original meaning whenever it
suitis him to do so. There is no reason why this should not be so, as long as the
readers want nothing but the story.

3. Composite translation

This includes the translation. This includes the translation of prose, of poetry into
prose, and poetry into poetry. The translator may spend a very long time on his work
so that commercial value of the translation is often neglected. He wouldonly get the
intelellectual pleasure that results from effect.
e.g. laki-laki tua dan laut translated by sapadi djoko damono from
the old man and the sea by ernest hemingway.

4. The translated of all learned,scientic and technical matter.

a) These translation are made solely because of the interistic importance of the
original work, an importance that is strictly confined to the practical business of
living. For example, R.C punnet’s mendalism was translated into Javanese only
because the Javanese neede to know the principles of heredity.
b) The translator shall have a reasonable knowledge of the science of technique
about which the original was written. This will help the translator maintain
accuracy, clearness and preciusion of the concepts. To translated an English text
on the desease you should have medical background otherwise your translation
will be midleding.

We should also include in this fourth category translation work done solely in the
interest of trade. Consumers goods can be sold in other contries if they can
persuasively describe in the language of the purchaser or at least in English. The work
of the translator who perform this service is seldom publicized, seldom appreciated,
and seldom, critized. Yet they claim that their work demands accuracy in the choice
and precision in the use of words which many other translator might find to be more
than they could endure.
 REFERENCE

http://lumuthijaucerdas.blogspot.com/2014/06/types-and-categories-of-
translation.html (accessed on 11/10/2019)

http://culturalstudiesnow.blogspot.com/2011/10/roman-jakobson-on-linguistic-
aspects-of.html(accessed on 11/10/2019)

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/84903/11/11_chapter-
2.pdf(accessed on 11/10/2019)

http://www.mitrapenerjemah.com/metode-penerjemahan-menurut-catford/(accessed
on 11/10/2019)

https://www.linguistikid.com/2018/04/jenis-jenis-penerjemahan-
menurut.html(accessed on 11/10/2019)