Function On A Real Line

Lec-1 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc.
Engineering 1st Semester
Geometry is the study of shape.

Algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
Calculus is the branch of mathematics, which deals with motion
and change.
Differential calculus deals with instantaneous rates of change
and the slopes of curves. Applications of differential calculus
include computations involving velocity and acceleration, the
slope of a curve, and optimization.
Integral calculus is related to accumulation of quantities and
the areas under and between curves.
Applications of integral calculus include computations
involving area, volume, arc length, center of mass, work, and
Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 1 of 32
Lec-1 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
pressure. More advanced applications include power series and

Fourier series.
The word calculus (plural calculi) is a Latin word, meaning
originally "small pebble". Because such pebbles were used for
calculation, the meaning of the word has evolved and today
usually means a method of computation. It is therefore used for
naming specific methods of calculation and related theories.
REAL NUMBERS AND REAL LINE
The numbers, represented on a real line, are called real numbers.
Set of real numbers is denoted by “𝓡”
−∞ +∞
NOTE: Set of Real numbers is union of Rational and Irrational

numbers. ℛ = 𝒬𝑈𝒬′
ORDERED PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

(PROPERTIES OF INEQUILITIES)
NOTE: If a , b , c ∈ ℛ
1. a<𝑏 ⟹𝑎+𝑐 < 𝑏+𝑐
2. a<𝑏 ⟹𝑎−𝑐 < 𝑏−𝑐
3. a< 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 > 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐
4. a< 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 < 0 ⟹ 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐
1
5. a> 0 ⇒ >0
𝑎
6. If a and b are both positive or both negative then a<
1 1
𝑏 ⟹ >
𝑎 𝑏
NOTE: Ordered properties hold only for real numbers and do
not hold for complex numbers.
Intervals
Finite Interval:
Notation Set Graph Name
(a ,b) {x/a<x<b} Open interval
[a ,b] {x/a≤x≤b} Closed interval
(a , b] {x/a<x≤b} Open Closed

interval
[a , b) {𝑥/𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < Closed Open

𝑏} interval
Infinite Intervals:
Notation Set Graph
(a ,∞) {x /𝑥>𝑎}
[a ,∞) {𝑥/𝑥 ≥ 𝑎}
(-∞, b) {x/x<b}
(-∞ , b] {x/x≤b}
(-∞ , ∞) ℝ
Example 1:
Solve the following inequalities and graph the solution on
number line.
(a) 2x-1< 𝑥 + 3
Solution: 2x-x< 1 + 3
x< 4
Solution = (-∞, 4)
𝟔
(b) ≥ 𝟓 (𝐱 > 1)
𝐱−𝟏
6≥ 5𝑥 − 5
6+5≥ 5𝑥
11
x≤
5
11
Solution: (1, ]
5
Absolute value of real number: The absolute value of a real

number ‘x’ is denoted by |𝐱| and is defined as :
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
|𝑥 | = {
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
|3| = 3
|0| = 0
|−3| = −(−3) = 3
If |𝑥 | = 3
Then x = ± 3
Note: √𝑥 2 = |𝑥 |
Absolute value properties.
1. |−𝑎| = |𝑎|
2. |𝑎. 𝑏 | = |𝑎| . |𝑏 |
𝑎 |𝑎 |
3. | | = |𝑏 |
𝑏
4. |𝑎 + 𝑏 | ≤ |𝑎| + |𝑏 |
Inequalities involving absolute values.
1. | 𝑥 | ≤ 𝑎 ⇔ − 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
2. | 𝑥 | ≥ 𝑎 ⇔ 𝑥 ≤ -a ⋀ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎
e.g
1. |x| ≤ 2 −2≤𝑥≤2
2. | x | ≥ 2
𝑥 ≤ −2 , 𝑥 ≥ 2 (-∞,−2] U [2, ∞)
Solution: (-∞,-2] ∪ [2, ∞)

Example 2:
Solve the inequalities and graph the solution on number line.
a) |𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑| ≤ 𝟏
-1≤ 2𝑥 − 3 ≤ 1
-1+3≤2x+3-3≤ 1 ± 3
2≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 4
1≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
Solution: [1, 2]
b) |𝟐𝐱 − 𝟑| ≥ 𝟏
2x - 3≤ −1 2x - 3≥ 1
2x≤ 2 2x ≥ 4
x≤ 1 x≥ 2
(-∞,1] [2,∞)
Solution: (-∞, 1] ∪ [2,∞)

c) 𝒙𝟐 < 2
√x 2 < √2
|x| < √2
-√2 < 𝑥 < √2
Solution: (-√2, √2)

Example 3
Solve the inequalities and graph the solution on number line.
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0
𝑥2 − 𝑥 ≥ 2
2 2
1 1 1
(𝑥)2 − 2(𝑥 ) ( ) + ( ) ≥ 2 + ( )
2 2 2
1 2 9
(𝑥 − ) ≥
2 4
1 2 9
√(𝑥 − ) = √
2 4
1 3
|𝑥 − | ≥
2 2
1 3 1 3
𝑥− ≤− , 𝑥− ≥
2 2 2 2
𝑥 ≤ −1 , 𝑥≥2
Solution:(−∞, −1]𝑈[2, ∞)
Inequalities in Daily Life

Inequalities are very common in daily life. For example:
Thermostats in cars cause a valve to open when the engine
gets hot (say more than 950C), allowing water to circulate and
cool the engine down. We can express this condition using an
inequality: 𝑇 > 950 C . If the engine is getting too cool (say
𝑇 < 850 C ), the thermostat closes again, reducing the water
circulation.
A voltage regulator in a TV will typically accept a voltage
range from 110V to 240V. We could write the range for the
voltage V as 110≤V≤240.

Function On A Real Line

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Lec-1 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc.

Engineering 1st Semester

Geometry is the study of shape.

pressure. More advanced applications include power series and

NOTE: Set of Real numbers is union of Rational and Irrational

ORDERED PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS

(a ,b) {x/a<x<b} Open interval

[a ,b] {x/a≤x≤b} Closed interval

(a , b] {x/a<x≤b} Open Closed

[a , b) {𝑥/𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < Closed Open

Absolute value of real number: The absolute value of a real

Solution: (-∞,-2] ∪ [2, ∞)

Solution: (-∞, 1] ∪ [2,∞)

Solution: (-√2, √2)

Inequalities in Daily Life

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