SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES
fxns:
1.protective fxn
2.permeability barrier
3.thermoregulation
4.sensory perception
5.immunological fxn
Classification:
1.Thick skin- soles of feet,palms of hand
2.Thin skin-abdomen, surface of the skin of the inner
extremities.
Layers:
1.Epidermis- stratified squamous keratinizing type
2.Dermis-subjacent layer made up of top supporting and
nourishing fibroelastic layer of CT(?)
*Hypodermis-not part of the skin; part beneath the
dermis; made up of aerolar CT and adipose tissue. Binds
to the underlying “fassia”or bones.
Structure:
A.Epidermis
1. COMPONENT CELLS
1.1 Keratinocytes- keratinization(undergoes) ;
forms the bulk of the epidermis(from basal to superficial)
1.2 Melanocytes- basal layer of epidermis;
doesn’t undergo keratinization; for production of melanin
pigment.
1.3 Langerhaus cells- resp. For contact allergic
responses and other cell mediated immune rxn of the skin.
1.4 Merkel cells- specialized touch receptor;
more abundant in the fingertips; role for sensory
perception.
HAIR FOLLICLE-
2. LAYERS Divisions of hair:
2.1 Stratum Basale/Stratum germinativum- 1. Hair shaft- projects above the skin surface.
lies in the lamina propria; single layer of
columnar/cuboidal cells; constant supply of keratinocytes 2. Hair root- embedded in the skin
to replace the normal wear and tear.
Parts of hair follicle:
2.2 Stratum spinosum/Stratum malpighii-
several layers of cuboidal to polyhedral cells; “PRICKLE 1.Hair bulb- bulbous terminal
CELLS”
2.Hair papilla- CT extends in the concavity of hair bulb.
2.3 Stratum Granulosum
3.Hair matrix- darkly pigmented cells surrounding
2.4 Stratum Lucidum /covering the hair papilla. ; responsible for hair growth.
2.5Stratum Corneum- naa sa thin, but not
identifiable; HoRny cells
Papilla- has inductive influence on the formation of hair.
2.6Stratum disjunctum- the most superficial
layer of stratum corneum where the fully keratinized
lifeless cells loosen and ultimately disquamate.
LAYERS:
1. EPIDERMAL root sheath- cellular/epithelial portion of
B. DERMIS the hair follicle.
1.Layers 2. DERMAL root sheath- (made up of) dense fibrous CT
immediately surrounding epidermal root sheath.
1.1 Papillary layer- the most superficial layer
thin collagen fiber bundles and more cellular; possesses 3. GLASSY membrane- separates the epithelial/epidermal
elevations w/c project into the surface epithelium forming root sheath and CT portion; separates epith. And CT
CT papillae... dermal pappilae. portion of hair follicle.
1.2 Reticular layer- thicker collagen fibers II. ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE:
2. Structures -Strands smooth muscle fibers (oblique arrangement)
arranged obliquely in relation to hair follicle.
2.1 Hair follicles-
2.2 Sebaceous glands- comp. of rounded aciner
cells w/abundant fat droplets in the cytoplasm. GOOSE FLESH PRODUCTION
2.3sweat glands-simple coiled tubular glands.
2types: APOCRINE S.gland and ECCRINE S.
gland(MEROCRINE) III. SEBACEOUS GLANDS:
2.4smooth muscle -simple branch aciner
2.5 skeletal muscle -location: between angle.....
MODIFIED SEBACEOUS GLANDS:
SKIN APPENDAGES: 1.Meibomian gland- eyelids
I. HAIR- thin keratinized structure derived from the 2.Zeis’ glands- eyelids
invagination of epidermal epithelium.
3.Tyson’s glands- glans penis a.Eponychium ( cuticle )

4. NAIL GROOVE- slit bet. Nail wall and nail plate.

SWEAT GLANDS:

ECCRINE:

•secretory embedded in the dermis and duct ascend to

open into the skin surface.

MODIFIED SWEAT GLANDS:

1.Ceruminous gland- external auditory canal

2.Moll’s gland- eyelids

V. NAILS

-plates of closely compacted keratin found @the dorsal

surfaces of the ....

-terminal phalanges of hard fingers and toes.

PARTS:

1.NAIL PLATE- cornified cells fused into a homogenous

nail substance.

a. Free edge- distal portion of nail plate usually

cut-off.

b. Body- visible part of nail plate covering the

nail bed.

c.Root- proximal covered by a fold of skin.

d.Lanula- crescent shape

2. NAIL BED- covered by nail plate.

a. Nail matrix- proximal portion where nail

substance is formed.

b. Hyponychium- distal portion of nail bed

beneath free ends of nail plate.

3. NAIL WALL- fold of skin surrounding the nail plate

laterally and proximally.