WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

WORKED EXAMPLES ON FLEXURAL MEMBERS

1.A simply supported beam 7.00 m span is laterally supported at the third points and carries un factored uniform
loads of 18.5 kN/m and 9.4 kN/m permanent load. In addition the beam carries at mid span un factored concentrated
load of 50 kN permanent load and 50 kN imposed load. Find a universal beam of grade Fe 430.

Solution:
Geometry, materials and loads.

Factored loads:

Imposed loads: q = 1.6 x 18.50 = 29.60 kN/m

Q = 1.6 x 50.00 = 80.00 kN.

Permanent loads: g = 1.3 x 9.40 = 12.20 kN/m

G = 1.3 x 50.00 = 65.00 kN.

Fe 430; fy = 275 N/mm2 (assume t ≤ 40 mm)

Step 1. Maximum bending moment and shear force.

max M 
 29.6  12.2 x7 2   80  65 x7
 509.8 kN  m
8 4
max V 
 29.6  12.2 x7   80  65  218.8 kN
2 2

Step 2. Required plastic modulus.

M 509.8 x10 2 (kN  cm)
W pl    2039 cm3 . Tray 533 x 210 x 92 UB.
f y  M1 2
27.5 ( kN / cm ) 1.1

Step 3. Selection of the profile.

The relevant section properties are:

h = 533.1 mm w = 0.92 kN/m It = 76.2 cm4

d = 476.5 mm A = 118 cm2 Iw = 1.6 x 106 cm6
tf = 15.6 mm Iy = 55400 cm4
w = 10.2 mm Iz = 2390 cm4
b = 209.3 mm Wel,y = 2080 cm3
Wpl,y = 2370 cm3

1 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

209.3 2  6.70  11x0.92 OK

Class of section.  
235
 0.92 .
15.6 The section is Class 2 at
275 476.5  46.7  83x0.92 OK
10.2
least.

Step 4. Resistant moment. (for class 2 section).

W pl f y 2370 x 275 x103

M pl , Rd    592.5 kN  m
 Mo 1.1
Check of self-weight of the beam. (w = 0.92 kN/m)
Factored weight: 1.3 x 0.92 = 1.2 kN/m
Additional moment: (1.2 x 72)/8 = 7.35 kN-m.
Total moment: 509.8 + 7.35 = 517 kN-m < 592.5 kN-m OK.

Step 5: Check for shear.

Maximum shear force, VSd = 218.8 + (1.2 x 7)/2 = 223 kN.

Shear resistance of section.

d 476.5
  46.7  69 x0.92  63.5 OK . Shear buckling resistance must not be verified.
tw 10.2

V pl , Rd 

AV f y 3   1.04x533.1x10.2 275 3  x10 3
 816.4 kN  233 kN OK .
 Mo 1.1
VSd 233
and   0.27  0.5 Therefore, no reduction of design resistance moment is required.
V pl , Rd 816.4

Step 6: Check for deflection.

5wL4
For uniformly distributed load:  
384 EI y
PL3
For concentrated load:   5 14 14 2
and EI y  2.1x10 x55400 x10  1.1634 x10 N  mm .
48 EI y
5 x9.4 x 70004 50 x103 x70003
Dead load deflection:  LL    5.59 mm.
385x1.1634 x1014 48 x1.1634x1014
5 x18.5 x70004 50 x103 x70003
Imposed load deflection:  IL    8.04 mm .
384 x1.1634 x1014 48 x1.1634 x1014

L 7000
Allowable deflection for imposed load     20 mm.  8.04 mm OK .
350 350
Total deflection  max  5.59  8.04  13.63 mm .
L 7000
Allowable total deflection     28 mm  13.63 mm OK .
250 250

Step 7: Check for lateral – torsional buckling.

2 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

 LT  wWol , y f y c
M b, Rd  .  209.3  6.70  10 x0.92  9.2 .
 M1 tf 15.6
The section is Class 1 and  w  1 .
Determination of Mcr.
Lateral support to the beam is provided at the ends at the third points. Therefore the effective buckling length is
L = span/3 = 7000/3 = 2333 mm.
The critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling is:
 2 EI z I w L2GIt
M cr  C1 2  . C1 = 1.132 for the worse condition; G = 80 Gpa
L I z  2 EI z
G 80000
and  2  0.039
 E  x 210000
2

1.132 2 x 2.1x105 x 2390x104 1.6 x1012 0.39 x 23332 x76.2 x104

M cr    2.67 x109 N  mm
23332 2390x10 4
2390x10 4

.
 2 EW pl , y  2 x 2.1x105 x 2370 x103
LT    42.9
M cr 2.67 x109
42.9
1  93.9  93.9 x0.92  86.8 and  LT   0.4942  0.4
86.8
For rolled section curve a is used. Therefore  LT  0.9250
0.9250x1x 2370x103 x 275
M b , Rd  x10 6  548 kN  m  517 kN  m
1 .1
Therefore, resistance of the member is adequate in bending.

Step 8.1. Check for web crushing (at the support).

 
R y , Rd  S s  S y t w f yw /  M 1 ; Where Ss = 75 mm; Sy – is the length over which the applied force is effectively
distributed.
 2
1  b f  f yf   f , Ed  
Sy  2t f   1   at the end S y is half .
2  t w  f yw  f yf  
 
Check if bf < 25 tf ; 209.3 < 25 x 15.6 = 390 OK.
 f , Ed  0 at the sup port .
1
   75  70.6610.2 x275 x103
Then S y  2 x15.6 209.3 10.2  70.66 mm and R y , Rd 
2 1.1
R y , Rd  371.3 kN  223 kN OK

8.2 Check for web crippling.

Crippling resistance:

3 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

Ss = 75 mm < 0.2 d = 0.2 x 476.5 = 95.22 mm. OK.

 tf  t  S 
Ra , Rd  0.5t w2 Ef yw   3 w  s  /  M 1
 tw  t f  d 
  

Ra , Rd 
0.5 x10.2 210000x 275  15.6 10.2  310.2 15.6 75 476.5 103
 660.6 kN  233
1.1
kN
Interaction at mid-span. Where the member is also subjected to bending moments, the following criteria should be
satisfied.
FSd M Sd
  1 ; Substituting the value of Mc,Rd = 592.5 kN-m
Ra , Rd M c , Rd
 80  65  517  1.09  1.5 OK .
660.6 592.5

8.3 Check for web buckling (at the support). Ss = 75 mm.

Ss 75
beff  0.5 h 2  S s2   0.5 533.12  752   306.7 mm
2 2

I beff t w3 tw
i  
A 12beff hw 12

assuming that l = o.7 d = 0.7 x 476.5 = 333.6 mm.

tw 10.2
Radius of gyration of the web is: i    2.94 mm
12 12
333.6 235 113.5
  113.5; 1  93.9  93.9  86.8; and   1.31
2.94 275 86.8
h 533.1
  2.55  1.2 and t f  15.6 mm  40 mm
b 208.7
Using buckling curve c for solid section χ = 0.3848.
The buckling resistance of the web is: Rb , Rd   A Af y /  M 1;  A  1; and A  beff t w
A  306.7 x10.2  3124 mm.
0.3848 x1x3124 x 275
Rb, Rd  x10 3  300.5 kN  223 kN . OK .
1.1

Step 9. Check for flange induced buckling.

4 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

d  E  Aw
 k 
tw  f yf  A fc
 
c 209.3 2
  6.7  10 ; therefore , the fange is class 1; k  0.3
tf 15.6
d
tw

476.5
10.2
 46.7  0.3 210000
275
  533.1x10.2
209.3 x15.6
 296 ok .

Step 10. Check for transverse force on the web.

In the absence of shear force the web of a member subject to transverse force in the plane of the web shall also
satisfy the following condition:
2 2
 x , Ed    z , Ed   x , Ed   z , Ed 
       1
 f yd   f yd   f yd   f yd 
 x, Ed  Is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force at the point.
 z, Ed  Is the design value of the stress at the same point due to the transverse force.
fy
f y,d 
 Mo
 x, Ed and  z , Ed shall be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension.
The point to be considered is the joint between flange and web.

 x, Ed
M
 Sd
h 2  t   517 x10
fl
6
533.1 2  15.6
x  234 N / mm 2
Wel h 2980 x103
533.1 2
2
 z , Ed 
FSd

 80  65 x103  134 N / mm2 ; assume S  75 mm
 
S s  t fl t w  75  15.6 x10.2
s

Therefore:
2 2
 234   134   234   134 
 250    250    250   250   0.66  1 OK .
      

2.Design a simple supported beam of F e 430 steel grade. The span of the beam is 5.00 m. The top flange is
embedded in a reinforced concrete floor providing sufficient restraint against lateral-torsional buckling. The beam
carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m permanent load and 20 kN/m imposed load.

5 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

Solution:
The factored loads are: Imposed load: 1.6 x 20 = 32 kN/m
Permanent load: 1.3 x 20 = 26 kN/m.
Step 1: Maximum bending moment.

Step 2. Required plastic modulus.

M 181.3x106 N  mm
W pl    7.25 x105 mm3  725 cm3
fy 275 / 1.1
 Mo
Step3: Selection of the profile: Try 310 x 52 W Shape.

h = 317 Mass = 0.52 kN/m

b = 167 Wy,el = 747 cm3
tfl = 13.2 mm Wy,pl = 837 cm3
tw = 7.6 mm Iy = 11800 cm4
d = 257 mm

167
235 2  6.33  9.5 and 257  33.82  83 OK
Class of the section:   0.92
275 13.2 7.6
Satisfies conditions for Class 2.

Step 4. Resistance moment.

W pl f y 837 x103 x 275
M pl , Rd    209.25 kN  m  181.3 kN  m OK .
 Mo 1.1
Check of the self-weight of the beam.
w = 0.52 kN/m; additional factored dead weight moment = 1.3 x 0.52 x 52 / 8 = 2.11 kN-m
Total moment: MSd = 181.3 + 2.11 = 183.41 < Mpl,Rd OK.

Step 5: Check for shear.

Maximum shear force is 145 kn + 1.3 x 5/2 = 146.69 kN.
Shear resistance of section. Un stiffened web: shear buckling resistance must not be verified if d/t w ≤ 69ε.
d/tw = 257/7.6 = 33.82 < 69 x 0.92

 fy 3 
Therefore: V pl , Rd  Av   where Av  1.04hwt w
 Mo 
 

6 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

Av  1.04 x317 x7.6  2506 mm2 then V pl , Rd 


2506 275 3   361.7 kN
1.1
Effect of shear force on the resistance moment.
VSd 146.69
  0.41  0.5 Therefore no reduction of design resistance moment required.
V pl , Rd 1.1

Step 6. Check for deflection.

5 wL4
For a simple span uniformly loaded beam  
384 EI
0.52
Deflection due to un factored load w  20  20   40.10
5
5 x 40.10 x103 x5000 4
   13.17 mm
384 x118 x106 x 2.1x105
Assumption: - beam is not pre-cambered.
-beam is carrying a reinforced concrete floor.
Limiting values for vertical deflections (see Table 5:1 EBCS-3)
1. Total deflection of the span:  max  L 250  5000 250  20 mm  13.17
2. Live load deflection at span (δ2):  max  L 300  5000 350  14.3  12 mm

Step 7. Check for lateral-torsional buckling.

Since the reinforced concrete floor provides sufficient restraint against lateral movement, the beam is not checked
for lateral-torsional buckling.

Step 8. Check for resistance of web to transverse forces.

The beam must be checked at the support. Suppose the support as follows:

 S s  S y t w f y , w
8.1 Check for web crushing: R y , Rd  where Ss = 70 mm (length of stiff bearing) and
 M1
 2 
1  b f  f yf   
Sy  2t f   1  f , Ed   at the end Ss is half .
2   f yf  
 t w  f yw 
 
bf = 167 mm < 25 x 13.2 = 330 mm OK
tw = 7.6 mm
fyf = fyw = 275 N/mm2
σf,Ed = 0 (at the support there is no moment)
1  167    70  62 x7.6 x 275  250
Sy   2 x13.2  11   62 mm  then R y , Rd  kN  146.69 OK
2   7.6   1.1
8.2 Check for web crippling.
 tf  t  S 
Ra , Rd  0.5t w2 Ef yw   3 w  s  /  M 1 but Ss / d = 70 / 257 = 0.27 therefore take Ss / d = 0.2
 t f  d 
 tw   

7 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

 13.2  7.6  
Ra , Rd  0.5 x7.62 2.1x105 x 275   3  0.2   / 1.1  332 kN  146.69 OK
 7.6  13.2  
8.3 Check the web buckling: Un stiffened web at the point where concentrated load (reaction acts).

 h 2  S 2  70   317 2  70 2  70 
a s
   127.32
 2   2 
 
beff  70  127.32  197.32 mm.
Therefore; the virtual compression member for the web is:

Assumptions: Web is partially fixed at top and bottom; thus the effective length is taken no less than 0.75 d
l = 0.75 x 257 mm = 193 mm.
I beff t w3 t w2 t 7.6
Radius of gyration of the web is i     w   2.19 mm
A 12beff t w 12 12 12
Web slenderness ratio = 193/2.19 = 88.19 and λ1 = 93.9 ε = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.39
Relative slenderness ratio   88.19 86.39  1.02
Using curve c of table 4.9 of EBCS-3; the reduction factor χ = 0.48

Hence; the buckling resistance of the web is:

 A Af y
Rb, Rd  ;  A  1; A  beff tw  197.32 x7.6  1499.6 mm2 ; f y  275 N mm2 and  M 1  1.1
 M1
0.48 x1x1499.6 x 275
Rb, Rd   180.2 kN  146.69 kN OK
1. 1

Step 9: Check for flange induced buckling.

8 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

d   A
The ratio  k E  w
tw  f yf  A fc
167
Since c  2  6.33  8.5  8.5 x0.92  7.82 , the flange is Class 1; therefore, k = 0.3
tf 13.2
d 
257
 33.81 ? 0.3 2.1x10
5   257 x7.6
tw 7.6  275  167 x13.2
33.81  215.6 OK

EXERCISE
1) Design a main floor-beam (floor-girder) supporting two equidistance floor-joists over a span of 12m
as shown below. Each floor-joist provides lateral restraint to floor-girders and transmits a load of
75kN on the floor girder. Select UB-section for the floor girder; and section are made of A-36 steel
 Fy  250MPa  .
Solution
75
kN
2

9 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

P  75kN P  75kN

75 kN 75 kN 75
kN own wt .
2

4m 4m 4m
l  12 m
4m 4m 4m

2) Select the lightest UB profile for two-span continuous beam span 6m supporting a service design
load of 15kN/m (excluding own weight) covering the whole length of beam. Proportion the section of
beam for flexure. Only top compression flange of beam is fully braced laterally. Bottom compression
flange of beam is braced laterally only at interior support of beam. UB-sections are made of A-36
steel  Fy  250 MPa  .
qd  15 kN m  own wt .

l  6m l  6m

3) Select the lightest W-section for simply supported floor beam to support a service live load of
22kN/m and a service dead load of 10kN/m (excluding own weight) on span of 12m. Proportion the
section of beam for deflection. The beam is supporting partition-wall. Check adequacy of a section
selected for deflection also for flexure. The compression flange of beam is adequately supported
laterally. W-sections are made of A-50 steel  Fy  345MPa  .

4) Determine span length and uniform service design load for simply supported beam made of W-
610x149 section if the design of beam section controlled by both flexure and shear. Assume compression
flange of beam fully braced laterally.
Section is made of A-36 steel  Fy  250 MPa  .
qd ?

W  610 149
l ?

5) Determine the maximum service uniform live load that can be carried by simply supported beam
of span 9m in addition to service dead load of 14.6kN/m (including own weight) if beam is made
of rolled section as shown below. Compression flange of beam is only braced laterally at the end
supports. Section of beam is made of A-36 steel  Fy  250 MPa  .
300mm
25mm
400mm

350mm
25mm
25mm

10 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.
 WORKED EXAMPLES AND EXERSICES

150mm

11 DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURE

PREPARED BY TESFA H.