Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

Two Types of Research

1.Social surveys and experiments are frequently viewed as prime examples of quantitative
research and are evaluated against the strengths and weaknesses of statistical, quantitative
research methods and analysis.

2.Case studies, on the other hand, are often seen as prime examples of qualitative research
which adopts an interpretive approach to data, studies `things' within their context and
considers the subjective meanings that people bring to their situation.

A research design is the arrangement of conditions for the collection and analysis of the data that
is relevant to and will best address the research purpose.

The Research Purpose

1. Exploratory Studies – gain familiarity with a given phenomenon and achieve new
insights into its process and dimensions often for purpose of formulating a more precise
research problem or developing hypothesis.
2. Descriptive Method – portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or group, with or without some initial hypothesis; aims to provide an accurate
description of a situation or of an association between variables from which one can then
make some statements about a certain group or population. To attain the accuracy and
reliability in their findings, descriptive study often requires quantitative measures.
3. Experimental Studies – studies which seek to test relationship often draw from the logic
of experiments.

Guide in Writing Research Design

1. Decide on what research design to use. Your decision should be based on the purpose of
your study/research.
2. Make a justification why you are going to use it, why you think it is appropriate and
how you are going to do it.
B. The Respondents
1. Describe your respondents; their characteristics and profile and how you are going to
identify them.
2. Present a table depicting your total respondents the population and sample sizes,
frequencies and percentage.

Respondents Population Size Sample Percent

(Total No./ Section Size (%)
Out of School Youth 10, 600 385 3.64%
Total 10,600

C. Sampling Procedure
Sampling – is the process which involves taking a part of the population, making observations on
these representative groups, and then generalizing the findings to the bigger population. The term
sampling refers to the strategies which enable the researcher to pick a sub-group (sample) from a
larger group (population) and then use this subgroup as a basis for making judgement about the
larger group.
where:

N n = sample size (small group)

n= 1+Ne2
N=population size (bigger group)
e= margin of error (.05)

D. Research Instrument
The different instrument/method used in collecting data or information for your research.

1. Questionnaire – has often referred to as lazy man’s way of gathering information but it
serve as the most appropriate and useful data-gathering device.

Guidelines for Questionnaire:

a) Include vocabulary that is simple, direct, and familiar to all respondents.
b) Be clear and specific,
c) Items should be as short as possible.
d) Avoid the following: complexity, technical terms, negative, leading questions and
invasion of privacy.

2. Interview – involves collection of data through direct verbal interaction between the
interviewer (researcher) and the respondent.

Two Type of Interview

Formal Interview - the respondents are asked questions from carefully prepared questions or
schedules and their answers are recorded in a standardize form.
 Informal Interview – the interviewer may not have a prepared set of questionnaires but just a
number of important points around which the interview canters.

3. Observation – It may use in an exploratory research to gain insights that will be later be
tested; it may gather supplementary data that may qualify or help interpret findings
obtained by other techniques; it may be used as the primary method of data collection in
studies designed to provide accurate descriptions of situations.

E. Statistical Treatment of Data

1. Describe the statistical tools you are going to use and for what purpose you are going to
use them.
2. Indicate the different formulas and the legend for the symbols used.

Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

 Tables and figures are useful in describing the research results and in showing trends that
have emerged from the analysis.
 A table or figure can present the overall picture of the data more clearly and more
economically.
 By using tables and figures, the writers relieved from presenting a tedious recitation of all
data obtained and instead can emphasize those aspects of the results that are more
important or noteworthy.
 In writing the research results, the researcher should identify and interpret the major data.
He/she should discuss possible reasons why these results occurred.