Lecture - 06 Tension Members

N.W.F.P.
University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar
Lecture 06: Tension Members
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
1
Topics to be Addressed
 Types of Steel Structures
 Introductory concepts
 Design Strength
 Net Area at Connection
 Shear Lag Phenomenon
 ASD and LRFD Design of Tension
Members
 Design Examples
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2
Types of steel structures
 The form of a tension member is

governed to a large extent by
⚫ Type of structure of which it is a part
⚫ Method of joining it to connecting portions.







Sections for Tension Members

Sections for Tension Members

Design Stresses
for
Base Material

Introductory Concepts
 Stress: The stress in an axially loaded tension
member is given by Equation
 The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
⚫ near the point of application of load, and
⚫ at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities, etc.

Gusset plate
b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole
a a
Section a-a
8 x ½ in. bar

Gusset plate
b Section b-b
b
a a
Section a-a
8 x ½ in. bar
Area of bar at section a – a = 8 x ½ = 4 in2

Area of bar at section b – b = (8 – 2 x 7/8 ) x ½ = 3.12 in2
The unreduced area of the member is called its gross area = Ag

The reduced area of the member is called its net area = An
Design strength
• A tension member can fail by reaching one
of two limit states:
1. Excessive deformation
• Yielding at the gross area
2. Fracture
• Fracture at the net area

Design strength
1. Excessive deformation can occur due to the
yielding of the gross section at section a-a
Gusset plate
b Sectio
b
a a
Sectio
8 x ½ in. bar

Design strength
2. Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress
at the net section (section b-b) reaches the
ultimate stress Fu
Gusset plate
b Sec
b
a a
Se
8 x ½ in. bar
Design strength
 Yielding of the gross section will occur when
the stress f reaches Fy
P
f = = Fy
Ag
Nominal yield strength = Pn = Ag Fy
• Fracture of the net section will occur after the stress

on the net section area reaches the ultimate stress Fu
P
f= = Fu
Ae
Nominal fracture strength = Pn = Ae Fu
Design strength
• AISC/ASD
Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area
Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area
• AISC/LRFD
Design strength for yielding on gross area
øtPn =øt Fy Ag = 0.9 Fy Ag
Design strength for fracture of net section
øtPn = øtFu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae

Effective Net Area
• The connection has a significant influence on the
performance of a tension member.
• A connection almost always weakens the member
and a measure of its influence is called joint
efficiency.

Effective Net Area
•Joint efficiency is a function of:

(a) Material ductility
(b) Fastener spacing
(c) Stress concentration at holes
(d) Fabrication procedure
(e) Shear lag.

Effective Net Area
Research indicates that shear lag can be accounted for by
using a reduced or effective net area Ae
CG
For Bolted Connections
x1
x
U= 1 −
L
x2
• For bolted connection, the effective net area is Ae = U An
• For welded connection, the effective net area is Ae = U Ag

Effective Net Area
• For W, M, and S shapes with width-to-depth ratio of at least
2/3 and for Tee shapes cut from them, if the connection is
through the flanges with at least three fasteners per line in
the direction of applied load ,
U= 0.9
• For all other shapes with at least three fasteners per line ,
U= 0.85
• For all members with only two fasteners per line

U= 0.75

Net Area Example
Example : A 5 x ½ bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with six 7/8 in. diameter
bolts as shown in below. Assume that the effective net area Ae equals
the actual net area An and compute the tensile design strength of the
member.
Gusset plate
b b
7/8 in. diameter bolt
a a
5 x ½ in. bar
A572 Gr. 50

Net Area Example
Gross section area (Ag):
Ag = 5 x ½ = 2.5 in2
Net section area (An):

Bolt diameter = db = 7/8 in.
Nominal hole diameter = dh = 7/8 + 1/16 in. = 15/16 in.
Hole diameter for calculating net area = 15/16 + 1/16 in. = 1 in.
Net section area = An = (5 – 2 x (1)) x ½ = 1.5 in2

Net Area Example
Gross yielding design strength:

ft Pn = ft Fy Ag
= 0.9 x 50 ksi x 2.5 in2 = 112.5 kips
Fracture design strength:
ft Pn = ft Fu Ae
= 0.75 x 65 ksi x 1.5 in2 = 73.125 kips
Assume Ae = An (only for this problem)
Therefore, design strength = 73.125 kips (net section fracture

controls).

Shear Lag in Tension
Members
• Shear lag in tension members arises when all the
elements of a cross section do not participate in the
load transfer at a connection.
•There are two primary phenomena that arise in
these cases:
(i) Non-uniform straining of the web resulting in
biaxial stress states
(ii) Effective area reduction.

Members

Members
Effective area reduction

Members
Design Bottom Line
Shear lag can have a large influence on the
strength of tension members , in essence
reducing the effective area of the section. The
amount of the reduction is related to the length of
the connection and the arrangement of cross-
section elements that do not participate directly in
the connection load transfer.

Block Shear in Tension
Members
Block shear is a combined tensile/shear tearing
out of an entire section of a connection.

Members
 A failure in which the member fails in tension
on one section and in shear on the
perpendicular section.

Members
(a)
(b)
Shear failure
(c)
Tension failure

Members

Members
 For such a failure to occur, there are
two possible mechanisms:
(1) Shear rupture + tensile yielding; and
(2) Shear yielding + tensile rupturing.

Members
 AISC/ASD
Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area
Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area
Connecting element allowable stresses
where failure may be by shear
Fv = 0.3 Fu
Allowable block shear
F = 0.3 Fu + 0.5 Fu
Members
 AISC/LRFD
øtRn = 0.75(0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant)

øtRn = 0.75(0.6 Fu Anv + Fy Agt)

Members
 Design Bottom Line
As a likely limit state for connections,

block shear must be considered in
design. This can be accomplished by
considering the strength limit states of
the two failure mechanisms outlined
above.

Design Example 1-ASD








Design Example 1-LRFD
















Design Alternative 2









Lecture - 06 Tension Members

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N.W.F.P.

University of Engineering and

Lecture 06: Tension Members

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

 The form of a tension member is

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Area of bar at section a – a = 8 x ½ = 4 in2

The unreduced area of the member is called its gross area = Ag

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Nominal yield strength = Pn = Ag Fy

• Fracture of the net section will occur after the stress

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•Joint efficiency is a function of:

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• For welded connection, the effective net area is Ae = U Ag

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• For all members with only two fasteners per line

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Net section area (An):

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Gross yielding design strength:

Therefore, design strength = 73.125 kips (net section fracture

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øtRn = 0.75(0.6 Fy Agv + Fu Ant)

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As a likely limit state for connections,

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