30-11-2018 CONSUMPTION

PATTERNS
INGLES

JORGE ENRIQUE TOPETE BEAS

UNIVERSIDAD DE COLIMA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA ELECTROMECANICA
INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________ 2
JUSTIFICATION ___________________________________________________________ 3
OVERALL OBJETIVE Implement the different devices necessary for the construction of
smart homes with an excellent automation in security systems and access control. ___ 3
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ______________________________________________________ 3
BENEFITS OF CONSUMPTION _______________________________________________ 4
APLICATION _____________________________________________________________ 5
PROBLEM STATEMENT_____________________________________________________ 6
ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION IN HOMES _________________________________________ 7
HOW DOES ELECTRICITY GET TO HOMES? _____________________________________ 7
ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION IN SOCIETY _______________________________________ 9
ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION OF THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR _______________________ 10
CONCLUSIONS __________________________________________________________ 12

Figura 1 Hypothesis of the program.................................................................................................... 2

Figura 2 Hypothesis of program 2.0 .................................................................................................... 3
Figura 3 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 6
Figura 4 Power Systems ...................................................................................................................... 7
Figura 5 Curves of expected demand, real and programmed power in the national electric network
............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Figura 6 Representation of valley hours and peak hours on a winter day ....................................... 10
Figura 7 Average power contracted per household ......................................................................... 11
Figura 8 Electricity consumption of the residential sector according to the month of the year ...... 11
Figura 9 Daily demand for electricity in winter ................................................................................. 12
INTRODUCTION
The aim of the smart home is to provide us with a better quality of life, increasing comfort,
safety and comfort for the owner, while at the same time obtaining a greater number of
highly useful services available to the inhabitant of the house.

The main idea (as shown in figure 1) of a smart home is that the inhabitants of the house
can use their smartphones and Internet to be able to have control in this case of the room.
The house must be able to recognize and receive instructions from the owner by means of
an electronic key or passwords to identify him and to know his current position of the data
to be controlled by this modulator.

In this way, the house will automatically adapt all the infrastructure of the home to the
service of the owner in this case to control:

• Monitoring of power consumed in each of the switches

• Control water level in water tanks and provide water consumption in some graphical
interface
• Monitoring of voltages and currents [RMS] for each of the switches

Figura 1 Hypothesis of the program

JUSTIFICATION
This project seeks to provide greater security and comfort to families through devices,
which work with sensors and detectors that control and alert the presence of intruders,
even remotely through voice or text messages through cell phones.

These processes make the lives of tenants easier and allow for significant savings, such as
energy and water.

OVERALL OBJETIVE
Implement the different devices necessary for the construction of smart homes with an
excellent automation in security systems and access control.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• General automation of the simulator of photovoltaic electrical installations • Reliability,
Security and Economy for its Development
• This house aims to satisfy the tasks that in a common house are carried out by the
human being.
• The objective for the human being is to provide a pleasant security to his home without
him being present only through sensors. It also gives you a break for what has already
been mentioned.

Figura 2 Hypothesis of program 2.0

BENEFITS OF CONSUMPTION
Convenience: When a person comes home from work, the main thing is to be comfortable
and feel sure that their surroundings are clear, the development of this project helps the
inhabitant to control each one of the switches and be in an environment warm.

• Security: The smart home gives security in every way, since it can always be monitoring
the different areas, accesses and perimeter of the property. It also monitors installations,
which allows it to react autonomously to any failure and prevent major damage. An
intelligent house must be designed with all the necessary elements in mind to provide
total security to the inhabitants, and in which the intelligent systems that control it react
from autonomously to any contingency that may arise inside or outside the home.
• Vanguard and Integration: The high technology products used to make your home an
Intelligent Home, are designed to interact with each other and provide total satisfaction
to the ordinary and special needs of its inhabitants.
• Own security and of each one of the members of the dwelling, through automatic control
devices, as they are: alarms for intrusion and panic, fire and smoke control, internal and
remote surveillance.
• Energy saving, through the control of the internal temperature of the premises, the
control of the lighting and as well as the control of the consumption of the household
appliances.
• Communication with the outside, through access to the Internet network,
intercommunication within the home, and the link of all advanced application systems.
• Control of electrical installations and appliances. You can set the exact time for them to
turn on.
• Automatic cleaning: Through strategically located air ducts it allows the connection of
the implements used in the cleaning.
APLICATION
The services offered by home automation can be grouped according to four main aspects:
1. Electrical Management

• Rationalization of electric charges: disconnection of non-priority equipment.

Reduces the contracted power.
• Rate management, derivation of the operation of some devices at reduced rate
hours.
• Use of renewable energies.

2. Comfort Level

• Lighting: On / Off General of all house lights

• Automation of all the different systems / installations / equipment, providing them
with efficient control and easy operation.
• Control via Internet
• Multimedia and electronic entertainment management

3. Scope of patrimonial protection

• Simulation of presence.
• Detection of fire events, gas leakage, water leaks.
• Medical alert
• The closing of blinds and punctual insurance.

4. Scope of communications

• Location of external and internal control

• Alarm transmission
PROBLEM STATEMENT
On numerous occasions, due to the lack of the necessary attention of people both in homes
and businesses, lights or electric and electronic devices are kept on without being used, this
questions and motivates us to undertake a system that will allow us to monitor and
automate of the same to increase the level of comfort as well as to manage the energy and
economic consumption of the place where it will be implemented, which in our case will be
in a module of electrical installations.

In the field of security (figure 3) the system will allow to prevent and in turn inform of
various features to the server through the use of some electronic devices and will notify a
platform of contact with the user in question.

Figura 3 Problem Statement

ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION IN HOMES
Humanity has lived longer without electricity than with it, however, it is an indispensable
good without which the world, as we have it organized and structured today, could not work.
Without electricity, the factories would be paralyzed and the cities would go out.
In other words, life would go back to the standards of the early nineteenth century. In the
next chapter we will give a global view of the Spanish electricity system and issues related
to how electricity is consumed in homes in order to contextualize the environment in which
this project is integrated.

HOW DOES ELECTRICITY GET TO HOMES?

When a light is turned on or an electrical device is connected, a sophisticated system is set
in motion to satisfy this action called the electrical system. Thus, an electrical system is the
set of elements that operate in a coordinated manner in a given territory to meet the
demand for electrical energy. Generally, this electrical system shown in it has the following
basic components.

• The centers or generation plants, where the electricity is produced and it rises to the
tension to transport it.
• High voltage electricity transmission lines, managed, developed and maintained by Red
Eléctrica.
• Transformer stations (transport or distribution substations) that reduce line voltage or
voltage.
• Medium and low voltage distribution lines that carry electricity to consumers.
• The facilities of customers or consumers of electric power.
• The control centers of the generators, distributors and marketers.
• A national electrical control center from which the electrical system is managed,
coordinated and operated, and which is also managed by Red Electric.

Figura 4 Power Systems

As the Mexican electricity system is a liberalized system, there is a set of agents that are
responsible for different roles. These are the generators, transporters, system operator
(Red Electric), distributors, marketers and consumers. The correct functioning and
coordination of all these agents depends on the correct supply of electric power.

In order for this process to work properly and for electricity to arrive at the precise moment
in which it is used, Red Electric must operate the system in real time, every day of the year,
24 hours a day, and keep it in constant balance. generation and consumption. This is due to
the important inconvenience that the electrical energy can not be stored in large quantities,
but must be consumed as soon as it is generated and, for this reason, the precise quantity
that is needed must be generated at all times.

For this to be possible, Red Eléctrica focuses its efforts on three aspects.

• The forecast of future electricity consumption.

• The determination of the generation power to be installed.
• The planning of the transport network.

The key to the proper functioning of the electrical system is to foresee the evolution of one
day's demand for electricity throughout the country. With this forecast, it is possible to plan
the energy generation needs and plan the transport network accordingly, so that there is
no lack of power to cover the consumption both by default and by excess, and in the same
way, that the transport lines do not collapse and cause a lack of supply coverage.
Paradoxically, the electricity demand can not be known until the energy has not really been
consumed, that's why forecasting is always spoken of. This task of fortune-telling results
from mathematical algorithms fed with historical data of real demand, forecasts of
evolution of the economy, data on regime and work schedules in the whole territory,
meteorological conditions, etc.

Subsequently, Red Eléctrica, through its electric control center (CENACE), is responsible for
maintaining the balance between scheduled production and consumption demanded at all
times. And, as the demand varies, it sends the appropriate orders to the centras so that
they adjust their productions, increasing or decreasing the generation of energy. The key to
good functioning is to always maintain the balance between production and consumption.
Figure 20 shows the control of the Electricity Network, which guarantees the continuity and
security of electricity supply to consumers at all times.
 Figura 5 Curves of expected demand, real and programmed power in the national electric network

ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION IN SOCIETY

The role played by electricity in the life of human beings grows and grows every day, so
much so that we can say more and more how dependent the human being is becoming.
And this trend continues to rise in all aspects, both at the residential level, with the
incorporation of new appliances and uses of electricity (for example the electric car), as well
as at the industrial level, with factories with greater presence of large machines and more
robotized

Although the demand is impossible to predict with one hundred percent reliability, there
are certain data that can be quantified statistically and that, consequently, are taken into
consideration by the system operator at the time of performing their work. For example,
demand from the residential sector represents approximately 25% of total electricity
consumption in Mexico, compared to 30% for the industrial sector and 45% for the services
sector. These data, even if they are approximate, are very important in forecasting the
demand because the consumption pattern of each of them is totally different.
The curve of Figure 5 reflects the changes experienced by the demand for energy
throughout the day, these changes are a consequence of the pace of life of people and
industries, for example, the beginning of the working day, the closure of the shops at noon
or the heaviest occupancy of homes in the final hours of the day.
As expected, the minimum demand is recorded during the night hours, when only the needs
of the industries and some basic services, such as hospitals or public lighting, maintain a
significant consumption. During those hours is when the energy can be hired cheaper. It's
the valley hours. At the other extreme are the peak hours.
These moments occur when the activity of the service companies is maximum and in the
homes they start to enter into operation ovens and stoves, in addition to refrigeration
appliances. In these periods of time producing energy is more expensive because it is
necessary to operate the most expensive production plants. It should be noted that the
time at which peak hours occur is very sensitive to the annual season, advancing or delaying
that time.

Figura 6 Representation of valley hours and peak hours on a winter day

ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION OF THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

The residential sector is a key sector in the current energy context, both national and
community, due to the importance of its demand for electricity, which represents 25% of
total electricity demand. Various factors such as the increase in households, consumption
habits, the progressive equipment of households, fostered by increases in purchasing
power capacity and an improvement in living standards, suggest future upward trends in
terms of representativeness of the residential sector in demand.

The amount of energy consumed by a household varies considerably according to its size,
location, type of housing and number of inhabitants. Even so, a few purely informative data
can be collected as expressed in figure 7.
 Figura 7 Average power contracted per household

Figure 8 shows a variation in consumption given by the time of year. Thus, consumption in
homes is higher in the winter months because of greater use of heating and lighting, while
in the summer months consumption is increased due to the use of air conditioning
equipment.

Figura 8 Electricity consumption of the residential sector according to the month of the year

As we have seen, the season of the year influences the amount of energy consumed
globally, but also and as seen in the previous section, it also conditions the daily demand by
modifying the valley and peak hours.

Although the daily demand for electricity in winter is expressed in figure 9, the valley hour
always occurs in the night hours due to low residential activity and in the services sector,
the rush hour in winter is completely different from summer. In winter, the maximum
demand of households occurs between 9:00 pm and 10:00 pm, coinciding with high
residential occupancy and the intensive use of lighting, heating and television. On the other
hand, figure 9 expresses the daily demand for electricity in summer, in addition to the late
afternoon / evening, there is another maximum demand in the central hours of the day,
between 2:00 and 4:00 pm, as a consequence of the use of kitchens, iron, television, to
which the air conditioning equipment is added.
 Figura 9 Daily demand for electricity in winter

CONCLUSIONS
The availability of energy in the world has become a crucial problem, given that the vast
majority of the countries, both developing and industrialized, are affected by the increasing
demands required to meet their economic and social goals.

Over the last few years, it has been recognized as inevitable that the supply of electricity
must suffer an evolution from its current dependence on hydrocarbons to energy
applications more diversified, which implies taking advantage of the variety of renewable
energy sources that are they have.

As we were mentioning throughout this thesis work, the Sun is an inexhaustible source of
resources for man, it is clean, abundant and available in most of the earth's surface
and can therefore free the planet from the environmental problems generated by fuels
conventional as oil and other energy alternatives such as nuclear power plants. Without
However, despite the technological advances of the last decades, the use of this option has
been insignificant, comparing it with the global consumption of energy in the world.