Rio Tinto Rössing Foundation

Rio Tinto Rössing Foundation

Jegede Samson Abiodun: Education Officer for Physical Science
Jegede Samson Abiodun: Education Officer for Physical Science
Grade 11-12 Chemistry Teaching Notes: 1
Grade 11-12 Chemistry Teaching Notes: 1

Lesson Objectives
describe methods of purification by the use of a suitable Lesson solvent,
Objectivesfiltration, crystallisation, re-crystallisation, and
describe methods of purification by the use of
distillation (including use of fractionating column) a suitable solvent, filtration, crystallisation, re-crystallisation, and
distillation (including
describe paper use of fractionating column)
chromatography
describe paper chromatography
interpret simple chromatograms, including R f values
interpret
outline simple chromatograms,techniques
how chromatographic including can
R f values
be applied to colourless substances (e.g. sugars, amino acids) by exposing
outline
chromatograms to substances called locatingbeagents
how chromatographic techniques can applied to colourless
(knowledge substances
of specific (e.g. sugars,
locating agents isamino acids) by exposing
not required)
chromatograms to substances called locating agents (knowledge of specific locating
identify substances and recognise that mixtures melt and boil over a range of temperatures agents is not required)
identify
evaluatesubstances
the purityand recognise that
of substances frommixtures
meltingmeltpointand
andboil over point
boiling a range of temperatures
information
evaluate
outline the
the purity of substances
importance of purityfrom melting point
in substances and boiling
in everyday pointsalt,
life (e.g. information
sugar, drugs)
outline
suggestthesuitable
importance of purity
purification in substances
techniques, givenin information
everyday lifeabout
(e.g.the
salt,substances
sugar, drugs)
involved
suggest suitable purification techniques, given
describe a chemical and a physical test for water information about the substances involved
describe a chemical and a physical test for water

MIXTURES

 Mixture refers to a substance made up of two or more substances that are physically mixed together
without any chemical bonding between them. Some examples are salty water, blood, milk, air, tap
water etc.

SOLVENT

 This is a dissolving agent or

 Substance that has the power to dissolve other substances (solute)
 Generally, solvents are liquids.

SOLUTE

 A substance that is dissolved by the solvent

 The component of a solution that changes its state in forming the solution or the component of a
solution that is not present in excess; the substance that is dissolved in another substance.

SOLUTION

 This is basically a mixture of solvent and solute. A solution is generally clear such that you cannot
see components of a solute or
 A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances; it is frequently (but not necessarily) a liquid

SEPARATION OF MIXTURE’S COMPONENTS

 Components of a given mixture can be separated

 The physical nature a given mixture determine the method of separating its components

1
Jegede Samson’s chemistry Teaching Notes/Materials
Rö ssing Foundation: 2019
Below are different mixtures and methods of separating their components

Filtration
 This is a method used to separate a mixture of solid and liquid. For example, a mixture of chalk and
water, soil and water etc. By filtering the mixture, solids can be separated from the liquid ones.

The diagram below illustrate the filtration process

Procedures

Put a filter paper in

a funnel

Pour the mixture

into the funnel with
a filter paper

Liquid will pass

through the filter
paper while solids
are trapped in the
filter paper

The liquid that pass

through a filter
paper is called is
called filtrate

Solids trapped in
the filter paper is
called residue
Crystallization
 Components of some homogenous solution can be separated by crystallizing their solutes.
 This process makes solutes form crystals while leaving solvent in a liquid form. For example, a solution of
copper(II) sulphate can be separated by crystallization.

Procedures
 Pour the solution into evaporating dish
 Heat the evaporating dish to evaporate some water. Evaporation increases the concentration of the solution.
The diagram below illustrates the process.

2
Jegede Samson’s chemistry Teaching Notes/Materials
Rö ssing Foundation: 2019
  Concentration of the solution is tested by placing a small drop on a slide surface. If the solution is
concentrated enough, reaches saturation point, crystals form quickly when a drop is put on a slide. The
diagram below illustrates the process.

 The concentrated, saturated, solution is cooled to speed up crystallization process.

 Formed crystals sink to the bottom of the beaker. This is because the compound is less soluble at low
temperature.
 Crystals are separated from the solution by filtration.

The diagram below illustrates the process.

Centrifuging
 This method/process involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate mixtures
 It work by spinning test tubes with mixture/suspension
 More-dense components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while less-dense
components of the mixture migrate towards the axis
 It is used to separate mixture of small amount of suspension. See the diagrams below shows two
centrifuges.

Procedures
Mixture, suspension, is poured
into test tubes

Test tubes are put in the

centrifuging machine which
spinning them very fast

Spinning pushes solid particles

to the bottom of the test tube.

3
Jegede Samson’s chemistry Teaching Notes/Materials
Rö ssing Foundation: 2019
 The diagram below illustrates the result of centrifuging process.

SEPARATING A MIXTURE OF TWO LIQUID

Separating a mixture of immiscible liquids

 If two liquid are immiscible, their mixture consists of two layers. For example a mixture of water and
oil.
 Immiscible can be separated by using separating funnel. See the diagram below.

Procedures

Pour the mixture into the funnel

Wait until all oil move up to form a

top layer

Open the tap for water to take water

out leaving oil behind.

4
Jegede Samson’s chemistry Teaching Notes/Materials
Rö ssing Foundation: 2019
 Fractional distillation

 This is a method used to separate miscible liquid.

 For example it can be used to separate a mixture of water and ethanol. See the diagram below.

Procedures
The mixture is heat to about 78⁰C. At this
temperature, ethanol starts to boil off and rises
up the column. Some water vapors do rise with
ethanol.

Water vapors and few ethanol vapors condense

on the surface of glass bead. Condensed vapors
fall back.

The temperature of glass bead increase to 78⁰C.

At this temperature, ethanol vapors no longer
condense only water vapor does.

Water drip back into the flask while ethanol

vapor goes up and eventually enter the
condenser

In the condenser, ethanol vapors condense and

turn into liquid which drip into the beak

When all the ethanol evaporated, the

temperature reading on the thermometer
increases about 78⁰C.

Simple distillation

 This is a method used to get pure solvent from a mixture. For example it can be used to extract pure water
from salty water, a mixture of ink and water. The diagrams below illustrate the process.

Procedures

The solution is heat to boiling

Steam rises leaving the salt behind.

Steam enters the condenser which is

cold.

In the condenser steam condenses to

liquid which drips into the beaker.

5
Jegede Samson’s chemistry Teaching Notes/Materials
Rö ssing Foundation: 2019
Paper chromatography

 Chromatography is derived from a Greek word chroma, for color and graphein for write.
 This is a method used to separate colored mixtures. For example inks, paint etc.
 We often used chromatography to identify the substances in a mixture. It is commonly used in hospital. It help
doctors to find out whether the patient has diabetes.

Procedures
 A small sample of a colored substance is placed in the center of a filter paper.
 Drops of a solvent (water) are gently dripped onto to the sample of the colored substance one at a time.
 The solvent spreads out from the center forming colored rings. This is because it takes with it dissolved
colored substance.
 The first ring (the largest ring) is for the most soluble substance while the last (the smallest) ring is for the
least soluble one. As you will find out later, this is not always the case!
 A filter paper with colored rings is known as chromatogram. The diagrams below illustrate the process.

6
Jegede Samson’s chemistry Teaching Notes/Materials
Rö ssing Foundation: 2019
In paper chromatography, the movement of each substance in the mixture depends on two factors:

1. The solubility of the substance in the solvent.

 Generally, the most soluble substance move faster with the solvent than the least soluble one.
 Soluble substance form the first and the largest ring

2. The adsorption of the substance on the filter paper.

 Some solids get attracted to the surface of the filter paper making it difficult to move with the
solvent. This is called adsorption.
 Even if the substance is the most soluble in the solvent, it will not form the largest ring if it is
attracted to the surface of the filter paper.
 Remember, since none of the two substances have the same adsorption and solubility, each
substance will travel a different distance along the filter paper.

Locating agent

 Locating agent is a substance/liquid that helps to separate and analyze colorless substances in
chromatography by reacting with the colorless substance to form colored spots on the chromatogram.
 The substances separated by paper chromatography method do not necessarily have to be colored.
 Colorless substance can also be separated by spraying the filter paper with a locating agent. Locating
agent merges with colorless substance in a mixture and makes it visible by naked eye.

Rf values

 Substances in mixture do not travel the same distance due to difference in solubility and absorption.
 Some travel almost as far as the solvent does while others stay much closer to the center.
 The distance travelled by a given substance relative to the solvent is called the Rf value which is

distance travelled by compound

calculated by using the formula: R f 
distance travelled bt solvent

For example, if one component of a mixture travelled 9.6 cm from the base line while the solvent had
travelled 12.0 cm, then the Rf value for that component is:

9.6cm
 Rf   0.8
12cm

7
Jegede Samson’s chemistry Teaching Notes/Materials
Rö ssing Foundation: 2019