AIR POLLUTION

Chapter – I : Introduction

All things share the same breath - the beast, the tree, the man. The air shares its spirit
with all the life it supports.”
The air pollution meaning is if harmful substances including gases , particulates and
biological molecules are introduced in earth , excessive from certain limit is known as air
pollution.

( 1A) AIR POLLUTION SOURCE :

Air pollution in India is a serious issue with major sources —

a) Fuel Wood.
b) Biomass Burning.
c) Industrial Fuels.
d) Motor Vehicle.
e) Construction Works.

a) FUEL WOOD :

Sources of Wood Burning and Air Pollution: Air pollution affects millions of people
every day. It damages our health, crops, property water and environment. In neighbourhoods
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everywhere across world residential wood and coal burning is a growing source of air
pollution. Most wood heaters, such as woodstoves , fireplaces, release far more air
pollution, indoors and out, than heaters using other fuels. In winter, when we heat our houses
the most, cold nights with little wind cause smoke and air pollutants to remain stagnate at
ground level for long periods.

Burning Wood and coal Causes Indoor Air Pollution: High levels of smoke
pollutants leaking from chulha and fireplaces have been measured in some wood
burning homes. If you or family members suffer from chronic or repeated
respiratory problems like asthma or emphysema, or have heart disease, you should
not burn wood at all. If you burn wood, make sure your stove or fireplace doesn't
leak and that you operate it correctly.

b) BIOMASS BURNING :

One of the main contributors to air pollution in northern India may see a rise of 45 per
cent by 2050 with the rise in crop production, a recent study said.

The study said 488 metric tonnes of the total agricultural crop residue was generated in India in
2017 and about 24 per cent of it was burnt in agricultural fields, mainly in Punjab and Haryana.
This resulted in emissions of air pollutants, greenhouse gases, which play an important role in
changing the atmospheric chemistry— locally, and globally.

c) INDUSTRIAL FUELS :

Petroleum is one of the main sources of energy production in the World. Petroleum and
its by-products are used to fuel various forms of transportation, industry and electricity use.
Petroleum is used to manufacture plastics also which provides products essential for daily life.
Also, petroleum has helped to create many products like cosmetics, tyres (rubber) pesticides
etc. Over the years there has been increased concerns over the environmental effects of the
petroleum industry. The environmental impacts of petroleum are always negative. This is due
to the toxicity of petroleum which contributes to air pollution, acid rain, and various illnesses
disease in humans. Petroleum also fuels climate change, due to the increased gas emissions in
its extraction, refinement, transport and consumption phases. Petroleum is a complex mixture
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of so many components . These components include straight chained , cyclic ,

monocyclic aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

d) MOTOR VEHICLE :

Passenger vehicles are again a major pollution contributor, produce significant amounts
of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution. In 2013, transportation contributed
more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the
hydrocarbons emitted into our air..

Strong national and state policies also help. Vehicle emission standards have helped cut
pollution from two-wheeler cars and trucks by about 90 percent since 1998, with further
improvements coming from the Tier 3 standards. Future emissions reductions from trucks and
other freight sources are essential for meeting air quality standards and protecting the health of
those who live and work close to ports, rail yards, and freight corridors.

e) CONSTRUCTION WORKS :

The construction industry is a major source of pollution, responsible for around 4% of

particulate PM10 , PM2.5 emissions, more water pollution incidents than any other industry
The construction industry is a major source of pollution, responsible for around 4% of
particulate emissions, more water pollution incidents than any other industry.

Although construction activities also pollute the soil, the main areas of concern are: air
and water pollution.

• The construction industry is a major source of pollution, responsible for around 4% of

particulate emissions.
• Also pollute the soil, air, water and noise pollution.
• Construction dust classified as PM10.
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Chapter – II : Literature review

(2A) POLLUTANTS :

An air pollutant is a material in air that have an adverse effect to human .This air
pollution has two types .One is Primary pollutants and second is secondary pollutants.
Primary pollutant is which is emitted directly from the source like vehicles , industries ,
natures, fuel and biomass burnings
A secondary pollutants is which is not directly emitted but when it react at atmosphere then it
forms.
Example of primary pollutants like so2 , co , no2 , no, co2 etc , and secondary is so3 , h2so4 ,
hno3.etc
Other than these pollutants PM10 and PM2.5 also a type of pollutants which is very important
because these pollutants are more difficult to control .

(3A) About PM10 and PM2.5 :

PM2.5= IT IS OF SMALLER THAN 2.5MICRONS IN DIAMETER. IT HAS METALS,
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, COMBUTION PARTICLES ETC. (COMBUTION PARTICLE
MEANS GASES CREATED BY INCOMPLETE BURNED FUELS LIKE OIL, WOOD,
COAL ETC .)

PM10=IT IS OF SMALLER THAN 10 MICRONS IN DIAMETER.IT HAS DUST ,

POLLEN, MOLD ETC (MOLD IS INDOOR MOISTURE),(POLLEN FROM GRASSES ,
TREES AND WEEDS BY AIR FLOW).

(B)Air pollution in global level:

In case of global level air pollution has biggest environmental risk to health. From WHO data
in 2012 around 3 million population cause to death by ambient (outdoor) air pollution .Citizens
in Africa, Asia and Middle East breathe more higher level of air pollution than the other parts
of the world.
In India at 2012 around 500000 death occurs due to outdoor air pollution.
It is proved that the country have most dence population , hot climate are more polluted as
compare to other countries.
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showing HAP: Household air pollution; Amr: America, Afr: Africa; Emr: Eastern
Mediterranean, Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and middle-
income; HI: High-income.
Source: WHO 2012
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These countries were most polluted which are shown in dark red color
India’s many cities are enlisted words most 20 polluted cities in the world. (fig 3)
The burden of disease by outdoor air pollution was estimated by using comparative risk
assessment study .The right way of study is 1) The compilation of the PM10 and PM2.5
measurements data in the 2016 WHO air quality data base and associate burden of disease.

(1B)Sectors share of pollutants emission :

The contribution done by different sectors to emission of nitrogen oxides in 2011according to

European Environment Agencies (EEA)
Energy Production and distribution :23%
Road transport : 41%
Energy use in industries : 22.5%
Commercial institutional and households : 13%
Non road transport : 2.4%
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The sectors share of sulphur oxides emissions :

Energy production and distribution : 58%
Energy use in industry : 20.4%
Commercial institutional and household : 15.2%
Industrial process : 3.5%
In case of United States the emission of air pollution are in declination from 1970 to 2016.
According to US Environmental Pollution Agency (EPA) in USA values of pollutants are
given below-
PM2.5 goes from 100 to 75
NO2 goes from 100 to 40
PM10 goes from 100 to 20
SO2 goes from 100 to 10
(2B) Mortality and disease due to pollution:
According to Global Health Observatory (GHO)data mortality and burden of disease outdoor
air pollution situation and trends are its contributes to 7.5% of all deaths in 2016. (see fig 4)
92% population lives where air quality level exceeds who limit.
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Fig 3
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Fig 4
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(3B)International Agreements and Protocols

nternational law includes agreements related to trans-national air quality, including greenhouse
gas emissions:

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), Geneva, 1979

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), New York, 1992, including the Kyoto
Protocol, 1997, and theParis Agreement, 2015

1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions

Nitrogen Oxide Protocol (1988)

Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol (1991)

1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions

Protocol on Heavy Metals (1998)

Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (1998)

1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level

Ozone (1999)

1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions

An international environmental agreement or sometimes environmental protocol, is

a type of treaty binding in international law, allowing them to reach
an environmental goal. In other words, it is "an intergovernmental document intended
as legally binding with a primary stated purpose of preventing or managing human
impacts on natural resources."[1] An agreement between two nations is known as
a bilateral environmental agreement

If the agreement is made among three or more nations, it is called amultilateral

environmental agreement (MEA). Such agreements, primarily produced by
the United Nations, cover subjects such as atmospheric policies, freshwater
policies, hazardous waste and substance policies, the marine environment, nature
conservation policies, noise pollution and nuclear safety

At the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December 2015, 195 countries adopted the first-
ever universal, legally binding global climate deal.
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The agreement sets out a global action plan to put the world on track to avoid dangerous
climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to
1.5°C.
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 (

C)Air pollution at national level :

Worlds most polluted cities are in India

India is once again heading into the worst time of year for air pollution, a season where the
country’s notoriously poor quality becomes even more toxic.

Soot, dust, ozone, and sulfur oxides are increasing threat for billions of people around the
world. The World Health Organization reported that 93 percent of all children in the world
breathe air with pollution levels that exceed their guidelines

Times Of India report on pollution

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Around 77% of India's population is exposed to outdoor air p ..

ndia’s financial capital Mumbai is the world’s fourth most p ..

Act in India on air pollution

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (CPCB)

THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India is a statutory organisation under
the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change(MoEFC). It was established
in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The CPCB is
also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981. It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services
to the , 1986. It Co-ordinates the Ministry of Environment and Forests under the
provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act activities of the State Pollution Control
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Boards by providing technical assistance and guidance and also resolves disputes among them.
It is the apex organisation in country in the field of pollution control,[3] as a technical wing of
MoEFC.[4][5]

(D)Local scenario

current status in Durg

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In compare to Raipur and delhi PM10 level is 268 and 229 extremely high
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Durg district has more than 14.2 lakh vehicles

Raipur which has more than 13.8 lakh vehicles

- In Bilaspur, the number of registered vehicles till

March 2016 was 5.2 lakhs

- Korba has 4.8 lakh vehicles

Till March 2016.

REASON : Apart from it, now most of the companies located in twin cities including Bhilai
Steel Plant offers car allowance and availability of loans in banks with easy EMIs encourage
people to purchase cars and as a result the numbers of cars are rising with every passing year.
‘Living of standard of people has increased and it has also resulted to rise the number of
vehicles but problem is that it is responsible for rising cases of air pollution in all parts of the
district’ stated Dr. AS Sawant, Environmentalist.
It may be mentioned that over the last five to six years, pollution level of the district has
reached to a high extent and as a result it
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What gases do cars produce?

• Particulate matter (PM). These particles of soot and metals give smog its murky
color. Fine particles — less than one-tenth the diameter of a human hair — pose the
most serious threat to human health, as they can penetrate deep into lungs. PM is a
direct (primary) pollution and a secondary pollution from hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides, and sulfer dioxides. Disele exhaust is a major contributor to PM pollution.

• Hydrocarbons (HC). These pollutants react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of
sunlight to form ground level ozone, a primary ingredient in smog. Though beneficial in
the upper atmosphere, at the ground level this gas irritates the respiratory system,
causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity.

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants cause lung irritation and weaken the body's
defenses against respiratory infections such as pneumonia and influenza. In addition,
they assist in the formation of ground level ozone and particulate matter.

• Carbon monoxide (CO). This odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas is formed by the
combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from cars and
trucks. When inhaled, CO blocks oxygen from the brain, heart, and other vital organs.
Fetuses, newborn children, and people with chronic illnesses are especially susceptible
to the effects of CO.

• Hazardous air pollutants (toxics). These chemical compounds have been linked to
birth defects, cancer, and other serious illnesses. The Environmental Protection Agency
estimates that the air toxics emitted from cars and trucks — which include Benzene,
acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene — account for half of all cancers caused by air
pollution.

• Greenhouse gases. Motor vehicles also emit pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, that
contribute to global climate change. In fact, cars and trucks account for over one-fifth of
the United States' total global warming pollution; transportation, which includes freight,
trains, and airplanes, accounts for around thirty percent of all heat-trapping gas
emissions.

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2). Power plants and motor vehicles create this pollutant by burning
sulfur-containing fuels, especially diesel. Sulfur dioxide can react in the atmosphere to
form fine particles and poses the largest health risk to young children and asthmatics

DUE TO

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
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Chhattisgarh Industries : A glance

• About 200 large industrial units are present in

Chhattisgarh and scores of small units

• Over 200 mining projects

• Present industries include iron and steel plants, sponge

iron, cement, thermal power plants, mines, etc.

• 700 plants to come up in the state

• Fropm Centre for Science & Environment

• New Delhi

The notable Chhattisgarh Industries that provide major impetus to the growing economy of the
state consist of steel, aluminium, cement, thermal power, mining and various specialized
industrial areas. Rich with reserves of iron ore and mineral deposits, Chhattisgarh's Korba
National Thermal Power Corporation is one of the remarkable achievement of the place.

Steel industry is one of the biggest zone of Chhattisgarh which has a reputation of producing
high quality equipments and products that have a high export value. Bhilai Steel Plant with a
capacity of 3.6 million tonnes per year, is regarded as a significant growth indicator of the
state. There are more than 100 steel rolling mills, sponge iron plants and ferro-alloy units in
Chhattisgarh all of which are able to provide world-class output .

Aluminium industry of Chhattisgarh comprises of Bharat Aluminum Company limited which

has a capacity of around ten million tonne each year. From aluminium extrusions to sheet
rolling, the aluminium sector of Chhattisgarh is equipped with all types intricate
functionalities.

Cement industry is yet another significant sector of Chhattisgarh. The cement companies of the
state are located in every part of the state. Century cement factory, ACC cement factory, Larsen
and Toubro, raymond cement factory, ambuja cement factory, grasim cement factory and
Lafarge are some of the popular units that are operating in the state of Chhattisgarh.

Korba Thermal Power Plant, Balco Captive Power Plant, Hasdeo Thermal Power station and
National thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) at Korba comes under the thermal industry of
Chhattisgarh.
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DUE TO

CONSTRUCTION WORKS

The construction industry is a major source of pollution, responsible for around 4% of

particulate emissions, more water pollution incidents than any other industry The construction
industry is a major source of pollution, responsible for around 4% of particulate emissions,
more water pollution incidents than any other industry.

Although construction activities also pollute the soil, the main areas of concern are: air, water
and noise pollution

• Construction activities that contribute to air pollution include: land clearing, operation
of diesel engines, demolition, burning, and working with toxic materials. All
construction sites generate high levels of dust.

• Construction dust is classified as PM10.

Research has shown that PM10 penetrate deeply into the lungs and cause a wide range of
health problems including respiratory illness, asthma, bronchitis and even cancer

AIM

 Prevention and control of air pollution.

 Protection of environment in order to

promote sustainable development’

OBJECTIVE

 Environmental impact assessment.

 Promote low-carbon di oxide/low-pollution society.

 Promote society in harmony in nature, while adopting to climate change.

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Chapter iii : Analysis

Actions at different levels to reduce air emissions:

At the continental level:

 • Make sure that vehicle emission standards work in reality

 Set emission standards for non-road mobile machinery, domestic stoves and
installations for biomass burning

 Set ammonia emission standards for large cattle farms

At the national level:

 Implement control on maintenance schemes for vehicles

 scrapping of old vehicles and motorcycles

 Implement climate and energy policies

 Enforce emission standards for farms and domestic stoves

At the local level:

 Implement low emission zones to encourage early scrapping of old vehicles

 Introduce speed limits on highways near urban areas

 Promote electric vehicles

 Improve infrastructure for public transport, cycling and walking

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Figure are showing the level of control of pollutants from 1990 to 2012

The EU's long-term objective is to achieve levels of air quality that do not result in
unacceptable impacts on, and risks to, human health and the environment. The EU acts at many
levels to reduce exposure to air pollution: through legislation; cooperation with sectors
responsible for air pollution, as well as international, national and regional authorities and non-
governmental organisations; and research. EU policies aim to reduce exposure to air pollution
by reducing emissions and setting limits and target values for air quality. In late 2013, the
European Commission adopted a proposed Clean Air Quality Package including new measures
to reduce air pollution

In case of locle level at Bhilai Civic Centre data provided by CECB (CHATTISGARH
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL BOARD ) the level of PM10 and PM2.5 goes to level 80
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and 50 at upper level.

Level of RSPM at Raipur at different station like Tatibandh Woolworth Sarora , Jaystambh
goes to very high compare to Bhilai civic centre .these analysis are shown in the chart (fig- )
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From all these analysis it is my opinion that in case local scenario PM10 level shall be control .
At Bhilai , Durg the level of PM10 is fluctuated high compare to other pollutants . the level of
so2 and no co is comparatively control at certain level.
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Contents
Chapter – I : Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1
All things share the same breath - the beast, the tree, the man. The air shares its spirit with all
the life it supports.” .................................................................................................................. 1
( 1A) AIR POLLUTION SOURCE : ..................................................................................... 1
a) FUEL WOOD :................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter – II : Literature review .................................................................................................... 4
(2A) POLLUTANTS : ............................................................................................................... 4
(3A) About PM10 and PM2.5 : .................................................................................................... 4
(B)Air pollution in global level: ................................................................................................... 4
(1B)Sectors share of pollutants emission : ............................................................................... 6
NO2 goes from 100 to 40 ............................................................................................................. 7
Times Of India report on pollution ............................................................................................. 15
Around 77% of India's population is exposed to outdoor air p .. ndia’s financial capital
Mumbai is the world’s fourth most p .. .................................................................................. 16
Act in India on air pollution ....................................................................................................... 16
(D)Local scenario ....................................................................................................................... 17
What gases do cars produce? .................................................................................................. 20
DUE TO................................................................................................................................. 20
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION ............................................................................................... 20
DUE TO................................................................................................................................. 22
CONSTRUCTION WORKS ................................................................................................. 22
AIM ........................................................................................................................................ 22
OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................... 22
Chapter iii : Analysis .................................................................................................................. 23
Actions at different levels to reduce air emissions: ................................................................ 23
At the continental level:.......................................................................................................... 23
At the national level: .............................................................................................................. 23
At the local level:.................................................................................................................... 23
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Air Pollution
AThesis submitted
To
CHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY
BHILAI ( CG ) , India
For the award of the Degree

Of

Master of Urban Planning

In

Ms Sonam Vaidya

By

Sanjeev Kumar Rai

Bachelor Of Architecture

Under the Guidance of

Ms Sonam Vaidya

Assistance Professor

Department Of Urban Planning

Chattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University

Bhilai ( C. G. ) , Session : Dec – Jan

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DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the thesis work
entitled Air Pollution, is based on my own work carried out during the
course of my study under the supervision of Ms Sonam Vaidya .
I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project work. I
further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the report does not contain any
part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this University/deemed University of India or any other country.
All helps received and citations used for the preparation of the thesis have been duly
acknowledged.

Signature of the Candidate)

Name of the Candidate

Roll No.:
Enrollment No.:

Signature of the Supervisor

(Name of the Supervisor)
Designation of the supervisor
Name of the department
Name of the Institute with address
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C E R T I F I C A T E OF THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the report of the thesis entitled Air Pollution is a
record of bonafide research work carried out by Sanjeev Kumar Rai
bearing Roll No.: 500000317005………….. & Enrollment No.:
BE5077@csvtu.ac.in……….. under my guidance and supervision for
the award of Degree of Master of Engineering/Master of Technology in
the faculty of Ms Sonam Vaidya of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand
Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.), India.
To the best of my knowledge and belief the thesis
• Embodies the work of the candidate him/herself,
• Has duly been completed,
• Fulfils the requirement of the Ordinance relating to the ME/MTech
degree of the University and
• Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language
for being referred to the examiners.
___________________
(Signature of the Supervisor)
Name:__________________
Designation:_________________
Department:__________________
Name & Address of the Institute/Organization__________
____________________________
____________________________

Forwarded to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University

Bhilai
_________________
(Signature of the Director/Principal)
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CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The Thesis entitled Air Pollution Submitted by Sanjeev Kumar Rai

(Roll No.:500000317005 ……….. Enrollment
No.BE5077@csvtu.ac.in: ……………) has been examined by the
undersigned as a part of the examination and is hereby recommended
for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering/Technology in the
faculty of Ms Sonam Vaidya of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand
Technical University, Bhilai.

_____________
______________
Internal Examiner External
Examiner

Date: Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

< Body of the text should be properly paragraphed. The text should be
typed in Times New Roman Font, Justified line spacing 1.5 and font
size 12>

______________________
(Signature of the student)

Name: __________________

Name & Address of the Institute