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1. Elija una empresa exportadora, sustente sus cinco fuerzas de Porter (5 puntos)
El consumidor final de azúcar tiene un promedio per cápita de 41 kilos por año
consumo que se ha incrementado en la última década ya que el promedio de finales
del siglo XX era de 34 kilos por persona año. Siendo el azúcar un producto genérico
los consumidores satisfacen sus necesidades mediante la compra en cadenas de
supermercados, mercados de abasto y bodegas quienes cumplen el rol de vincular la
oferta del producto con su respectiva demanda. Es un consumidor poco exigente en
un contexto de poca competitividad y casi sin diferenciación, en el intermedio se tiene
a los comerciantes mayoristas que son los que tienen mayor capacidad de negociación
con los productores, todo esto hace que las relaciones de poder entre los
consumidores y mayorista de azúcar beneficien a estos últimos en desmedro de los
productores. El consumidor industrial de azúcar, por otro lado es el más exigente, tiene
posibilidades de elección entre azúcar y fructosa o entre producto nacional e importado
tal 66 cual sucede con las bebidas gaseosas, por ende normalmente se abastece
directamente de las fábrica o de grandes distribuidores.
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Entre las actuales barreras de entrada para nuevos competidores se encuentran los
altos costos de operación en el mercado local como son para el caso de india , el flete
y seguro de la mercancía además del porcentaje destinado a aduanas por concepto
de impuesto (arancel).Así también, la campaña actual del ministerio de la producción
“ comprale a peru” para incentivar el consumo interno, promueve la fidelidad
del mercado interno .
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POTA
- BARRERAS ARANCELARIAS
Fuente: siicex
Sector pesquero: Los aranceles en este sector son muy variables y oscilan
entre 5% y 22%. Los plazos de desgravación en el acuerdo difieren por
producto pesquero. Así, el arancel aplicado a la pota congelada (22%
inicialmente) fue cero al iniciar el décimo año de vigencia del acuerdo. Lo mismo
sucedió con la pota preparada cuyo arancel base era de 20%.
Fuente: sicex
- BARRERA NO ARANCELARIA
Para realizar negocios de exportación e importación de productos se requiere
de un registro de empresa en la Korean International Trade Association (KITA).
La mayoría de los productos pueden ser importados en Corea del Sur sin
ninguna licencia de importación. La antigua licencia de importación ha sido
reemplazada por una declaración de importación.
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- Normas sanitarias
Fuente: sunat
- Normas sanitarias
Fuente: sunat
3. Investigate how the Liberalization of the Peruvian economy was applied in the 90s in
two mining companies, review information in the Superintendence of the Securities
Market (SMV). (5 points).
Your answer should have a logical sequence and must be written in English.
Avoid the use of a translator program.
In Peru in 1990, during the beginning of Alberto Fujimori's government, the price control
policy was developed, with the presence of a serious crisis in all economic sectors, as
a result of the chaos that led from the government and the APRA administration, which
led to hyperinflation, a stage of job losses, as well as the growth of independent activity
and the informal sector. However, on August 8, 1990, the recommendations of the
International Monetary Fund and the Minister of Economy Juan Carlos Hurtado Miler
were implemented, announced the end of the price control policy and from that moment
would be governed by the law of supply and demand , allowing the stabilization and
structural reforms so that the release of foreign trade and other reforms is related. After
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that in 1991 the replacement of the currency by the Nuevo sol. On the other hand,
especially since March 1991, the Fujimori government implemented the process of
structural reforms, aimed at reducing state intervention and eliminating distortions in
the economy. The set of structural reforms included a liberalization of foreign trade and
a tax reform. In the first case, it went from a complex structure with high averages and
wide dispersions to a simpler one with minimal exceptions. In the tax case, it was aimed
at simplifying and modernizing the system and improving the administration of taxes.
Other reforms aimed at making markets more flexible by initiating a process of labor
market liberalization; liberalizing and deregulating the financial system and the capital
account of the balance of payments. These reforms were mainly aimed at creating
better conditions for private investment, as well as the promotion of competitiveness.
At the same time an aggressive process of privatization of public companies began.
Regarding Peruvian mining, we evaluate the companies COMPAÑÍA DE MINAS
BUENAVENTURA S.A.A. and COMPAÑÍA MINERA SAN IGNACIO DE
MOROCOCHA S.A.A. that during the period of 1995-2004, mining was the important
activity in economic development in the country. In these companies the change is
shown and as a positive effect in each of them the economic liberation in foreign trade.
According to research in policies and development in Peru (PUCP, 2007), in this period,
in which the economy grew an average of 3.5%, mining did so at an average close to
7.2%. Thanks to this, it increased its participation in the national gross domestic product
(GDP) from 4.5% in 1995 to 8.6% in 2004. The significant increase in the mining PBL
has gone hand in hand with significant export growth of the sector: from 2,615 million
dollars to 6,953 million dollars in the period observed, that is, an increase of 166%
between 1995 and 2004. As a consequence, it went from representing 47.6% of the
national total in 1995 to 55 % in 2004. Extractive industries and specifically mining are
the main generator of foreign exchange in the country. In 2004, following the trend of
the previous year, the mining sector grew above the country's total GDP. Mining and
hydrocarbon production grew 5.3%, while the national GDP did only 4.8%. This
confirms the positive trend that this sector follows.
Mining production during 1980-1990 experienced sustained growth in all metals,
although the period was adverse for mining due to macroeconomic imbalances that
affected its profitability, such as the increase in the inflation rate and the appreciation
of the type of real change The production of lead, silver and zinc experienced a low
growth of 12%, 21% and 38% respectively. The main reasons were the non-operation
of new mines and the non-realization of important investments. In that same decade,
copper and iron production fell 6.4% and 42% respectively. The acute economic crisis,
the rise in energy prices and the low international prices of minerals produced a
stagnation in production. The following decade brought a price recovery that
encouraged the launch of new projects. This recovery was driven by the promulgation
of the General Mining Law, in 1992, which promoted private investment in the mining
sector and established mechanisms aimed at generating greater legal certainty for
mining. This new context resulted in the implementation of gold projects. However, the
volatility of mineral prices has had an important influence on short-term production
variations. Therefore, according to the BCRP the recovery of the mining sector, since
1993, is remarkable. Since, It occurs after seven years of consecutive decreases in the
levels of its production.
Variación porcentual del PBI global y sectorial
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4. Explain the differences between unilateral and regional liberalization according to the
reading of De Ferranti and others. Investigate regional liberalization in South America.
The development of this response should be in English (5 points).
On the other hand, regional trade agreements are proposed to reduce or eliminate
trade barriers between a limited set of countries, generally (but not always)
neighbors.Regional trade blocs began to form in the world from the 1950s, both in
developed and developing countries. So far, the most important block has been the
European Union (EU), which has had considerable repercussions in world agricultural
markets and is a benchmark for comparative analysis when assessing the scope of
other agreements.
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Bibliografía
Pino, R. (MAYO de 2016). Tesis PUCP. Obtenido de Tesis PUCP:
http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/bitstream/handle/20.500.12404/10194/HIDALGO_MOS
AIHUATE_PLANEAMIENTO_PARAMONGA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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