Department of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering
Bicol University
Legazpi City

Experiment 2 in Chemistry for Engineers

“Reactions in Aqueous Solutions”

A Laboratory Report

John Kimuel M. Bello

B.S. ChE-1A
Group 5

Engr. Jun-jun A. Pajara

Instructor
 Experiment 2 in Chemistry for Engineers
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
I. Objectives
A. To observe chemical reactions of the following reagents with different
concentrations, going to completion through precipitation
• Sodium sulfate
• Aluminum sulfate
• Magnesium chloride
• Barium nitrate
• Potassium chloride
B. To notice solubility characteristics of the following solids in the given solvents
• Calcium carbonate (chalk)
• Sodium sulfate
• Solvents: Deionized (distilled) water and Hydrochloric acid
C. To familiarize the student with laboratory reagents

II. Materials.
A. As indicated in the general instructions:

Pipets/dropper Graduated cylinders

Volumetric flasks Analytical balance
Erlenmeyer flasks Test tubes
Beakers Various Chemical Reagents

B. Materials claimed/utilized:

Materials / Apparatus Quantity

2ml measuring pipet 5
25ml Volumetric flasks 5
50ml Beaker 5
50 ml Graduated Cylinder 3
25 ml Test tube 10
Analytical balance 1
Stirring Rod 1

Chemical Reagents Amount Hazards

Can cause eyes, skin and
Sodium sulfate 0.8103g gastrointestinal irritation
Irritant; Corrosive when
Aluminum sulfate 1.1977g mixed with water
Can cause eyes, skin and
Magnesium chloride 0.4761g respiratory irritation
Irritant; Corrosive; Strong
Oxidizer; Affects kidney
Barium nitrate 0.6534g and central nervous
system
Can cause skin, eye and
Potassium chloride 0.7456g g respiratory tract irritation
Corrosive; Causes
severe skin, eye and
digestive tract burns; mist
2M Hydrochloric Acid 4.10mL or vapor extremely
irritates eyes and
respiratory tract
Calcium carbonate 0.1g Irritant; Affects central
nervous system and
kidneys
III. Procedure
A. General instructions:
CAUTION: Our laboratory has limited supplies. Time Limit for the activity is 3
hours. MAXIMIZE your planning skills so as to complete and compete with other
groups. ALWAYS prepare the least amount of chemicals that is sufficient to perform
the activity. OBSERVE Laboratory Safety at all times. Prior to the experiment, MAKE
SURE that the Taichou and Fuku-Taichou discuss to the members the MSDS of the
reagents involved (This must be done before or while doing the Lab Plan.)

1. PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
a. PREPARE the set of chemicals for the two groups. WEIGH the necessary
amount then dilute to a 25-mL solution for each.
Set #A (Group 1 and 4)
0.1M Ba(NO3)2, 0.1M BaCl2, 0.2M K2CrO4, 0.1M K2SO4, 0.2M NaNO3
Set #B (Group 2 and 5)
0.2M Na2SO4, 0.14M Al2(SO4)3, 0.2M MgCl2, 0.1M Ba(NO3)2, 0.4M KCl
Set #C (Group 3 and 6)
0.2M KOH, 0.2M NaNO3, 0.1M FeCl3, 0.4M KCl, 0.1M Ba(NO3)2
Note: Each set is assigned for two groups but each group shall
independently PERFORM the experiment.
b. Before beginning the lab, NOTE the color of each of the reagent solutions.
c. ASSIGN each chemical with its own pipette/dropper to avoid
contamination.
d. 1mL of each chemical will be reacted to 1mL of other chemicals (added
dropwise) with different combinations:
e. CONTINUE testing pairs of solutions until all possible combinations of a set
have been tested. DESCRIBE the color and appearance of all precipitates.
f. TAKE NOTE of all your observations. (e.g. the change in color, change in
Volume, appearance of precipitates etc.). Note: Some reactions take longer
to develop. DISPOSE the barium solutions in the appropriate waste
container.
Note: If there’s still time left after performing Part B, you are allowed to
observe/perform the other set using the other group’s EXCESS materials.
However, this is optional.

2. GAS FORMING REACTIONS

a. To a dry test tube, ADD a sample of chalk that is about the size of a
pencil eraser. Then add 1 mL of deionized water followed by 1 mL of 2 M
HCl. RECORD your observations.
b. Repeat step 1 using Na2SO4 in place of chalk.

B. Actual procedures performed:

The laboratory activity took place last Friday, September 20, 2019. Our scheduled
time to begin the experiment was supposedly 8:30 am but we started several minutes
later.
Before commencing with the experiments, we first had to make paper boats which
served as the containers for the chemical reagents during the weighing process. Mr.
Joel Ilagan assisted us by demonstrating the proper method in making the paper
boats. We made a total of nine paper boats; two for the chalk, three for Sodium sulfate,
and five for each of the remaining reagents.
We then proceeded with the weighing of the reagents with the neighboring group
(Group 2) since they were assigned with the same set of reagents as ours. Shown in
the next page are the calculations in finding the required grams of each reagent
derived from the given molarities.
Grams of Na2SO4 required in 0.2M concentration

mol 142.05462𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4

0.2 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 ( ) (0.025L ) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟎𝟑𝐠 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
L 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4

Grams of Al2(SO4)3 required in 0.14M concentration

mol 342.18832𝑔 𝐴𝑙(𝑆𝑂4 )3

0.14 𝐴𝑙(𝑆𝑂4 )3 ( ) (0.025L ) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟕𝐠 𝑨𝒍𝟐 (𝑺𝑶𝟒 )𝟑
L 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙(𝑆𝑂4 )3

Grams of MgCl2 required in 0.2M concentration

mol 95.219𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2

0.2
𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 ( ) (0.025L ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟏𝐠 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐
L 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2
Grams of Ba(NO3)2 required in 0.4M concentration

mol 261.34018𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2

0.1 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 ( ) (0.025L) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟒𝐠 𝑩𝒂(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐
L 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2

Grams of KCl required in 0.1M concentration

mol 74.56𝑔 𝐾𝐶𝑙
0.4 𝐾𝐶𝑙 ( ) (0.025L) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟔𝐠 𝑲𝑪𝒍
L 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐶𝑙

While waiting for the prepared amounts of the chemical reagents, another group
diluted 2M of Hydrochloric acid in a 25mL solution to be distributed to the entire class
for the latter portion of the experiment. The following formula shows the required
amount of 37% HCl in order to dilute it to 2M in a 25mL solution.
2𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 36.4𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
( )( )(0.025𝐿)
1𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 x100 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝐦𝐋 𝐇𝐂𝐥
1.2𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
37( )
1 𝑚𝐿 𝐻𝐶𝑙
Concurrently, the rest my groupmates – who were not involved in the weighing of
the reagents – organized the laboratory glassware and apparatuses on our assigned
countertop and sorted labels which corresponded to the respective test tubes and
beakers used for the individual reactions and dilution of solutions for convenient
identification. As the group leader, I had to supervise the proper handling of the
apparatuses and oversee the activities of my groupmates.
Upon receiving the prepared amounts of reagents, our group began dissolving the
powdered reagents to a small but significant amount of distilled water in the beakers.
Then, we transferred the solutions to volumetric flasks in order to dilute them with
distilled water to 25 mL solutions each. Afterwards, we returned each diluted solution
to their corresponding beakers for the sake of convenience when it comes to pipetting
the solutions. For each beaker, we also assigned different pipets in order to avoid
contaminations. The initial characteristics of each reagents were recorded and are
shown in the table below.
Diluted Reagent Color Volume
Sodium sulfate White 2mL
Aluminum sulfate White 2mL
Magnesium
chloride Colorless 2mL
Barium nitrate Colorless 2mL
Potassium
chloride Colorless 2mL

After the preparations, we finally proceeded with having the different solutions
react through pipetting 1mL of a solution to its respective test tube and then adding
1mL of another solution dropwise. Ten test tubes were utilized to accommodate all
the possible paired combinations of the solutions.
For the first four test tubes, 1mL of Sodium sulfate was transferred. On test tubes
5 to 7, 1mL of Aluminum sulfate was put. 1mL of Magnesium chloride was placed on
test tubes 8 and 9. Then, 1 mL of Aluminum sulfate was added to test tube 1, 1mL of
Magnesium chloride to test tubes 2 and 5, 1mL of Barium nitrate to test tubes 3 and
6, and 8, and 1 mL of Potassium chloride to test tubes 4, 7, and 9. Lastly on test tube
10, 1mL of Barium nitrate was mixed with 1mL of Potassium chloride. Depicted in the
figure below is the paired solutions per test tubes with corresponding labels (number).

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

The solutions were left to rest for some time and were subjected to observations
regarding any significant changes in terms of color, volume, and formation of
precipitates at the bottom of the test tubes. The table below was prepared for the
recording of data concerning the observed changes.
Formation of
Solutions Color Opacity Volume
Precipitates
1 White Opaque 2mL No
Slightly
2 White 2mL No
Transparent
3 White Opaque 2mL Yes
Slightly
4 White 2mL No
Transparent
Slightly
5 White 2mL No
Transparent
6 White Opaque 2mL Yes
Slightly
7 White 2mL No
Transparent
8 Colorless Transparent 2mL No
9 Colorless Transparent 2mL No
10 White Opaque 2mL No

After observing and jotting down the results, we washed the apparatuses with
distilled water for the next experiment for the gas forming reactions.
Our group claimed a total of 4mL 2M Hydrochloric acid from the mother solution
which was prepared by another group. Chalk granules (Calcium carbonate) were then
poured into test tubes A and B, 0.05g each; and for the remaining two test tubes C
and D, 0.05g of Sodium sulfate was put in the place of the chalk. 1mL Hydrochloric
acid was added into each test tube. Moreover, 1mL distilled water was added into test
tubes B and D. The following figures illustrate the composition in each test tube.
 The test tubes were once again subjected to observations on any noticeable
changes and reactions, and data was recorded after examining all four test tubes.
With all the data gathered and the experiments concluded, we cleaned our area
and washed all the apparatuses and glassware then returned them to the
instrumentation room. The chemical wastes of the entire class were collected in a
large waste bottle to be further assessed by our lab technician.
The laboratory activity ended at exactly 11:30 am.

IV. Presentation of Data Analysis

A. PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
1. Write the formula for the possible products in the upper right portion of each of the
boxes. If no reaction occurred explain why.
Note the reagents and soluble product.
Solutions Reactants Products
1 Na2SO4(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)
2 Na2SO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) MgSO4(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
3 Na2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
4 Na2SO4(aq) + 2KCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + K2SO4(aq)
5 Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3MgCl2(aq) 3MgSO4(aq) + 2AlCl3(aq)
6 Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Ba(NO3)2(aq) 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3BaSO4(s)s)
7 Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6KCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) 3K2SO4(aq)
8 MgCl2(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) BaCl2(aq) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
9 MgCl2(aq) + KCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + KCl(aq)
10 Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2KCl(aq) BaCl(aq) + 2KNO3(aq)
Shaded rows indicate that there was no reaction that occurred in the
solution. No reaction took place in the first solution with Sodium sulfate and
Aluminum sulfate due to the fact that both ionic compounds have the same nonmetal
compound, specifically Sulfate. Same applies for the ninth solution which contains
Magnesium chloride and Potassium chloride. Both compounds have the same
nonmetal so double displacement reactions would not be able to take place.
All of the products were soluble except for Barium sulfate in test tubes 3 and 6
which resulted to the apparent formation of the precipitates at the bottom of the
solutions.

2. Write equations to indicate what you consider to have happened in each case in
which there was precipitate formed. Use ions to represent the species in the reacting
solutions, but for those products that were precipitates write a formula for the
compound. Place (aq) after those species in solution and (s) after the precipitates.
Be sure to write the equations so that both atoms and charge are conserved.
Solution 3
Na2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
2Na+(aq) + SO4-2 (aq) + Ba+2 (aq) + 2NO3-(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
Solution 6
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Ba(NO3)2(aq) 3BaSO4(s) + 2Al(NO3)3(aq)
2Al+3(aq) + 3SO4-2(aq) + 3Ba+2(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) 3BaSO4(s) + 2Al+3(aq) + 6NO3-(aq)
 3. Rewrite the equations, leaving out the ions not involved in the reaction (spectators).
(Write the net ionic equation)
Solution 3
2Na (aq) + SO4 (aq) + Ba (aq) + 2NO3-1(aq)
+1 -2 +2
BaSO4(s) + 2Na+1(aq) + 2NO3-1(aq)
+2 -2
Ba (aq) + SO4 (aq) BaSO4(s)
Solution 6
2Al+3(aq) + 3SO4-2(aq) + 3Ba+2(aq) + 6NO3-1(aq) 3BaSO4(s) + 2Al+3(aq) + 6NO3-1(aq)
+2 -2
3Ba (aq) + 3SO4 (aq) 3BaSO4(s)

4. What precipitates were formed? What was their color? Describe the liquid portion of
the new solution. Present your findings in a table.
Test Precipitate Description of the
Reactants Color
Tube Formed Liquid Portion
Barium White and opaque;
Sodium sulfate
3 Sulfate White less dense than the
Barium nitrate
BaSO4 precipitate
Barium White and opaque;
Aluminum sulfate
6 Sulfate White less dense than the
Barium nitrate
BaSO4 precipitate

5. Make a solubility table that includes all the reactants based from the experiment.

Anions Solubility Exceptions

SO4-2 Soluble Ba+2

Cl- Soluble None
NO3- Soluble None

Cations Solubility Exceptions

Ba+2 Soluble SO4-2

Na+ Soluble None
Mg+2 Soluble None
K+ Soluble None
Al+ Soluble None

Does your solubility table agree with what we can find in the books?
Yes, it does. According to literature, Sulfate is soluble except if it’s with Ca2+, Ba2+,
Sr , Hg2+, Pb2+, and Ag+. Since two of our solutions yielded Barium sulfate, the
2+

formation of precipitates can be confirmed by taking the solubility rules into account.

B. GAS FORMING REACTIONS

1. Describe what happened when you mixed 1mL HCl with:
a. 0.05g Chalk:
When the 1mL of HCl was poured into the 0.05g of chalk, there were tiny
bubbles gradually emerging from the chalk powder that rapidly arose and
formed a thin blanket of fizz at the surface of the liquid. Since the reaction
between two compounds yielded gas which escaped from the solution, it can be
assumed that the volume of the solution may have decreased to a miniscule
extent.
 b. 0.05g Chalk with 1mL distilled water:
There were not many bubbles that formed in the solution but there are
few noticeable ones which arose from the chalk and settled at the surface.
c. 0.05g Na2SO4:
The reaction between the diluted HCl and Na2SO4 was less apparent
relative to the reaction between the chalk and the acid. Less bubbles were
formed and at a slower rate, almost unnoticeable. The volume may have been
decreased as well but quite insignificantly minimal.
d. 0.05g Na2SO4 with 1mL distilled water:
No bubbles were formed and the solute remained at the bottom and
gradually dissolved.

2. What are the products of the reaction?

a. Chalk + HCl: The products are Calcium carbonate, water, and Carbon
dioxide.
CaCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
b. Na2SO4 + HCl: The products are Sodium chloride, water, and Sulfur trioxide.
Na2SO4(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO3(g)
3. Write the balanced molecular equation, an ionic equation with spectator ions
crossed out, and the balanced net ionic equation for both reactions.
a. 0.05g Chalk + 1mL 2M HCl:
CaCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
+2 +2 + -
Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) + 2H (aq) + 2Cl (aq) Ca+2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
+ +2
2H (aq) + CO3 (aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)
b. 0.05g Na2SO4 + 1mL 2M HCl:
Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO3(g)
2Na+(aq) + SO4-2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2O(l) + SO3(g)
-2 +
SO4 (aq) + 2H (aq) H2O(l) + SO3(g)

C. Post Lab Questions:

1. From your experiment, calculate the amount of each precipitate formed.
Solution 3
Na2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 233.38𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
( )( )( ) (0.001𝐿) = 0.046676𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
1𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑠 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 233.38𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
( )( )( ) (0.001𝐿) = 0.023338𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
1𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
0.023338g BaSO4 is the theoretical yield; therefore, it is the amount of precipitate formed in solution 3.

Solution 6
Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Ba(NO3)2(aq) 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3BaSO4(s)
0.14 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 233.38𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
( )( )( ) (0.001𝐿) = 0.098019𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
1𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 233.38𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
( )( )( ) (0.001𝐿) = 0.023338𝑔 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
1𝐿 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
0.023338g BaSO4 is the theoretical yield; therefore, it is the amount of precipitate formed in solution 6.

2. Describe how you could experimentally differentiate between the following pairs of
solutions using a common aqueous test solution:
a. NaNO3 and NaHCO3
Add a drop of water. When water is added, the Sodium bicarbonate
must react with it to produce Sodium hydroxide, water, and Carbon dioxide which
is a gas. The solution that produces bubbles is the Sodium bicarbonate.
NaHCO3(aq) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Whereas if water was added to Sodium nitrate no gas will be formed.
NaNO3 (aq) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)
 b. Pb(NO3)2 or KNO3
Add a drop of Potassium sulfate solution. K2SO4 will react to Pb(NO3)2
but not to KNO3 since they have the same cation so displacement wouldn’t
happen. Moreover, SO4-2 is insoluble with Pb+2 which signifies that precipitates
might be observed. The solution that reacts and forms precipitates is the
Lead (II) nitrate.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
c. HCl or H2SO4
Add a drop of Calcium chloride solution. H2SO4 will react to CaCl2 but
not to HCl since they have the same anions. Furthermore, SO4-2 is insoluble with
Ca+2 so precipitates would form in the Sulfuric acid solution. The solution that
reacts and forms precipitates is the Sulfuric acid.
CaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq)

3. Write a balanced net ionic equation for each of the following aqueous metathesis
reactions. (Be sure to include all states, aq, s, l or g) Classify each reaction as a
neutralization, precipitation, or gas-forming reaction.

a. Hydrobromic acid and Cesium hydroxide

HBr(aq) + CsOH(aq) CsBr(aq) + H2O(l)
H+(aq) + Br-(aq) + Cs+(aq) + OH-(aq) Cs+(aq) + Br-(aq) + H2O(l)
+ -
H (aq) + OH (aq) H2O(l)
Neutralization Reaction
b. Sulfuric acid and Sodium carbonate
H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na2SO4(aq)
2H+(aq) + SO4-2(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO3(aq)-2 H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2Na+(aq) + SO4-2(aq)
+ -2
2H (aq) + CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Gas Forming Reaction
c. Cadmium chloride and Sodium sulfide
CdCl2(aq) + Na2S(aq) CdS(s) + NaCl(aq)
Cd+2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + S-2(aq) CdS(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
+2 -2
Cd (aq) + S (aq) CdS(s)
Precipitation Reaction
V. Conclusions
The laboratory experiments performed mainly dealt with several reactions that may
occur in aqueous solutions with major focus towards precipitation and gas forming reactions.
In dealing with precipitation reactions one must be able to predict and identify which
specific ions may yield an insoluble product in order to compute for the amount of precipitates
that may manifest from the solution. There are solubility rules that are fundamental when it
comes to understanding precipitation reactions, and these rules must always be taken into
account when dealing with aqueous solutions. The amount of precipitates produced in a
solution can be identified by solving for the theoretical yield of the insoluble products of a
reaction in aqueous solutions.
For gas forming reactions, the observable results were quite subtle which may be due
to the low concentrated Hydrochloric acid utilized. However, there were still apparent changes
in the solution such as the formation of bubbles. Such bubbles are the gas products of the
solution between gas forming aqueous solutions. In the experiment concerning the gas
forming reactions, it is discernible that water can produced as a byproduct along with the
gasses formed due to the presence of Hydrogen and Oxide ions.
Lastly, chemical reagents in the laboratory must always be handled with care since
each one is hazardous in its own right. Extremely hazardous chemicals such as Hydrochloric
acid must be diluted to a lower concentration in order to lessen the magnitude of harm when
accidents arise. The experiments also granted me further insight concerning chemical
reagents and their different properties.
Documentation: