154 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO.

1, JANUARY 2010

Additional Losses in the Damper Winding of

Large Hydrogenerators at Open-Circuit
and Load Conditions
Georg Traxler-Samek, Thomas Lugand, and Alexander Schwery, Member, IEEE

Abstract—Large salient-pole synchronous machines are typi-

cally equipped with a damper winding. At steady-state conditions,
parasitic voltages are induced in the damper bars which lead to
a current flow with associated power losses. This paper describes
an analytical algorithm for the calculation of currents and corre-
sponding losses in the damper winding. The presented method is
based on an equivalent network of the damper winding containing
all the bars of a repetitive section of the machine. The inductances
are calculated with an air-gap permeance model. Contrary to
similar existing approaches, the induced damper-bar voltages are
computed using a numerical integration. This allows more precise
results when it comes to higher harmonics. In order to validate the
analytical computation, the results are compared with the results
of 2-D transient finite-element studies and with a conventional
analytical method based on the d-and q-axis equivalent circuits
of the machine.
Index Terms—AC generators, ac machines, equivalent circuits,
losses, machine windings, synchronous generators, synchronous Fig. 1. Damper-winding-type examples: (a) Damper winding with a slot pitch
τd smaller than the stator winding slot pitch τs . (b) Damper winding with a
machines, windings. larger slot pitch τd > τs . (c) Displaced damper winding (Δx = τs /4).

I. I NTRODUCTION to the stator-winding slot pitch τs . In order to improve the

I N HYDRO POWER plants, salient-pole synchronous ma-
chines convert the rotating mechanical power of the turbine
into electrical energy. Usually, these machines are equipped
with a damper winding which is an auxiliary squirrel-cage
winding similar to that of an induction machine. This damper
winding performs the following tasks:
1) damping of torque oscillations;
2) reduction of parasitic air-gap magnetic-field harmonics;
3) suppression of the negative-sequence field at unbalanced-
load operation;
4) protection of the excitation winding at transient faults;
5) transient stability;
6) asynchronous start-up.
The distribution of the damper bars on the pole shoe is
shown in Fig. 1. The damper-bar pitch τd is strongly related
Manuscript received December 25, 2008; revised June 24, 2009. First
published July 17, 2009; current version published December 11, 2009.
G. Traxler-Samek is with the Hydro Generator Technology Center,
ALSTOM Hydro (Switzerland) Ltd., 5242 Birr, Switzerland, and also with
Darmstadt University of Technology, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
T. Lugand is with the Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory
(G2Elab), 38042 Grenoble, France, and also with ALSTOM Hydro
(Switzerland) Ltd., 5242 Birr, Switzerland.
A. Schwery is with the Hydro Generator Technology Center, ALSTOM
Hydro (Switzerland) Ltd., 5242 Birr, Switzerland.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2009.2026773
0278-0046/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
voltage shape, the damper pitch can be varied between τd =
0.8τs . . . 1.2τs or displaced by Δx = τs /4.
This paper deals with damper-winding losses due to parasit-
ic harmonics in the air-gap magnetic field at steady-state opera-
tional conditions. These harmonics are created by the following.
Tooth-ripple harmonics: Large high-voltage machines have
open stator-winding slots. Therefore, the tooth ripple can
cause strong field pulsations on the pole-shoe surface; the
angular frequency of such a pulsation is ωt = 6qωG . ωG is
the angular grid frequency, and q is the number of slots
per pole and phase of the stator winding. The pulsation
wavelength is the stator-winding slot pitch [1].
Armature reaction: At load condition, the stator-winding
armature-reaction magnetomotive force (mmf) creates par-
asitic air-gap field harmonics which are seen by the rotor
surface with different angular frequencies and wavelengths
including subharmonics for fractional-slot stator windings.
In literature, various publications on damper windings can be
found: Liwschitz-Garik [2] and Canay [3] make use of the d-
and q-axis equivalent circuits for the calculation of damper-bar
currents. Bacher and Koefler [4] measure damper currents on
a turbogenerator. Matsuki et al. [5] show damper-current mea-
surements on a salient-pole synchronous machine. Karmaker
and Knight [6], [7], as well as Knight et al. [8], [9] use a
permeance model with Fourier expansion approach in order to
predict damper-winding currents. Vetter and Reichert [10] use
a mixed analytical and numerical approach to predict damper
TRAXLER-SAMEK et al.: LOSSES IN DAMPER WINDING OF HYDROGENERATORS
Fig. 2. Part of the damper network showing single damper bar including the
end-ring impedances ZRi . RD is the damper-bar resistance, XDσ is the bar
leakage reactance, Xij are the self and mutual reactances, and Ui is the external
voltage source.
currents in converter- and line-fed synchronous machines.
Keller [11] calculates damper currents at rotor unbalance. With
the same approach, Keller et al. [12] take into account the in-
fluence of damper currents on the stator-winding voltage shape.
Nica et al. [13] analyze the damper-current effect in converter-
driven machines. Rocha et al. [14] study damper currents by
using a coupled circuit. Nitta et al. [15] analyze damper-
winding currents due to subharmonics with finite-element (FE)
method (FEM).
The content of this paper is the computation of the current
distribution and the associated power losses in the damper-
winding bars of salient-pole synchronous machines due to
the tooth-ripple pulsations and the stator-winding armature-
reaction harmonics.
The computation relies on an equivalent electrical network
of the damper winding where the self and mutual inductances
as well as the bar voltages are calculated using an air-gap
permeance model [16]. Instead of applying Fourier expansions
for the formulation of the air-gap field as proposed in [6]–[9], a
numerical integration based on sample functions is used.
The presented algorithm is verified by comparing with a
conventional approach based on the d- and q-axis equivalent
circuits [2] and with transient FE computations [17].
II. A NALYTICAL C OMPUTATION
Consider an arbitrary time t and space ξ dependent air-gap
mmf field wave
Vν (ξ, t) = Re {Vν · exp(jkν ξ − jων t)} (1)
where Vν is the mmf amplitude, kν is the wavenumber, and ων
is the angular frequency. The circumferential space coordinate
ξ is based on a rotor-fixed coordinate system. When moving
relative to the damper winding, the resulting air-gap magnetic
field induces voltages in the damper bars thus, generating
circulating currents.
The calculation of these currents is based on an equivalent
electrical network, where all damper-winding bars of a repeti-
tive section of the machine are modeled. The network contains
155
Fig. 3. Air-gap permeance function Λ(ξ) over two pole pitches l = 2τp ,
calculated with a self-developed boundary element code. The pole pitch is
τp = 923 mm, and the minimum air gap is δ = 18.5 mm.
resistances, self and mutual bar inductances, as well as leakage
inductances (Fig. 2). Induced voltages from the external air-
gap field is considered as voltage sources. When assembling
the network equations, a linear system of equations is obtained.
The advantages of a damper-winding network compared with
a more simple d- and q-axis equivalent-circuit computation
method [2], [3] are as follows.
1) The actual position of each damper bar is taken into
account. This allows the consideration of special damper-
bar distributions on the pole shoe, like an irregular distri-
bution or a damper-winding displacement.
2) For fractional-slot windings, the model is simply ex-
tended over a repetitive section of the stator winding. The
effect of subharmonics is correctly considered.
A. Air-Gap Permeance
With an air-gap-permeance function Λ(ξ), the magnetic-flux-
density distribution B(ξ) is obtained from the mmf function
V (ξ) according to
B(ξ) = V (ξ)Λ(ξ). (2)
This approach assumes radial field lines and infinite perme-
ability of the iron parts of both sides of the air gap. For a
machine with a constant air gap δ, the constant permeance is
Λ = μ0 /δ, with μ0 denoting the permeability of air. In the case
of a salient-pole synchronous machine with a variable air gap
δ(ξ), a permeance function
1
Λ(ξ) = μ0 · (3)
δ(ξ)
is obtained. Λ(ξ) can be obtained from a simplified analytical
estimation [14] or a numerical field calculation [18]. Fig. 3
shows an example air-gap-permeance function calculated with
a self-developed automatized boundary element code. Note that
the algorithm works in the same way for special designs like
displaced pole shoes.
For machines with a fractional-slot winding, the full model
and, therefore, also the permeance function Λ(ξ) extends over
a whole repetitive section of the stator winding.
156 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 1, JANUARY 2010

Fig. 4. Simple air-gap arrangement for the calculation of the transformation

coefficient fg . K S is an exciting sinusoidal linear current-density field wave
on the stator side; ByS and ByR are the normal magnetic flux densities on the
stator and rotor side, respectively.

B. Air-Gap Transformation
The air-gap permeance model considers that field waves with
a short wavelength λν = 2π/kν cross the air gap as radial field
Fig. 5. Damper-ring design example: Damper ring embedded (top figure) into
lines. They will create an air-gap field distribution with curved the pole end plate and (bottom figure) on the pole end.
field lines. Part of the flux lines will close through the air gap
and never reach the rotor surface. This effect is considered with
an air-gap transformation factor [1]
ByR 1
fg = S
= (4)
By cosh(kν δ)
Fig. 6. Pole geometry showing the location of the damper bars and the
which is the ratio of the normal magnetic-flux densities on the imaginary return conductor considering the actual position of each damper bar
rotor and stator surface (Fig. 4). fg is obtained from the solution on the pole shoe.
of the Laplace equation based on a simple air-gap configuration
[16]. In the same way, ByR is expressed as a function of the
stator-side linear current-density function K S
μ0 K S
ByR = . (5)
sinh(kν δ)

C. Determination of Damper Resistances and Inductances

The ohmic resistance of the damper bar (Fig. 2) is com-
puted with
L
RD (ων ) =  · · kr (ων ) (6)
AD
where  is the specific resistance, L is the machine length,
AD is the cross section of the damper bar, and kr (ων ) is the
eddy-current factor in dependence on the angular frequency ων .
Fig. 7. MMF function Vi (ξ) of a current loop formed by a damper bar with
[17], [19]. the imaginary return conductor; bar current Ii = 1000 A, maximum value
The leakage reactance of the bar XDσ is calculated accord- Vmax = 780 A, minimum value Vmin = −220 A, offset C = 280 A.
ing to
The damper-bar inductances are calculated with the help of
XDσ = ων · μ0 λσ L (7) current loops formed by a damper bar with an imaginary return
conductor (Fig. 6). When a current Ii is imposed, this current
where λσ is the leakage coefficient of the damper bar which loop forms a rectangular mmf function Vi (ξ) (Fig. 7) with a
depends on the geometry [17]. step height Ii resulting in a magnetic-flux-density distribution
The damper-ring impedances ZRi are based on
Li Bi (ξ) = Vi (ξ)Λ(ξ) (9)
ZRi =  · + jων · μ0 λR Li . (8)
AR
as shown in Fig. 8. Note that Vi (ξ) is shifted by an offset value
l
Li is the tangential distance from the ith to the (i + 1)th damper C in order to obtain 0 Bi (ξ) = 0, where l is the circumfer-
bar, AR is the ring cross section, and λR is the ring leakage ential length of the calculation model (repetitive section of the
coefficient. This coefficient depends on the location of the stator winding) [16]. With a numerical integration of the flux
damper ring on the pole end (Fig. 5). It is chosen by experience; Φi through the loop, the bar reactance Xii = jων · Φi /Ii is
a typical range is λR = 1.0, . . . , 3.0. computed.
TRAXLER-SAMEK et al.: LOSSES IN DAMPER WINDING OF HYDROGENERATORS
Fig. 8. Magnetic-flux-density function B(ξ) of a current loop formed by a
damper bar with the imaginary return conductor; bar current Ii = 1000 A,
permeance function from Fig. 3.
Mutual inductances are calculated in the same way. The
magnetic-field distribution of the ith current loop Bi (ξ) is
integrated over the area of the jth coil to give Φj and Xji =
jων · Φj /Ii . Note that all coils must use the same imaginary re-
turn conductor. The position of this conductor has an influence
on the calculated inductances but not on the calculated current
distribution.
D. Induced Bar Voltages
The bar voltages created by the exciting mmf function (1) are
calculated by numerical integration. The mmf function V (ξ, t)
must be transformed into a linear current-density function
dV (ξ, t)
K(ξ, t) =
dξ
with harmonic amplitude Kν and with (3) and (5), the flux-
density distribution on the rotor surface is (see Fig. 9)
μ0 Kν
B(ξ) = · exp(jkν ξ).
sinh (kν δ(ξ))
The induced complex voltage U i of the ith bar at circumferen-
tial position ξi is calculated by integration according to
ξi
U i = jων · L · B(ξ)dξ
0
where L is the axial length of the machine. The time variation
of the voltage is U (t) = Re{U i · exp(−jων )}.
The big advantage of the presented method compared with
a pure permeance-function approach B = V · Λ is the local
consideration of the bending effect of the flux lines inside the
air gap (air-gap transformation). This allows much more precise
results when computing with higher harmonics.
III. A NALYTICAL V ERSUS N UMERICAL C ALCULATIONS
The presented calculation method is validated by comparison
with transient 2-D FE simulations using the Flux2D software
157
Fig. 9. Air-gap function δ(ξ) and resulting magnetic-flux density B7 (ξ)
for the seventh harmonic at time t = 0 s, mmf amplitude V7 = 291 A,
wavenumber k7 = 23.8 m−1 , and linear current density K7 = 6933 A/m. The
air-gap function is based on the permeance given in Fig. 3.
TABLE I
M ACHINE DATA OF T HREE -P HASE 31.5-MVA S ALIENT-P OLE
S YNCHRONOUS M ACHINE U SED TO VALIDATE DAMPER
C URRENTS AT O PEN -C IRCUIT T EST
(10)
package [20]. In order to correctly consider the influence of
damper-winding currents, the damper bars of the FE model are
(11)
connected to an external damper-winding circuit [21].
The validation must be based on FEM calculations because
damper currents are not measured during a normal commission-
ing of electrical machines according to the appropriate Inter-
national Electrotechnical Commission standard [22]. Note that
(12) large hydrogenerators are assembled and commissioned at site,
where it is very difficult to make such special measurements.
A. Open-Circuit-Operation Damper Currents
An existing machine (year of commissioning 1998, data are
shown in Table I) is used to calculate the current distribution
in the damper bars at open-circuit operation with rated-voltage
excitation. The stator tooth-ripple amplitude Bt [1] causes field
pulsations in the air-gap field
B(ξ, t) = Re {Bt · exp(jkt ξ − jωt t)} . (13)
The tooth-ripple angular frequency ωt = ωG · 6q is based on
the grid frequency ωG and the number of slots per pole and
158 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 1, JANUARY 2010

TABLE II
M ACHINE DATA OF T HREE -P HASE 120-MVA S ALIENT-P OLE
S YNCHRONOUS M ACHINE U SED TO VALIDATE DAMPER
C URRENTS AT S HORT-C IRCUIT T EST

Fig. 10. Current distribution in the damper bars (amplitudes) of two poles
at no-load condition for a damper-bar slot pitch τd = 40 mm: comparison
between FEM and the presented analytical method.

Fig. 11. Power losses per pole pair at no-load condition for different damper-
bar slot pitches based on a stator slot pitch τs = 60 mm: comparison between
FEM and the presented analytical method.
Fig. 12. Current distribution in the damper bars (amplitudes) of one pole at
short-circuit-test condition 300-Hz component (harmonics −5, +7): compari-
son between FEM and the presented analytical method (example machine 2).

phase of the stator winding q. The wavenumber kt = 2π/τs is

calculated from the slot pitch τs .
The function B(ξ, t) is transformed to a linear current-
density function K with
 
Bt sinh(kt δ)
K(ξ, t) = Re · · exp(jkt ξ − jωt t) (14)
μ0 cosh(kt δ)

which is then used to calculate the damper-bar currents [16].

In order to study the influence of the damper-bar pitch τd
on the damper-bar-current distribution, a series of calculations
are done by varying τd from 40 to 80 mm. The damper bars
are symmetrically arranged on the pole face. In order to fit all
the damper bars on the pole at the maximum damper pitch, the
number of bars was reduced from Nd = 10 to Nd = 8.
Fig. 10 shows the comparison of the damper currents of a Fig. 13. Current distribution in the damper bars (amplitudes) of one pole
at short-circuit-test condition, 900-Hz component, (harmonics −17, +19):
pole (amplitudes) of an FE calculation with those computed comparison between FEM and the presented analytical method (example
analytically for a damper slot pitch τd = 40. Fig. 11 shows the machine 2).
TRAXLER-SAMEK et al.: LOSSES IN DAMPER WINDING OF HYDROGENERATORS
TABLE III
M EAN DAMPER -BAR C URRENTS C ALCULATED W ITH D IFFERENT M ETHODS
total power losses in the damper winding as a function of the
damper-bar pitch.
B. Short-Circuit-Test Damper Currents
At short-circuit-test conditions, the air-gap field pulsations
are caused by the stator-winding armature-reaction mmf trans-
formed to a rotor-fixed coordinate system
∞ The calculations are based on an air-gap permeance model.
3
VsR (ξ, t) = Vν sin (kν ξ + ϕν − ωG t(1 − kν v/ων )) .
2 ν=1
(15)
Vν is the ν th mmf amplitude, kν is the corresponding wavenum-
ber, ϕν is the phase shift, ωG is the angular grid frequency, and
v = ωτp /π is the synchronous circumferential speed.
Due to (1 − kν v/ων ), two corresponding harmonics (e.g.,
−5 and +7) generate damper currents with the same frequency.
These must be added considering the correct phase shift (har-
monic combination).
A 120-MVA machine (commissioned in 2002) is used to
calculate damper currents due to the stator-winding armature-
reaction mmf (Table II). The presented analytical method is
validated with FE simulations and with a calculation based
on the equivalent circuit of the machine [2]. For comparing
the different methods, the mean-square damper current over
one pole

1 Nd 2
ID = I (16)
Nd i=1 Di
is computed because it represents the mean power losses in the
damper bars.
Fig. 12 shows a comparison between the presented method
and FE simulations of the bar-current peak values (amplitudes)
on one pole for the 300-Hz component (fifth and seventh
harmonics of the armature reaction). Fig. 13 shows the corre-
sponding calculation results for the 900-Hz component (17th
and 19th harmonics).
Table III shows the calculated mean-square currents I D
generated by different harmonics. With the classical equivalent-
circuit method, high harmonics are dramatically overestimated
(e.g., 29th, 31st harmonics) because the effect of the air-
gap transformation on the main inductances is not taken into
account. Consequently, an additional calculation including the
gap transformation (4) is shown, too. The presented analytical
method shows a good accordance with the FE simulations for
low-order harmonics. When it comes to high-order harmonics
(e.g., 1500 Hz), the deviation gets bigger. The fast and simpler
equivalent-circuit method, on the other hand, is very useful
159
for estimating losses as long as the air-gap-transformation
coefficient is introduced.
IV. C ONCLUSION
This paper has described an analytical algorithm for ob-
taining the current distribution and the power losses in the
damper-winding bars of salient-pole synchronous machines.
Contrary to existing work, a numerical integration for the calcu-
lation of the induced damper-bar voltages is used. For salient-
pole machines, this integration allows the consideration of the
local variation of the air gap and obtaining better results when
it comes to high-order harmonics. The damper currents are then
computed with an equivalent damper-bar circuit.
Another contribution of this paper has been the detailed
comparison with FE simulations and with a simple equivalent-
circuit method allowing a detailed validation of the presented
method. Calculations are performed both for open-circuit and
short-circuit test conditions, therefore, the effects of tooth ripple
and stator-winding armature-reaction harmonics are taken into
account.
At open-circuit conditions with rated-voltage excitation, the
effect of tooth-ripple pulsations on damper bars is represented
very well. At the short-circuit test with rated current excitation,
the damper currents created by the stator-winding armature-
reaction mmf harmonics are also modeled with high quality.
An important issue in the presented method is the application
of the air-gap transformation. The benefit is seen by direct
comparison of the equivalent-circuit method with and without
gap transformation.
The calculation of damper currents and damper losses is used
in the daily design of large salient-pole synchronous machines
allowing the design engineer further optimization of the overall
losses.
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Course. Southampton, U.K.: WIT Press, 1992. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne,
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www.cedrat.com Switzerland, in 1992.
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2002, pp. 92–95. Hydro (Switzerland) Ltd., Birr, Switzerland, with the
[22] Rotating Electrical Machines—Part 2-1: Standard Methods for Determin- move of these activities to ALSTOM in 1999/2000, and where he is currently
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