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Built-up beams.
Wreq M SD
h = 1 .2 where Wreq = and t w, Min = 8 mm
tw fy
γ Mo
h
Try that ≤ 69ε
tw
Wreq ht w
b fl = − use t w ≤ t fl ≤ 3t w ; t fl , Max = 40 mm . Try that c/tfl satisfies Class 1 or 2 conditions.
ht fl 6t fl
Now, with all the dimensions defined:
twd 3
Iy = + 2b fl t fl d12
12
t fl b3fl
Iz = 2
12
2I y
Wel , y = and W pl , y = 1.12Wel , y
h
I z h 2f
Warping Constant I w =
4
biti3 dhw3 b fl t 3fl
Torsion Constant I t = Σ = +2
3 3 3
Thickness of the plates multiples of 2 mm.
Width of the plates multiples of 20 mm.
Values for Mcr.
For beams with doubly symmetric cross-sections and with no end fixity.
π 2 EI z ⎡ I w L2GI t ⎤
M cr = C1 ⎢ + ⎥
L2 ⎣ Iz π 2 EI z ⎦
Factor C1 depends on the loading conditions (see table 4.12 and 4.13 of EBCS-3)
C1 = 1.88 − 1.44ψ + 0.52ψ 2 ≤ 2.7 , But the most commons values for C1 are as follows:
Example Nr 1.
Design a simple supported beam of Fe 430 steel grade. The span of the beam is 5.00 m. The top flange is embedded
in a reinforced concrete floor providing sufficient restraint against lateral-torsional buckling. The beam carries a
uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m permanent load and 20 kN/m imposed load.
Solution:
The factored loads are: Imposed load: 1.6 x 20 = 32 kN/m
Permanent load: 1.3 x 20 = 26 kN/m.
Step 1: Maximum bending moment.
M 181.3x106 N − mm
W pl = = = 7.25 x105 mm3 = 725 cm3
fy 275 / 1.1
γ Mo
Step3: Selection of the profile: Try 310 x 52 W Shape.
167
235 2 = 6.33 < 9.5ε 257
Class of the section: ε= = 0.92 and = 33.82 < 83ε OK
275 13.2 7.6
Satisfies conditions for Class 2.
⎡ h 2 + S 2 − 70 ⎤ ⎡ 317 2 + 702 − 70 ⎤
a=⎢ s
⎥=⎢ ⎥ = 127.32
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
beff = 70 + 127.32 = 197.32 mm.
Therefore; the virtual compression member for the web is:
Assumptions: Web is partially fixed at top and bottom; thus the effective length is taken no less than 0.75 d
l = 0.75 x 257 mm = 193 mm.
I beff t w3 t2 t 7 .6
Radius of gyration of the web is i = = = w = w = = 2.19 mm
A 12beff t w 12 12 12
Web slenderness ratio = 193/2.19 = 88.19 and λ1 = 93.9 ε = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.39
Relative slenderness ratio λ = 88.19 86.39 = 1.02
Using curve c of table 4.9 of EBCS-3; the reduction factor χ = 0.48
Hence; the buckling resistance of the web is:
χβ A Af y
Rb, Rd = ; β A = 1; A = beff t w = 197.32 x7.6 = 1499.6 mm 2 ; f y = 275 N mm 2 and γ M 1 = 1.1
γ M1
⎛ ⎞ Aw
The ratio d ≤ k⎜ E ⎟
tw
⎝ f yf ⎠ A fc
167
Since c = 2 = 6.33 < 8.5ε = 8.5 x0.92 = 7.82 , the flange is Class 1; therefore, k = 0.3
tf 13.2
d =
257
= 33.81 ? 0.3⎛⎜ 2.1x10
5 ⎞⎟ (257 x7.6 )
tw 7 .6 ⎝ 275 ⎠ 167 x13.2
33.81 < 215.6 OK