PRACTICE REPORT

MS2140 ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Module A
Tension Test

By:
Kevin
13118203

Group Members:
Group 44
Kevin 13118203
Hanifah Ayu Rizqi 13118221
Muhammad
Muhammad Alif Wijdani 13118236
Faical Ibrahim Algihffari 13118239

Practice Date 28 October 2019

Report Collection Date 2 November 2019
Assistant (NIM) David Mangisi
Dwinantama N
(13716027)

METALLURGY AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2019
 Practice Goals

1. Calculating the modulus of elasticity of the specimen material

2. Determining the yield strength of the specimen material

3. Calculating K and n parameters on the plastic region of the specimen material

Practice Data

Material Steel ST-37

Initial Gage length 32.8 mm

Final Gage length 41.53 mm

Initial Diameter 6.4 mm

Final Diameter 5.7 mm

Initial Hardness 71.4 HRB

Hardness Initial after 80.8 HRB

necking
Hardness after 81.7 HRB
fracture
Max Load 16.6 kN

Speed 5 mm/min

Table 1. Specimen’s measured data

time(second) milivolt
0 0
2 113
4 242
6 352
8 493
10 622
12 770
14 908
16 1045
18 1182
20 1319
22 1456
24 1632
26 1788
28 1955
30 2110
32 2238
34 2424
36 2561
38 2707
40 2837
42 2634
44 2754
46 2637
48 2795
50 2685
52 2795
54 2805
56 2875
58 2933
60 2981
62 3020
64 3060
66 3089
68 3136
70 3176
72 3216
74 3256
76 3285
 78 3314
80 3352
82 3382
84 3412
86 3450
88 3471
90 3488
92 3509
94 3528
96 3548
98 3568
100 3578
102 3586
104 3607
106 3616
108 3631
110 3635
112 3645
114 3654
116 3656
118 3665
120 3676
122 3675
124 3685
126 3695
128 3705
130 3714
132 3715
134 3717
136 3714
138 3705
140 3695
142 3683
144 3665
146 3636
148 3626
150 3616
152 3567
154 3489
156 3391
 158 3323
160 3206
162 3049

Table 2. Data recorded from the testing machine

Load(KN) Diameter(mm)
10 6.58
11 6.58
12 6.54
13 6.43
14 6.28
15 6.22
16 6.14
16.6 5.74
16 5.07
15 4.64
12 3.97

Table 3. Load and Diameter of specimen

Figure 1. Specimen after loading

 Data Processing

We can find the engineering stress and engineering strain using

e S(N/mm^2)
0 0
0.30488 49.912601
0.60976 106.89247
0.91463 155.47996
1.21951 217.76029
1.52439 274.74016
1.82927 340.11242
2.13415 401.06763
2.43902 461.58114
2.7439 522.09465
3.04878 582.60815
3.35366 643.12166
3.65854 720.86164
3.96341 789.76754
4.26829 863.53218
4.57317 931.99636
4.87805 988.53453
5.18293 1070.6916
5.4878 1131.2051
5.79268 1195.6939
6.09756 1253.1155
6.40244 1163.4495
6.70732 1216.454
 7.0122 1164.7746
7.31707 1234.5639
7.62195 1185.9764
7.92683 1234.5639
8.23171 1238.9809
8.53659 1269.9003
8.84146 1295.5191
9.14634 1316.7209
9.45122 1333.9474
9.7561 1351.6156
10.061 1364.425
10.3659 1385.1851
10.6707 1402.8533
10.9756 1420.5215
11.2805 1438.1897
11.5854 1450.9991
11.8902 1463.8085
12.1951 1480.5933
12.5 1493.8444
12.8049 1507.0955
13.1098 1523.8803
13.4146 1533.1561
13.7195 1540.6651
14.0244 1549.9409
14.3293 1558.3333
14.6341 1567.1673
14.939 1576.0014
15.2439 1580.4185
15.5488 1583.9521
15.8537 1593.2279
16.1585 1597.2032
16.4634 1603.8288
16.7683 1605.5956
17.0732 1610.0127
17.378 1613.988
17.6829 1614.8714
17.9878 1618.8468
18.2927 1623.7055
18.5976 1623.2638
18.9024 1627.6809
 19.2073 1632.0979
19.5122 1636.5149
19.8171 1640.4903
20.122 1640.932
20.4268 1641.8154
20.7317 1640.4903
21.0366 1636.5149
21.3415 1632.0979
21.6463 1626.7974
21.9512 1618.8468
22.2561 1606.0373
22.561 1601.6203
22.8659 1597.2032
23.1707 1575.5597
23.4756 1541.1068
23.7805 1497.8197
24.0854 1467.7838
24.3902 1416.1044
24.6951 1346.7568

Table 4. Engineering Stress- Engineering Strain

Engineering Stress - Engineering Strain

1800
Engineering Stress (N/mm^2)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1.219512195

9.756097561

18.29268293
2.43902439
3.658536585
4.87804878
6.097560976
7.317073171
8.536585366

10.97560976
12.19512195
13.41463415
14.63414634
15.85365854
17.07317073

19.51219512
20.73170732
21.95121951
23.17073171
24.3902439
0

Engineering Strain

Figure 2. Engineering Stress – Engineering Strain Graph

 True
True Strain Stress(N/mm^2)
0 0
0.266109587 65.12985805
0.476082675 172.0708118
0.649526558 297.6872447
0.79728744 483.3216147
0.925999546 693.5513806
1.040018124 962.2692781
1.142356838 1257.004644
1.235187824 1587.388791
1.3201285 1954.671418
1.398415722 2358.852525
1.471016535 2799.932113
1.538701361 3358.160336
1.602093938 3919.943742
1.661706341 4549.340246
1.717964144 5194.174859
1.771224867 5810.654202
1.821791756 6620.007558
1.869924242 7339.037744
1.915845993 8121.969633
1.9597512 8894.063604
2.001809544 8612.363906
2.042170147 9375.596855
2.080964771 9332.401393
2.118310411 10267.95833
2.154311419 10225.43081
2.189061267 11020.74119
2.222644006 11437.90949
2.255135493 12110.51223
2.286604421 12749.80399
2.317113194 13359.90016
2.346718671 13941.37712
2.375472809 14538.10905
2.403423203 15091.87175
2.430613567 15743.81134
2.457084144 16372.32443
2.482872061 17011.61081
2.508011645 17661.67046
2.532534699 18261.35426
2.556470739 18868.84869
2.579847212 19536.60884
2.602689685 20166.89953
2.625022011 20805.27017
2.64686648 21501.57951
2.668243951 22099.88433
2.689173974 22677.83843
2.709674897 23286.91653
2.729763961 23888.10859
2.74945739 24501.32363
2.768770466 25119.92531
2.787717604 25672.16359
2.806312413 26212.47585
2.824567757 26851.71913
2.84249581 27405.67036
2.8601081 28008.32759
2.877415559 28528.69312
2.894428559 29098.03398
2.911156951 29661.9505
2.927610103 30170.52468
2.943796925 30738.34651
2.959725901 31325.63565
2.975405118 31812.01149
2.990842288 32394.81895
3.00604477 32980.31973
3.021019593 33568.51383
3.035773476 34150.20625
3.050312842 34659.68539
3.064643841 35178.89818
3.078772361 35650.65468
3.092704043 36063.20124
3.106444298 36463.45549
3.119998314 36841.01044
3.133371073 37154.50747
3.146567358 37350.16099
3.159591768 37735.73664
3.17244872 38118.61898
3.185142468 38082.43153
3.197677102 37719.52824
 3.210056561 37116.70403
3.222284642 36819.89481
3.234365002 35955.23683
3.246301167 34605.08102

Table 5. True Stress – True Strain

True Stress - True Strain

45000
40000
True Stress(N/mm^2)

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
True Strain

Figure 3. True Stress – True Strain Graph

Log True Log True

Strain Stress
0 0
-0.574939479 1.813780132
-0.322317622 2.235707208
-0.187403087 2.473760226
-0.098385078 2.684236218
-0.033389226 2.841078641
0.017040908 2.983296621
0.057801786 3.099336882
0.091733002 3.200683309
0.120616207 3.291073762
0.145636298 3.37270079
0.167617554 3.447147502
0.187154338 3.526101428
0.204687977 3.593279834
0.220554277 3.657948419
0.235014095 3.715516566
0.248273701 3.764225031
0.260498733 3.820858485
0.271824012 3.865639121
0.282360595 3.909661361
0.292200939 3.949100231
0.301422755 3.935122372
0.310091923 3.971998925
0.318264728 3.96999341
0.325989601 4.011484097
0.333308483 4.009681614
0.340257917 4.042210804
0.346869909 4.058346656
0.35317264 4.083162513
0.359191039 4.105503508
0.36494725 4.125803213
0.370461029 4.144305675
0.375750064 4.162507922
0.38083025 4.178743106
0.385715918 4.197109877
0.390420029 4.214110342
0.394954342 4.230745438
0.399329549 4.247031777
0.403555404 4.261532982
0.407640826 4.275745402
0.411593986 4.290849181
0.415422391 4.304639135
0.419132949 4.31817336
0.422732034 4.332470364
0.426225533 4.344390001
0.429618899 4.355601657
0.432917188 4.367111987
0.436125096 4.378181765
0.439246994 4.389189547
0.442286954 4.400018344
0.445248778 4.409462472
0.448136017 4.418508043
0.450951997 4.428972096
0.453699833 4.43784043
 0.456382448 4.447287177
0.459002588 4.455281877
0.461562835 4.463863647
0.464065621 4.472199706
0.466513237 4.479582863
0.468907847 4.487680502
0.471251493 4.495899892
0.473546106 4.502591131
0.475793513 4.510475557
0.477995444 4.518254862
0.480153542 4.525932114
0.482269362 4.533393331
0.484344383 4.539824616
0.48638001 4.546282233
0.488377579 4.55206751
0.490338362 4.557064275
0.492263571 4.561857823
0.494154359 4.566331533
0.49601183 4.570011509
0.497837033 4.572292478
0.499630974 4.576752832
0.501394611 4.581137158
0.503128863 4.58072467
0.504834607 4.576566252
0.506512685 4.569569404
0.508163901 4.566082543
0.509789029 4.555762154
0.511388808 4.53913987

Table 6. Log True Stress – Log True Strain

 Engineering Stress (N/mm^2) Log True Stress

0.4
0.6
0.8

-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
1
1.2

0
200
400
1200
1400

600
800
1000

0
-0.574939479
-0.098385078
0.057801786
0.145636298

1
0.204687977
0.248273701
0.282360595
0.310091923

2
0.333308483
0.35317264
0.370461029
0.385715918

3
0.399329549
0.411593986

Region)
Figure 4. Log True Stress – Log True Strain Graph
0.422732034
0.432917188

4
Log True Strain

0.442286954

Engineering Strain
0.450951997
0.459002588

5
0.466513237
Log True Stress - Log True Strain

0.473546106
0.480153542

Figure 5. Engineering Stress – Engineering Strain Graph (Elastic Region)

0.48638001

6
Engineering Stress - Engineering Strain (Elastic 0.492263571
0.497837033
R² = -2.216

0.503128863
y = 0.0191x - 0.6

0.508163901

7
 Material Properties Data obtained from Reference
experiment
Yield Strength (MPa) 1163.44949 350
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 0.2055109405 200
Tensile Strength (MPa) 1641.8154 420
Elongation (%) 26.61585366 15
Reduction of area (%) 39.6656535 10
Constant of Strain Hardening 1.953361344 0.1
(n)
Material Constant (MPa) 2.1 730

Table 7. Mechanical Properties of Specimen

Data Analysis

In the figure 2, the engineering stress- engineering strain graph, the discontinuous yielding
phenomenon occurs. The values are volatile when it reaches plastic area. The reason for this
behaviour is the presence of interstitial atoms like carbon and nitrogen as the alloying elements.
The dislocations which are understood to be the cause of plastic deformation are pinned to these
interstitial solutes and hence become immobile1.

There is a significant difference of the value of obtained data and the literature. There is a
107.496% difference between the yield strength obtained from data and the reference, 199.589%
difference in modulus of elasticity, 118.518% difference in tensile strength, 55.8242% difference
in elongation, 119.461% difference in reduction of area, 180.52% difference in constant of strain
hardening, 198.853% difference in material constant.

The difference between two values is significant and there are many factors that affects
this. One of the factors are the faulty human error. Other factor is the testing machine that is very
outdated and doesn’t match the criteria for experiment. Other factor can also be during the
conversion from volt to force and other data.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_reasons_for_the_phenomenon_of_upper_and_lower_yielding_beh
avior_in_mechanical_testing
 The modulus of elasticity is a material property, that describes its stiffness and the modulus
of elasticity for Steel ST-37 is 200 GPa. Yield strength is the material property defined as the stress
at which a material begins to deform plastically2 and for Steel ST-37, it’s 350 MPa. Tensile
strength is the maximum stress that the material can endure before it breaks and the value for Steel
ST-37 is 420 MPa. Elongation is the maximum elongation of the gage length divided by the
original length and the value for Steel ST-37 is 15%. Reduction of area is the proportional
reduction of the cross-sectional area at the plane of fracture measure after fracture and the value
for Steel ST-37 is 10%. Strain hardening is a phenomenon whereby the strength of a ductile metal
increases when it is plastically deformed. The increase in strength is accompanied by a reduction
in ductility. The strain hardening exponent is a material constant which appears in the expression
for plastic strain for a ductile material, i.e., σ = K ε^n. ( n is the strain hardening coefficient, σ is
the applied stress, ε is the strain, and K is the strength coefficient). It is a measure of the ability of
a metal to strain harden3. For Steel ST-37, n is 0.1 and K is 730.

This material is considered to be ductile as shown in figure 2, 3, 4, and 5. Steel ST-37 has
a long plastic curve thus indicates that it is ductile. This material also be categorized for its resilient.

The hardness value increased from 80.8 HRB to 81.7 HRB. This phenomena happened
because of strain hardening. Strain hardening (also called work-hardening or cold-working) is the
process of making a metal harder and stronger through plastic deformation. When a metal is
plastically deformed, dislocations move and additional dislocations are generated. The more
dislocations within a material, the more they will interact and become pinned or tangled. This will
result in a decrease in the mobility of the dislocations and a strengthening of the material 4.

2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)
3
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-effect-of-strain-hardening-exponent-on-ductility-of-the-material
4
https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/strengthening.htm
 Conclusions

1. The modulus of elasticity of the specimen material is 0.2055109405 GPa

2. The yield strength of the specimen material is 1163.44949 MPa
3. K and n parameters on the plastic region of the specimen material is 2.1 and 1.953361344
GPa

References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)
2. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-effect-of-strain-hardening-exponent-on-ductility-
of-the-material
3. https://www.nde-
ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/strengthening.html
4. https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_reasons_for_the_phenomenon_of_uppe
r_and_lower_yielding_behavior_in_mechanical_testing
5. .Matweb. (n.d.). Material property data.
(http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?bassnum=MS0001)
6. .Piihlandt, K. (n.d.) (https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-3-662-04013-
3%2F1.pdf)
7. PRACTICE MODULE MS2140 – ENGINEERING MATERIALS