Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Articles
Chapter 1 ..........................................................................................................................7
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 11
Noun
CHAPTER 1.................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 5.................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 7 ....................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter 8 ....................................................................................................................... 33
Per noun
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 37
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................... 51
ADJECTIVES
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 60
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................... 63
Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................... 67
Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................... 73
DETERMINER
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 78
Narration
Chapter1 ........................................................................................................................ 82
Voice
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 86
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 90
Verb
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 92
chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 96
chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 101
Chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 104
chapter 5 .................................................................................................................... 108
Chapter 6 .................................................................................................................... 110
chapter 6 .................................................................................................................... 112
chapter 7 .................................................................................................................... 115
chapter 8 .................................................................................................................... 117
chapter 8 .................................................................................................................... 120
chapter 9 .................................................................................................................... 123
chepter 10 .................................................................................................................. 130
Adverb
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 133
Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 136
cahpter 3 .................................................................................................................... 140
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 141
Preposition
chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 146
cahpter 2 .................................................................................................................... 149
chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 155
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 157
cahpter 5 .................................................................................................................... 161
cahpter 6 .................................................................................................................... 163
chapter 7 .................................................................................................................... 169
CONJUNCTION
chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 170
cahpter 2 .................................................................................................................... 174
chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 177
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 180
chapter 5 .................................................................................................................... 183
chapter 6 .................................................................................................................... 185
chapter 7 .................................................................................................................... 187
Finite & Non-Finite
chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 189
Common Errors
cahpter 1 .................................................................................................................... 192
cahpter 2 .................................................................................................................... 195
chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 197
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 200
chapter 5 .................................................................................................................... 210
SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 213
chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 222
Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 225
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 231
Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................... 234
cahpter 6 .................................................................................................................... 239
chapter 7 .................................................................................................................... 240
Chapter 8 .................................................................................................................... 245
SUBSTITUTION
chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 255
chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 256
chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 257
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 259
chapter 5 .................................................................................................................... 295
chapter 6 .................................................................................................................... 299
chapter 7 .................................................................................................................... 302
cahpter 8 .................................................................................................................... 305
chapter 9 .................................................................................................................... 308
Word Often Confused
chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 310
chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 314
chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 315
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 316
cahpter 5 .................................................................................................................... 317
cahpter 6 .................................................................................................................... 318
cahpter 7 .................................................................................................................... 319
chapter 8 .................................................................................................................... 323
chapter 9 .................................................................................................................... 328
chapter 10 .................................................................................................................. 332
cahpter 11 .................................................................................................................. 336
chapter 12 .................................................................................................................. 340
chapter 13 .................................................................................................................. 344
chapter 13 .................................................................................................................. 350
chapter 14 .................................................................................................................. 352
chapter 15 .................................................................................................................. 353
Chapter 16 ................................................................................................................. 355
chapter 17 .................................................................................................................. 358
chapter 18 .................................................................................................................. 360
chapter 19 .................................................................................................................. 362
chapter 20 .................................................................................................................. 376
chapter 21 .................................................................................................................. 378
chapter 22 .................................................................................................................. 381
chapter 23 .................................................................................................................. 383
chapter 24 .................................................................................................................. 386
cahpter 25 .................................................................................................................. 389
Idioms & Phrases
chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 393
chapter 2 .................................................................................................................... 395
chapter 3 .................................................................................................................... 397
chapter 4 .................................................................................................................... 398
cahpter 5 .................................................................................................................... 400
cahpter 6 .................................................................................................................... 403
chapter 7 .................................................................................................................... 405
Chapter 8 .................................................................................................................... 408
chapter 9 .................................................................................................................... 410
cahpter 10 .................................................................................................................. 412
cahpter 11 .................................................................................................................. 414
chapter 12 .................................................................................................................. 417
chapter 13 .................................................................................................................. 420
cahpter 14 .................................................................................................................. 423
chapter 15 .................................................................................................................. 426
chapter 16 .................................................................................................................. 434
chapter 17 .................................................................................................................. 435
cahpter 18 .................................................................................................................. 438
chapter 19 .................................................................................................................. 442
cahpter 20 .................................................................................................................. 443
cahpter 21 .................................................................................................................. 445
cahpter 22 .................................................................................................................. 447
cahpter 23 .................................................................................................................. 450
ARTICLES
CHAPTER 1
2.Words starting with the letter ―u‖, will have the pronunciation as ―YOU‖.For those
words, we use the article, ―a‖ before them.
A UNIFORM
A UNICORN
This should not be followed for all words starting with ―u‖, since many words don‘t
have the sound of ―you‖.
AN UMBRELLA
3.Words starting with ―Eu‖ will also have a consonant sound ―YOU‖, though it starts
with a vowel ,e. Hence we should use the article, ―a‖ before them.
A EUROPEAN COUNTRY
A EUCALYPTUS PLANT
OMISSION OF ARTICLES
Some words don‘t take articles before them, which include the names of countries,
names of people, uncountable nouns etc.
We have brushed up our knowledge in the usage of articles. Using this, we shall try
to spot the errors in the following sentences.
Find which part of the sentence contains error. If there is no error, the answer is
"No correction required".
1. Three years ago,/ despite being in severe pain,/ Vikas Gowda came up with a silver
/ at Asian Games in Incheon.
2. The next year,/ discus throw National record holder /was close to his best / as he
struck gold / at the Asian athletics championships at Wuhan.
3. Now, with just couple of days / for the curtains to go up for the Asians,/ Vikas has
been put in a very awkward situation
4. With the Mysuru man producing / mediocre 57.79m throw in Sunday‘s trials,/ the
news going around was / that he may not be allowed to compete.
5. But there was a positive turn/ to the series of events on Monday.
6. ―Vikas will be taking part,‖ / Deputy National coach Radhakrishnan Nair told Hindu
on Monday night. / ―The series of incidents must have been very demoralising for
Vikas.‖
7. Meanwhile, AFI secretary C.K. Valson also indicated / that Vikas could get the green
flag to compete after all.
8. ―We have sent Vikas‘ case to selectors,/ most probably he will be in,‖ he said.
9. Vikas, who trains in US ,/ has been one of India‘s finest throwers ever/ and the
country has often looked up to/ the giant to deliver at the majors.
10.He is the Commonwealth Games champion,/ two-time Asian Championships gold
medalist.
11.He was in the top 10 at the last three World Championships/ and at 2012 London
Olympics/ finished a creditable eighth.
12.Incidentally, Vikas threw impressive 62.35m/ at a meet in Chula Vista/ in the US
last month.
13.That makes him /one of top three Asians/ in the world list this year. The two Asians
above him,/ are not very far ahead.
14.That makes an Indian/ a contender for a medal,/ even a gold perhaps,/ at
Bhubaneswar.
15.Incidentally, all the three are yet to make/ the cut for this August‘s World
Championships in London.
16.Vikas was probably paying price /for not revealing the extent of the shoulder and
knee injuries/ he suffered last year.
17.After qualifying for the Olympics early in 2015, /he was lying low for the whole of
last season / and came up with poor performance at Rio.
18.Vikas may not be at his best now/ but he can still be a force to reckon with/ and
author a happy ending to the story.
ANSWER:
1. At the Asian Games in Incheon.
2. The discus throw National record holder
3. Now, with just a couple of
4. A mediocre 57.79m throw in Sunday’s trials
5. No correction required
6. Deputy National coach Radha krishnan Nair told The Hindu on Monday
night
7. No correction required
8. We have sent Vikas’ case to the selectors
9. Vikas, who trains in the US
10. A two-time Asian Championships gold medalist.
11. And at the 2012 London Olympics
12. Incidentally, Vikas threw an impressive 62.35m
13. One of the top three Asians
14. That makes the Indian
15. No correction required
16. Vikas was probably paying the price
17. And came up with a poor performance at Rio
18. No correction required
CHAPTER 2
Incorrect Correct
None but brave deserves the fair. None but the brave deserves the fair.
That the honesty is a best policy is That the honesty is the best policy is
known to the honest person. known to the honest person.
Times of India, published from Delhi, is Times of India, published from New
the perfect newspaper. Delhi, is the perfect newspaper.
One can see heaven and the hell only in One can see heaven and hell only in the
religious books. religious books.
The English is the language of English. English is the language of the English.
CHAPTER 3
In a series of sharing useful English Grammar notes, today I am sharing Articles.
Last week I shared Adverbs.
TYPES OF ARTICLES:
1. Definite (the)
2. Indefinite (a/an)
EXAMPLES:
#1. there was a king in the forest and the king was brave.
{ here 'a' used before king ( which is not known and does not described before, it is
also countable noun, so there we use 'a'.
'an' is used before the singular countable noun which are started countable noun
which are started with vowels or give sound of vowels.
Ex : Heir, Apple etc.
'THE'
Examples:
#1. You are the man who helped me.
#2. These are the girls whom are I have invited.
#3. The water of this well is polluted.
=> Here 'the' is used before the noun to make the noun specific.
=>'The' article is used before the singular countable noun , uncountable noun.
=>'The' article is used with the country names if it's last letter of name incudes‘'.
=>'The' is used before the countries which are stated by using 'united' , 'Republic'.
Example: United states of America ,Republic of China.
4. Incorrect statement : The director and producer of the film were* present in the
function.
Correct Statement: The director and producer of the film was present in function.
Note: Here 'the' is used with director only and the producer is separated by using
'and' , here the sentence state that producer and director is the same person. so
the verb should be singular so here use was instead of 'were'.
OMISSION OF ARTICLE
#1. He goes to school daily.
#2. He is standing near by the school.
=> 'The' article is used before noun when we have need to show something
specific. It is not as before the noun representing general act.
#3. He went to church to offer prayers. [general act]
#4. He went to the church to meet his friends.
EXAMPLES:
#1. He did not attempt any question in the exam, as he hadlittle knowledge of
computer.
#2. He attempted two question in the exam as he had a little knowledge of
computer
#3. The little knowledge of computer that he possessed was sufficient to crack the
exam.
EXAMPLES
#1. In an hours* time ,he reached Mumbai.
#2. Music is a science but singing is art* said the music teacher.
#3. Thanks to an insight and persistence of the local doctors , thousands of victims
were able to resume a normal life.
#4. There are a hundred of partially built houses in the town.
#5. I don't like that kind of a man who does nothing but finds faults in others.
#6. He thinks about himself to be a linguistic but in reality he does'nt know even
ABC of linguistics.
Note:- 'a' is not used before the noun if it followed by 'of'
'the' article is used in the case of 'noun of noun'.
Other words are
plenty of
bind of
sort of
type of
NOUN
CHAPTER 1
1. PROPER NOUN:
The name of person, movie, serial, book, subject, game, disease, country etc.
always takes singular verb.
Person name: John keats, Meena, Somaksh......
Book Name: The Stars' Tennis Balls, The Hunger Games....
Disease Name: Measles, Mumps, Diabetes.....
Subject Name: Physics, Mathematics, History....
Singular verb: is, was, has, v.1st (s or es)
EXAMPLE
His Dark Materials trilogy are a famous novel.(×)
His Dark Materials trilogy is a famous novel. (√)
Yaadon Ki Baaraat were the first movie of Aamir Khan. (×)
Yaadon Ki Baaraat was the first movie of Aamir Khan. (√)
EXAMPLE
15 miles are not a big distance.(×)
15 miles is not a big distance.(√)
There are 500 kg. potato in the godown. (×)
There is 500 kg. potato in the godown. (√)
2. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:
Information, scenery, luggage, furniture, mischief, vacation, evidence, fuel, food,
alphabet, machinery, poetry, news, advice... etc always take a singular verb and
never use in plural form.
EXAMPLE
They gave me some information‘s.(×)
They gave me some information.(√)
The information of this girl are right.(×)
The information of this girl is right.(√)
He gave me advices.(×)
He gave me advice.(√)
The advice that you gave me were very useful. (×)
The advice that you gave me was very useful. (√)
Wrong use: He bought 3 irons/ 2 sugars/3 furniture‘s/ 3 fuels/ 4 breads/ 5 ice
cream.....
Right use: 2 plates of food/ 3 items of furniture/ 8 kg. sugar/ 2 pieces of
bread/......
3. COLLECTIVE NOUN:
Cattle, people, vermin, gentry, poultry, children, offspring, majority... etc always
take plural verb and never used in plural form.
EXAMPLE
The cattle has entered the ground now. (×)
The cattle have entered the ground now. (√)
The gentries of this village are in the function. (×)
The gentry of this village are in the function. (√)
The offspring of Sheena is celebrating their parent's 25th anniversary.(×)
The offspring of Sheena are celebrating their parent's 25th anniversary. (√)
4. COLLECTIVE NOUNS:
Army, council, committee, police, jury, audience, batch, union, gang, panel, herd,
crowd, army......
Singular verb is used when these are used as a body (united/ combined)
Plural verb is used when these are used as individuals or members (divide/
separate/ spread)
EXAMPLE
The police work honestly for us.(×)
The police works honestly for us.(√)
(Here we are talking about the whole department of police so we used singular
verb.)
The police has caught a thief.(×)
The police have caught a thief.(√)
(Here we are talking about some police men so we used plural verb.)
The army are dedicated to the country.(×)
The army is dedicated to the country.(√)
The army has shot the terrorists.(×)
The army have shot the terrorists.(√)
Males', females' is not use with non living things. Ladies', gents', boys',
girls', men's, women's is used for non living things.
EXAMPLE
Males' perfume is costly enough.(×)
Gents' perfume is costly enough.(√)
7. COMPOUND NOUN:
A noun made up of two or more existing words.
's should be added only with the last word.
EXAMPLE
Lower division clerk's behavior (√)
Sister in law's mother (√)
Maid-servant's work (√)
CHAPTER 2
RULE 1
There are some nouns which are used as it is for singular and plural meaning. Like
lectures, series, species, apparatus, services, fish, sheep, offspring etc
Example
As soon as I walked in that farm I saw two deers.
Correct statement : As soon as I walked in that farm I saw two deer.
Sheeps are grazing in the farm.
Correct statement: Sheep are grazing in the farm.
RULE 2
A compound noun is not used in the plural form for that condition is if the noun
does the work of an adjective.
Example
A Twenty miles journey.
Correct statement : A Twenty mile journey.
A ten rupees note.
Correct statement : A ten rupee note.
RULE 3
If same noun comes before preposition and after preposition then the after
preposition noun should be in singular form.
Example.
Hour after hours.
Correct statement : Hour after hour
Time to times.
Correct statement : Time to time.
RULE 4
While using compound nouns with apostrophe 's', the apostrophe should be put
only with the last word.
Example.
Her sister's in law's house is very beautiful.
Correct statement : Her sister in law's house is very beautiful.
RULE 5
If any noun or a word ending with 's' and which is in the possessive form in that
case use apostrophe without 's'.
Example.
Incorrect: Viksas's Car
Correct: Vikas' Car.
RULE 6
Some noun gives different meaning when s or es is used with them.
Example.
Quarter is a noun whose meaning is one forth.
Quarters is a noun whose meaning is place of residence.
RULE 7
Some noun which are used for expressing length and measurements should always
be used in singular form and do not use 'of ' after such nouns.
Example.
He has dozens of potatoes.
Correct statement : He has dozen potatoes.
RULE 8
When two adjectives having different meaning and which is qualifying same noun
are always used with plural verbs.
Example.
Summer and winter vacation is compulsory in his school.
Correct statement : Summer and winter vacation are compulsory in his school.
RULE 9
We should carefully use plural forms of some noun. some of them are given below.
Singular Noun Plural Noun
Mouse Mice
Stadium Stadia
Criterion Criteria
Phenomenon Phenomena
Crisis Crises
Radius Radii
Syllabus Syllabi
Alumnus Alumni
Addendum Addenda
Basis Bases
Matrix Matrices
Fungus Fungi
CHAPTER 3
RULE 1
There are some nouns which are uncountable like Thoughts, scenery, Poetry,
luggage, work etc. Such nouns are always followed by singular helping verbs.
Example.
The scenery of forts in Rajasthan are very beautiful.
Correct statement: The scenery of forts in Rajasthan is very beautiful.
Here, we are referring to scenery not forts therefore "is" should be used.
RULE 2
There are some nouns which are in singular form like Children, cattle, People,
Group etc. but are used as plural nouns hence plural helping verb is used with
them.
Example.
1. His children is very intelligent.
Correct statement : His children are very intelligent.
2. People is in the favour of this decision.
Correct statement : People are in the favour of this decision.
RULE 3
Nouns ending with s or es like Economics, Politics, Mechanics, Physics, Innings,
News, Series etc are used with the singular verb only.
Example.
1. Politics are like business for some people.
Correct statement: Politics is like business for some people.
2. The news of His journey to success are encouraging.
Correct statement: The news of his journey to success is encouraging.
RULE 4
Nouns like scissors, trousers, spectacles , Jeans, thanks, contents, orders, spirits,
savings, stairs, assets, requirements, ashes etc are used with plural form with the
plural verb only.
Example.
His spectacles is very attractive.
Correct statement : His spectacles are very attractive.
RULE 5
Nouns which are expressing any number are always used in singular form only.
Example.
He gave me Five hundreds rupees.
Correct statement : He gave me Five hundred rupees.
RULE 6
Do not use apostrophe 's' with the non living things . Apostrophe only used with
living things and with time, weight, distance and amount only.
Example.
House's colour.(Wrong)
Divya's book (correct)
Three kilometer's journey (correct)
Nature's law(correct)
RULE 7
Place 'the' before a proper noun which can be used as a common noun.
Example
His daughter is the scientist of the future.
He is the manager of the Bank.
RULE 8
Noun which are used in collective form like group can be used in both singular and
plural form.
Example
Society group made their decision instantly.
Correct statement : Society group made its decision instantly.
CHAPTER 4
RULE 1
Some nouns always remain in plural form. They take plural verb. These nouns have
no singular form. These are -
Assets, alms, amends, annals, archives, ashes ,arrears, athletics, auspices, species,
scissors , trousers, pants. clippers, bellows, gallows, fangs, measles, eyeglasses,
goggles, belongings, breeches. Bowels , braces ,binoculars, dregs, earnings,
entrails, embers ,fetters, fireworks, longings, lees, odds ,outskirts, particulars,
proceeds, proceedings ,riches, remains, shambles, shears, spectacles ,
surroundings ,tidings ,tactics ,tongs ,vegetables, valuables, wages etc.
MEANS' — IN THE SENSE OF INCOME'. MEANS ALWAYS TAKES A PLURAL VERB. IN THE
SENSE WAY TO ACHIEVE SOME END, MEANS TAKES A SINGULAR VERB. WHEN 'A' OR
'EVERY' IS USED BEFORE MEANS', IT IS SINGULAR.
Examples
(a) My means were reduced substantially.
(b) Every means is good if the end is good.
RULE 2
Some nouns look plural in form but have singular meaning. Such nouns take
singular verb. These are: news, innings, politics, summons, physics, economics,
ethics. mechanics, mathematics, measles, mumps, rickets, billiards, draughts, etc.
RULE 3
Some nouns look singular but have plural meaning. Such nouns take plural verbs.
These are: cattle, clergy, cavalry, infantry, poultry, peasantry, children, gentry,
police etc.
RULE 4
Some nouns are always used in singular . These are uncountable nouns. We should
not use article A/An with such nouns. These are -
Scenery, poetry, furniture, advice, information, hair, language. business, mischief,
bread, stationery, crockery, luggage, baggage, postage, knowledge, wastage,
money, jewellery, breakage etc,
WE CAN NOT PLURALISE SUCH NOUNS BY ADDING `S' OR 'ES'.
Example It is incorrect to write sceneries, information‘s, furniture‘s, hairs.
IF HAIR IS USED AS COUNTABLE IT CAN BE PLURALISED : E.G., ONE HAIR, TWO
HAIRS.
Example I need three hairs of a black horse.
RULE 5
Some nouns have the same form in singular as well as in plural. e.g., deer, fish,
crew, family, team, jury, carp, pike, trout, aircraft, counsel ,swine, vermin, etc.
RULE 6
Some nouns have plural meaning. If a definite numeral adjective is used before
them they are not pluralized. e.g., pair, score. Gross , stone ,hundred, dozen,
thousand. million. billion. etc.
OTHERWISE THESE NOUNS CAN WELL BE PLURALISED:
Dozens of women, Hundreds of people, Millions of dollars, Scores of shops. Many
pairs of shoes, thousands millions etc.
RULE 7
If the same noun is repeated after preposition ,the noun will be singular.
Examples
(a) Town after town was devastated.
(b) Row upon row of pink marble looks beautiful.
RULE 8
If a numeral adjective and a fraction are used with a noun, the noun is used with
the numeral and the noun will be in singular.
Examples
(a) He gave me one rupee and a half.
(b) She gave me two rupees and a quarter.
RULE 9
Some nouns are known as common gender nouns. They can be used for either sex;
Male or Female. These are called dual gender nouns. Such nouns are : teacher,
student, child, clerk, candidate. advocate, worker, writer, author, leader, musician,
politician, enemy, client, president, person, neighbour etc. When these are used in
singular, use third person singular masculine (his) pronoun with them.
Examples
(a) Every candidate should write his ( not her) name.
(b) Every person should perform his ( not her) duty.
EACH. EITHER, EVERYONE. EVERYBODY, NO ONE, NOBODY, NEITHER, ANYBODY ARE
ALSO common gender pronouns.
RULE 10
Some nouns are used for specifically for feminine gender only. i.e., blonde, maid,
mid wife, coquette, virgin etc.
NOW A DAYS NOUNS 'BACHELOR' AND 'VIRGIN' ARE BEING USED FOR MASCULINE AND
FEMININE GENDER AS WELL .
CHAPTER 5
Incorrect Correct
His hat was blown off by a strong air. His hat was blown off by a strong wind.
The magistrate has passed order for his The magistrate has passed orders for his
release. release.
There is no place for you on this bench. There is no room for you on this bench.
The police has arrested the thief. The police have arrested the thief.
The weather of Delhi does not suit me. The climate of Delhi does not suit me.
I have learnt these poetries by memory. I have learnt these poems by memory.
Note: There is no such word as poetries.
There is no plural of the word poetry. In
place of poetries, we should use poems.
Has the agendum for tomorrow‘s Has the agenda for tomorrow‘s meeting
meeting been drawn. been drawn up?
Explanation: Agendum is not used in
English. Agenda (programme of a
meeting) is treated as singular.
Good night! How do you do? Good evening! How do you do?
Note : Good night is a parting salution.
When we meet someone( in the evening
time), the salutation should be Good
evening.
The juries consist of ten members. The jury consists of ten members.
The jury was divided in its opinion. The jury were divided in their opinion.
Explanation: jury is a collective noun.
Whenever there is a sense of unanimous
action, we use singular.
CHAPTER 6
TYPES:
Proper Noun : Name of specific person, place or thing.
Common Noun : Name of common things like boys, chair, girls etc.
Collective Noun: Collection of some persons or things and represented as a
singular noun. Ex: class , army , herd , flight etc.
Abstract Noun :Whom we cannot touch like happiness, sadness etc.
Materialistic Noun: From whom something is comprised of known as
materialistic Noun.
RULE NO: 1.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
There are some rules which are uncountable nouns.
We cannot measure uncountable nouns. like '2 information‘s' wrong phrase.
We always use singular verb with uncountable nouns.
Plural of these words does not exist.
Some examples of uncountable nouns are:
Hair Scenery Information Mischief Stuff
Advice Poetry Evidence Luggage Jewelry
Furniture Bread Wood Wages Money
Machinery Crockery Cash Help Clothing
Examples:
Children are prone to making mischiefs if they have nothing to do.[Correct:
mischief]
I saw beautiful sceneries in painting exhibition.[Correct: scenery]
I ate three breads today.[Correct: bread or three slices of bread]
.She gave two jewelries.[Correct: Jewelry or a piece of jewelry]
RULE NO: 2
There are some nouns which seem to be plural but are singular.
News
Summons***
Innings
Series
Examples:
News is coming on TV.
The morale of the army was high the news coming from the front were very
encouraging.
1st innings is going on.[Correct: Inning]
A 5 match series is being played between India and Australia in Melbourne.
RULE NO: 3
There are some nouns which to be singular but exists in plural so use plural verb
with it.
Children Infantry
Politry Police
Gentry Cattle
Brethren People
Examples:
There was no Gentry in function.[Correct: were]
Police has been deployed all over the route.[Correct: have]
Gentry: Group of Gentlemen
Infantry(Troop):Collection of soldiers
RULE NO: 4
There are some nouns which exists both in singular and plural form. Nature of verb
depends upon sense of sentence and noun.
Words:
Team
Committee
Audience
Jury
House
Examples:
Our team is the best team.
Our team are trying their new dresses today.
A committee is formed for the welfare of society.
A committee were appointed for the welfare of society.
RULE NO: 5
There are some nouns which is to be plural , they also exist in form but
cannot be converted into singular form.
Note: Always use singular verb with them untill they specified numerial.
Examples:
A pair of spectacles have be bought by me.[Correct: has]
He read the letter and made aware of its contents.[Correct: content]
All the evidences were against and he was held guilty.[Correct: evidence, was]
RULE 1
1 Never use apostrophe with non-living like wood, table, chair etc.
2. We can use (" 's ") with nouns which not come in the category of living and non-
living.
Ex:
America's Problems
Nature's law
A meter's length
A Kg's sugar
Examples:
Ram and sham's house
I visited John's and Marry's house twice but found the couple absent.
[Correct: John and Marry's]
His wife's secretary's mother has died.
In this sentence the structure of sentence is not correct.
RULE:2
Two apostrophe cannot come together in a single sentence.
RULE: 3
We can use ";" only with the words which are ended with 's'.
Ex: Kalidas' work
He was late and entered the female compartment in hurry. [Correct: Women's
or ladies']
We reached the fare and found that there was no place to stand.[Correct:
room]
CHAPTER 7
Noun is a name of a person, thing, place or action.
Possessive noun shows ownership of one noun on another by adding "an
apostrophe" and a "s".
TYPES OF NOUN
PROPER NOUN
Proper noun is a unique name that we use for a person, a place or a thing.
Example: Ravi Kumar is a proper noun; it‘s a name of a person.
Agra is a proper noun; it‘s the name of a place.
Vacuum cleaner is a proper noun; it‘s the name of a device which cleans by sucking
dirt and dust.
COMMON NOUN
Common noun is when the proper nouns are referred to as a group. For example
Ravi, Shyam and Gopal are all men. Thus ‗men‘ is a common noun.
You can understand the relation between proper and common noun through this
table:
Proper Noun Common Common
Noun(singular) Noun(plural)
Rekha (name of a person) Woman/Girl Women/Girls
Amitabh(name of a person) Man/Boy Men/Boys
Canada (name of place) Country Countries
Mumbai (name of place) City Cities
Two States (name of thing) Film/Book Films/Books
COLLECTIVE NOUN
Collective noun is a special word, used to denote or represent a particular group of
people or things. It is very important to know the difference between a common
noun and a collective noun.
Through reading practice it becomes easier to identify collective nouns. The given
table should help.
I hope there will be no confusion between these three types of nouns, their plural
and singular forms.
MATERIAL NOUN
Material noun is the name of a material or any substance. Like gold, cotton,
calcium, mud, milk, tea, rain, cloud soap, rubber etc.
ABSTRACT NOUN
Abstract noun is any name given to a feeling, an idea, or a quality. How do you
remember this one? Easy, whatever we cannot touch is abstract.
Examples are love, hate, fear, anger, beauty, tiredness, death etc. Do you see
what I mean? These above mentioned words depict a feeling, and as we all know
feelings cannot be touched.
Feelings are intangible! (New word alert! Intangible is anything which cannot be
touched. It‘s opposite is tangible-something that can be touched!)
RULES OF NOUNS:
1. Material nouns and Abstract nouns are never used in plural form.
Why? Because they are uncountable nouns. Anything which cannot be counted
cannot be given a plural form! Thus uncountable nouns are always used in the
singular form.
2. Articles (A/An/The) are not to be used before proper and material nouns. This is
a very important rule, please do remember. Example: ‗TheMr. Dinesh Kumar‘is
wrong. So is ‗The bag is made of the leather.‘
3. Some collective nouns are always used in the plural form, like scissors, pants
and spectacles.
While some are used in singular form, like Police (it is never Polices!), poultry and
people!
All you people, please pay attention! ‗People‘ is a collective noun, and it does not
have a plural form. There is no such word as ‗peoples‘!
4. When showing ownership, belonging or any relation to something – we use rules
of possessive noun. Nothing to get worried about, it‘s very simple!
All you have to do is add an {‗s} to the singular forms of proper, common,
collective, material nouns! Like Amit‘s car. Or, Raman‘s book. The Indian Army‘s
squad.
But there‘s a catch! When a noun ends with an {s}, what do you do? Simply add
the {‗} after the {s}. Example, Vikas‘ car. Girls‘ hostel
5. Now last rule and the easiest one – the singular and plural conversion.
* Most of the words are changed to plurals by adding an {s} to the singular noun.
Example : Cat becomes cats. Flower becomes flowers.
*{es} is added to nouns ending with {s, z, x, sh and ch}.
Example : Box becomes boxes. Church becomes Churches. Dish becomes dishes
and so on.
PERNOUN
CHAPTER 1
RULE 1
Do not use same as a pronoun in the sentence.
Example
He shall give you a book and the same is very useful.
Correct statement : He shall give you a book and it is very useful.
She bought a house and is living in the same.
Correct statement : She bought a house and is living in it.
RULE 2
Both should always be used with and only and not with as well as and also
negative sentence is avoided with Both.
Example
Both me as well as my brother like ice cream.
Correct statement: Both me and my brother like ice cream.
Gopal is both intelligent as well as cute.
Correct statement : Gopal is both intelligent and cute.
RULE 3
Each and every should always be followed by singular verb and pronoun.
Example
Every student of this class are very talented.
Correct statement: Every student of this class is very talented.
Each and every time he comes here with there friends.
Correct statement : Each and every time he come here with his friends.
RULE 4
Pronoun that should always be used with the words like all, the same, only,
None, anybody, nothing, somebody etc.
Example
Anybody knows this person who came yesterday.
Correct statement : Anybody knows that person who came yesterday.
The same car which I brought has already available there.
Correct statement :The same car that I brought has already available there.
RULE 5
Pronoun that should be used if the sentence have superlative degree used in it.
Example
He is the most talented person I have ever seen.
Correct statement :He is the most talented person that I have ever seen.
This is the biggest creature found here.
Correct statement: This is the biggest creature that found here.
RULE 6
If the sentence is describing same person, same number, same gender then in that
case Antecedent Rule is applied.
Antecedent Rule: A pronoun is a word used to stand for (or take the place of) a
noun. A word can refer to an earlier noun or pronoun in the sentence.
Example
He must follow rules while driving His car.
One Should be cautious for One's behaviour.
RULE 7
With the pronoun like either of,each of, Neither of, One of, None of, Number
of, Any of use always Plural noun and singular verb.
Example
Either of three girl got award.
Correct statement : Either of three girls got award.
Neither of these boy are of good nature.
Correct statement : Neither of these boys is of good nature.
RULE 8
If sentence contain Either or , Neither nor or Not only but also in such a case
verb is always used according to the second subject.
Example
Neither she Nor they is going to party.
Correct statement Neither she Nor they are going for party.
Either Rahul or His friend are unable to attend that meeting.
Correct statement : Either Rahul or His friend is unable to attend that meeting.
RULE 9
The Number of is always followed by Plural noun with singular verb and A
Number of is always followed by Plural noun with Plural Verb.
Example
A number of boy is reading books.
Correct statement : A Number of boys are reading books.
The number of boy are reading books.
Correct statement : The Number of boys is reading books.
CHAPTER 2
DEFINITION
Pronoun are the words which are used by replacing main noun so that we can avoid
the repetition of that noun again and again.
RULE 1
When in any sentence the subject of the verb is receiver for an action and the
action is said to be reflected then such verbs are called reflective verb like enjoy,
avail, adapt, pride etc. Pronoun used for such reflection are herself, himself,
themselves, ourselves etc.
Example.
You should avail every opportunity.
Correct statement : You should avail yourself every opportunity.
RULE 2
Some verb are not reflexive like keep, turn, qualify, move, rest etc so such verbs
are present in sentence we cannot use pronoun like himself, herself etc.
Example.
She has qualified herself for the job.
Correct statement : She has qualified for the job.
RULE 3
Reflexive pronoun should not be used as a subject or object unless it is preceded by
pronoun or noun concerned.
Example.
Myself and He gone to watch movie.
Correct statement : I and He gone to watch movie.
RULE 4
To be form of verbs like am, is, are, was, were, shall, will Should always be
followed by Subjective form when complement is pronoun in statement.
Example.
It is me who have passed this exam.
Correct statement : It is I who have passed this exam.
It will be us who will buy a new car.
Correct statement : It will be we who will buy a new car.
RULE 5
If the sentence contain verb and preposition then they are always followed by
objective case of pronoun.
Example.
Between you and I Rahul is brilliant.
Correct statement : Between you and me Rahul is brilliant.
RULE 6
Relative pronoun like who is generally used for the subject and whom is used for
the object.
Example
Ganesh is the boy who everybody thought had topped in college.
She talked to a person whom has a experience in field of agriculture.
RULE 7
If we are referring to a choice between two or more than two things then in that
case we pronoun which in place of who.
Example.
Of the two brothers who is perfect.
Correct statement : Of the two brothers which is perfect.
RULE 8
Pronoun like Whose is used for possessive case and Which is used for non living
things and animals.
Example
This is boy whose bike was stolen.
This is the dog which helped her to find way to home.
CHAPTER 3
RULE 1.
A pronoun should clearly refer the noun it stands for.
When it is not obvious to which antecedent a pronoun refers, the sentence should
be corrected. This can be done either by repeating the noun, or by rewriting the
sentence to make the meaning clear.
Examples
(1) My friend was there with her aunt. She was wearing a red saree. (Incorrect)
(2) My friend was there with her aunt. My friend was wearing a red saree. (Correct)
or
My friend, wearing a red saree, was there with her aunt. (Correct)
RULE 2.
A noun or pronoun which forms part of a prepositional phrase is said to be the
object of the preposition. Personal pronouns in the objective case are used as
objects of prepositions.
Examples
(1) Please give the copy to him.
(2) They went with her.
The underlined pronouns are the objects of the prepositions to, with.
RULE 3.
The possessive adjectives must agree with their antecedents.
Examples
(1) The boy obeys his father.
(2) The girl likes her mother.
(3) The bird sat on its nest.
RULE 4.
Possessive adjectives used with gerunds When a gerund is preceded by a personal
pronoun, the pronoun must be in the form of a possessive adjective.
Examples
(1) The girl said that her writing had improved.
(2) The boy entertained the guests with his singing .
IN THE ABOVE EXAMPLES, THE GERUNDS ARE UNDERLINED, AND THE POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES ARE PRINTED IN BOLD TYPE.
RULE 5.
The possessive form of a personal pronoun which is called as a possessive pronoun,
can be used in the place of a noun.
Examples
(1) He did not bring his briefcase, but I brought mine.
(2) Because I forgot my pen, she lent me hers.
IN THE ABOVE SENTENCES, THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ARE UNDERLINED.
RULE 6.
Pronoun follows Let-When a pronoun follows 'let', we use the objective form of the
pronoun. We should not use subjective form after 'let'.
Let you and I decide the matter once for all. (Incorrect)
Let you and me decide the matter once for all. (Correct)
RULE 7.
Different person pronouns with the same verb : If pronouns of different persons are
used with the same verb in a sentence, they should be placed in following sequence
(i) If all the pronouns are in singular form then the good manners demand that
second person pronoun should come first and then the third person .The first
person should take the last position, i.e., 2 + 3 +1.
Examples
(a) You, he and I are partners.
(b) He and I are good friends.
(ii) If pronouns are in plural forms then the sequence should be 1+2+3, it means
the first person plural pronoun is followed by second and third person plural
pronouns.
Examples
(a) We and you cannot live together.
(b) We, you and they can purchase that complex.
(iii) Sometimes the sentences have some apologetic sense or negative sense or
sense of some errors committed etc. In such sentences the good manners demand;
to accept the guilt first by the speaker that means by the first person. In such case
the sequence should be 1+2+3.
Examples
(a) I and you are responsible for the loss.
(b) You and he spoiled the party.
RULE 8.
If a pronoun refers to more than one noun or pronoun of different persons, it must
be of the first person plural. In case, nouns or pronouns are first and second person
and if nouns or pronouns referred by the pronoun are second and third person, it
must he second person plural. In case of nouns or pronouns of first and third
person, the pronoun must be first person plural.
II + I............I Person plural
II + III..........II Person plural
III + I...........I Person plural
Examples
(a) You and I have done our job.
(b) You and he have completed your job.
RULE 9.
If a collective noun is used as a unit denoting a unitary action as a whole , the
pronoun used is singular and in neutral gender.
Examples
(a) The crew revolted and murdered its captain.
(b) After three days, the jury gave its verdict.
If the collective noun denotes separation or division , the pronoun used is plural.
Example
The jury were divided in their opinions.
RULE 10.
When two or more nouns are joined by 'and' the pronoun used would be plural.
Example Ram and Mohan went to their school.
IF BOTH THE NOUNS JOINED BY 'AND' DENOTES THE SAME PERSON, THE PRONOUN
USED WOULD BE SINGULAR.
Example The collector and magistrate is negligent in his duty.
RULE 11.
When two singular nouns are joined by and preceded by each or every, the pronoun
used would be singular.
Example Every teacher and every boy was in his room.
RULE 12.
Singular pronoun and singular verb is used with; Each, Either and Neither.
Examples
(a) Each of the students is ready to do his duty .
(b) Neither of them gets his turn.
RULE 13.
Singular pronoun is used when two or more singular nouns are joined by `or',
`Either......or', `Neither......nor'.
Example Either Ramesh or Ganesh lost his purse.
BUT IF ONE NOUN IS PLURAL, THEN THE PRONOUN SHOULD BE PLURAL AND PLURAL
NOUN SHOULD BE PLACED NEAR THE VERB .
Example Either the principal or the teachers failed in their duty
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
RULE 1.
When pronouns are combined, the reflexive pronoun will take either the first person
or, when there is no first person, the second. person.
Examples
(a) Ram , and I have deceived ourselves about purchasing a house.
(b) You and Ram have ruined yourselves.
RULE 2.
Transitive verbs take object with them. Such commonly used verbs are : avail,
absent, enjoy, resign, apply, revenge, exert etc.
Examples
(a) I absented myself from the office.
(b) I revenged myself upon her.
RULE 3.
Verbs, when used intransitively, don't need an object. Such commonly used verbs
are: keep, break, set, bath, make, stop, steal, qualify, move, open, draw, rest, roll,
burst , Hide , feed, gather etc. These verbs are commonly used intransitively.
Example
He kept away from the function. (Correct)
He kept himself away from the function. (Incorrect)
RULE 4.
The indefinite pronoun one has its own reflexive form.
One must have faith in oneself.
EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
The Emphatic pronouns (such as myself , yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves)
consist of a personal pronoun + SELF OR SELVES . The Emphatic pronoun is used to
emphasize a noun.
It is possible (but rather unusual) for an emphatic pronoun to precede the noun it
refers to. (Myself, I don't believe a word she says.) Usually Emphatic pronoun is
placed after the noun it refers.
Examples
(a) I myself solved this question.
(b) She herself found the solution.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
`EACH. OTHER' and 'ONE ANOTHER' are only two Reciprocal Pronouns. These are
always used objectively.
AS PER TRADITIONAL THEORY EACH OTHER IS USED FOR TWO AND ONE ANOTHER FOR
MORE THAN TWO.
Example For you and I are foreigners to one another. - Aldous Huxley
Reciprocal pronouns can also take possessive forms.
Examples
(a) They both borrowed each other's ideas.
(b) The students in this lab often use one another's equipment.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WHO
Who is used as the subject of a verb, whom is used as the object of a verb or the
object of a preposition, and whose is used as an adjective denoting possession. The
relative pronouns who, whom and whose generally refer only to persons, and are
used either in defining or non-defining relative clauses. Who refers to the subject
of the sentence. whom refers to the object of a verb or a preposition . while whose
refers the possession and it is used as adjective.
In the following examples. who introduces the defining relative clause who
secures the highest marks and the non-defining relative clause who is
learning Russian.
Examples
(a) The child who secures the highest marks will receive a trophy.
(b) My brother, who is learning Russian, wants to travel to Kazhakistan.
In these examples, who has the antecedent child and brother, and acts as the
subject of the verbs secures and is learning.
WHOM
In the following examples, whom introduces the defining relative clause whom
we visited and the non-defining relative clause whom we will meet
tomorrow.
Examples
(a) The girl whom we visited is her sister.
(b) Mr Francis, whom we will meet tomorrow, will be our guide.
In these examples, whom has the antecedents sister and Mr Francis, and acts
as the object of the verbs visited and will meet.
In the following examples, to whom introduces the defining relative clause to
whom you gave your umbrella and the non-defining relative clause to whom
we send a birthday card every year.
Examples
(a) The girl to whom you gave your umbrella lives near my house.
(b) His aunt, to whom we send a birthda card ever year, is ninety-eight years old
now.
In these examples, whom has the antecedents girl and aunt, and is the object of
the preposition to.
WHOSE
In the following examples, whose introduces the defining relative clause whose
house was sold and the non-defining relative clause whose family lives in
America.
Examples
(a) The man whose house was sold will leave this town.
(b) My brother, whose family lives in America, will visit us for a few days.
In these examples . whose has the antecedents man and brother, and modifies
the nouns house and family. IN THE CASE OF WHOSE, IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT
IT IS THE ANTECEDENT WHICH MUST BE A PERSON; THE NOUN BEING MODIFIED MAY
BE A PERSON OR A THING.
THAT
As a relative pronoun, that can refer to either persons or things . The relative
pronoun that is generally used only in defining relative clauses.
Examples
(a) The girls that were here yesterday will return in a week.
(b) The bag that was on the steps belongs to our tenant.
In these examples, that has the antecedents girls and bag, and introduces the
defining relative clauses that were here yesterday and that was on the
steps.
Here, that acts as the subject of the verbs were and was
1. That can be used for living and non-living nouns, for singular as well as plurals.
Examples
(a) I have lost the book that you gave me.
(b) He that. is content is happy.
3. In a sentence after the following words that is generally used All. any. anybody.
Anything , much, Nothing , little, Somebody , no one, none, the same + noun +
that, the only + noun + that etc.
Examples
(a) All that glitters is not gold.
(b) There was none that didn't support the cause.
WHICH
It is important to note that 'WHEN' used as a relative pronoun. 'WHICH‘ refers only
to things, 'WHEN' used as an adjective or interrogative pronoun, 'WHICH‘ can refer
to either persons or things.
Example The book which I purchased last week is very useful.
WHAT
Relative pronoun what is used without antecedents. When used as a relative
pronoun, what has the meaning — the thing or things that.
Example What you say is not true.
1. The antecedent of a relative pronoun should not be in possessive case.
Example
These are chairman's instruct ions that must be followed. (incorrect)
IT IS AN INCORRECT STRUCTURE. THESE SENTENCES SHOULD HAVE BEEN WRITTEN
AS FOLLOWING
These are the instructions of the chairman that must be followed. (Correct)
2. The Relative pronoun should be of the same number and person as its
antecedent. It means the verb should agree with the number and person of the
antecedent.
Examples
(a) The girl who was late was fined.
(h) The girls who were late were fined.
Distributive Pronouns
Each , Either and Neither are classified as Distributive pronouns. They denote
person or thing one at a time. These pronouns are always treated as singular and
take singular verbs.
Examples
(a) Each of the students gets a prize.
(b) Either of the two will win the race.
(c) Every one of the students was happy.
(d) Each of the two students received a medal.
Each can be used for two or more persons or things and is normally used for small
number. Every is not normally used for very small numbers . Each can be used for
more than two when the number is usually definite. Both take a singular verb.
WHO/WHOM
CHAPTER 4
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The pronouns that denote the persona and the things are called personal pronouns.
There are three kinds of personal pronouns.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, and themselves. A reflexive pronoun is used with another noun (or
pronoun) when something does something to itself.
FOR EXAMPLE :
Sita pinched herself. (THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN HERSELF TELLS US THAT JOHN
DID SOMETHING TO JOHN.)
Sita pinched her brother. (THERE ARE NO REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS IN THIS CASE)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative Pronouns are That, Which, Who, Whom, Whose. We use it to give the
description of a noun. Relative pronouns are used after the Noun to:
Identify it:
Example:
The man who invented Telephone was an American.
The Noun is ‗the man‘. The relative pronoun is ‗who‘. The Adjective Clause
identifying the man.
Gives more detailed about it:
Example:
I drove my car, which now had two flat tyres, back home.
The Noun is ‗my car‘. The Adjective clause tells us some information about it.
Relative Pronouns (FOR PEOPLE AND THINGS)
WHO and WHOM refer to people.
WHICH refers to things?
THAT and WHOSE refers to people or things.
DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS:
are used for persons (individuals) or things one at a time. (Either, Neither, Each,
Every). They are always singular verb.
Example:
Each got a certificate for their participation.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
All that can be demonstrated by your hand, ‗this‘ is used near to your hand; ‗that‘ is
used for the farther.
Please note that the plural forms of ‗This‘ and ‗That‘ are ‗These‘ and ‗Those‘
respectively.
Example:
This is my house.
That is the pencil, which belongs to you.
EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
When the personal pronouns are given stress/emphasis. Emphatic pronouns are
used.
Example:
I, myself cooked the food for my dad.
2. (a) The committee elected/ (b) the president (c) of workers without/ (d) having
his lunch.
Ans.
(d) ‗Their‘ will be used because committee is a plural noun and it will take a plural
pronoun.
3. (a) Either the soldiers/ (b) or the gate-keepers over/ (c) there failed in/ (d) his
primary duty.
Ans.
‗Their‘ will be used. When plural Noun and singular Noun are joined by ‗or‘ or ‗nor‘,
the pronoun must be according to the second subject.
4. (a) The College/ (b) which is the largest/(c) college in terms/ (d) of area in
Maharashtra.
Ans.
‗Which‘ is unnecessary used.
5 (a) None of the/ (b) participants has/ (c) filled-up their/ (d) details properly.
Ans.
‗his‘ will be used. If the structure is------ Noun1 + Preposition + Noun2, then the
pronoun will be according to the first Noun.
6 (a) All of/ (b) the girls here/ (c) practiced their/ (d) dance.
Ans.
(e) No error.
7. (a) I have practiced so much / (b) for the singing competition that there/ (c) is
no question of / (d) mine coming second.
Ans.
(d) ‗My‘ will be used. Pronoun coming before V-ing remains in the possessive form
8. (a) It is her/ (b) who should be/ (c) terminated for/ this machinery failure.
Ans.
(a) ‗She‘ will be used. After ―is, are, was, were, be, been, such, as, but, except‖,
Nominative case of the pronoun is used, i.e. I, we, you, he, she, it,
they.
9 (a) Sita dressed/(b) her in absolutely/(c) in informal wear/ (d) on her wedding.
Ans.
(b)‗herself‘ because Sita has dressed Sita.
10. (a) Either Seema or Reema/(b) forgot to/ (c) take their/ (d) purse.
Ans.
(c) ‗her‘ will be used. When two or more singular nouns are joined by ‗or‘, either----
-or, neither----nor, the pronoun is generally singular.
CHAPTER 5
PRONOUN
Examples → He, she, his ,they ,we , us , me , my , mine , I , you , it , ours , your
, your , hers , her , its , their , theirs
TYPES
TABLE OF PRONOUN
OBJECTIVE PRONOUN
RULE 1: AFTER PREPOSITION WE HAVE TO USE OBJECTIVE
PRONOUN.
Example :
Example :
NOMINATIVE PRONOUN
RULE 3: AFTER 'THAN'
When there is any comparison between two, then nominative pronoun is used.
EXAMPLES:
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
TRANSITIVE VERBS :
Verbs which requires object after them, those are known as transitive
verb.
Example:
Children fly kites.
[ here fly acts as transitive verb because children fly doesn't make any sense, So
noun is used to complete the sentence Those verbs which always comes along with
Pronoun or noun is known as transitive verb ]
Birds fly.
[ Here fly is not a transitive verb ]
Example :
he → himself
her → herself
it → itself
they → themselves
I → myself
you → yourself
we → ourselves
one → oneself
Examples:
EXCEPTION
Transitive verb does not use reflexive pronoun.
keep
stop
bathe
turn
rest
qualify
hide
Examples:
IN-TRANSITIVE VERB
Verb which does not require object.
Birds fly.
ADJECTIVES
CHAPTER 1
Another: We use this word before singular countable noun and we can‘t use (an)
before another because (an + other = another) that‘s why we don‘t use an before
another.
If we see any numeral adj. in a sentence with another, we have to use plural noun
after it.
We can‘t use another in a negative sentence instead of it we can use any other. It
means we use another in a positive sentence.
We use any other in the meaning of (कोई अन्य )and no other in the meaning of (कोई
अन्य नह ीं )it means in no other we have already negativity so can‘t use any other
negative word with it.
EXAMPLE
Do you have an another pen? (×)
Do you have another pen? (√)
I have bought an another house. (×)
I have bought another house. (√)
You have to wait for another ten day. (×)
You have to wait for another ten days. (√)
I don‘t want to buy other house. (×)
I don‘t want to buy any other house. (√)
Usain Bolt is faster than another runner. (×)
Usain Bolt is faster than any other runner. (√)
Any other runner of the world is as fast as Usain Bolt. (×)
No other runner of the world is as fast as Usain Bolt. (√)
ALL AND WHOLE:
All: we use this word before plural countable noun or singular uncountable noun in
the sense of (सब या सब के सब)
Whole: we use this word before singular noun in the meaning of (सम्पर्
ू )ण
Difference:
I. We use all to explain the no. of people and things while we use whole to explain
the whole part of a specific person or a thing.
II. Whole is used for singular common noun and whole of is used for proper noun.
EXAMPLE
Whole friends of mine came to meet me in the hospital. (×)
All my friends came to meet me in the hospital. (√)
Whole money has been spent. (×)
All money has been spent. (√)
Whole gold was duplicate. (×)
All gold was duplicate. (√)
Her all body was covered. (×)
Her whole body was covered. (√)
The whole of country is beautiful. (×)
The whole country is beautiful. (√)
The whole U.S. is beautiful. (×)
The whole of U.S. is beautiful. (√)
Neither: we use this word for singular countable noun in the meaning of (दो में से
कोई नह ीं .)If we want to use neither for plural countable noun, we have to use (of)
with it.
EXAMPLE
Neither girl is beautiful.
Neither of the students is intelligent.
Note: we use these words also in conjunction as correlative conjunction i.e. either
or, neither nor and at that time we will use the form of verb according to the 2nd
subject.
Note:
I. We can use some in the sense of about (ऱगभग.)
II. We can‘t use no and any in a single sentence because both are adjectives.
EXAMPLE
Ha wants any coffee. (×)
He doesn‘t want any coffee. (√)
He wants some coffee. (√)
Put any sugar in my tea. (×)
Put some sugar in my tea. (√)
I have no any money. (×)
I have not any money. (√)
MANY/MUCH:
Many: It is always used for countable noun or number i.e. many
candidates/students/farmers/artists etc.
Much: It is always used for uncountable noun or quantity i.e. much
pollution/importance etc.
Many a/an: we use this word before the singular countable noun and we will
always use a singular verb with it but the most confusing thing is it has plural
meaning in it.
EXAMPLES
I. He has much ideas in his mind. (×)
He has many ideas in his mind. (√)
II. In this election, much new candidates are standing in the election. (×)
In this election, many new candidates are standing in the election. (√)
III. Everybody wants many money in his life. (×)
Everybody wants much money in his life. (√)
IV. All the soldiers have tried many to win the war. (×)
All the soldiers have tried much to win the war. (√)
V. Many soldiers were killed in the 1st world war. (√)
Many a soldier was killed in the 1st world war. (√)
(The meaning of these sentences is same and these are here only for explain how
we use many a in a sentence.)
VI. Many laptops have been sold. (√)
Many a laptop has been sold. (√)
EXAMPLES
I. A number of cartoonists has paid a homage to R.K. laxman. (×)
A number of cartoonists have paid a homage to R.K. laxman. (√)
II. A lot of Gold are imported in India from South Africa. (×)
A lot of Gold is imported in India from South Africa. (√)
III. A plenty of news channels is on our T.V. (×)
A plenty of news channels are on our T.V. (√)
Note:
The no. of/ more than one/ the attitude of/ the stamina of these type of words will
be always singular.
Ex:
I. The no. of employees in our office is not high.
II. The no. of my car is UP 14 AF 4589.
III. More than one question in the examination paper was wrong yesterday.
FEW/LITTLE:
Few: It is always used for a plural countable noun. It is used in the sense of hardly
any (नह ीं के बराबर.)It has negativity in it so we can‘t use this word to express our
positive idea. 2-3%
A few: when we want to express a positive idea, we can use this word. It is used in
the sense of (कुछ या थोडा .)30-40%
The few: we can use this word in both manners positive and negative because this
word has both meanings positive or negative. 70-90% (it can never be 100%)
EXAMPLES
I. Few persons like movies and songs in India. (×)
The Few persons like movies and songs in India. (√)
II. Few candidates appear in the IAS exam every year but a few candidates are
selected. (×)
A Few candidates appear in the IAS exam every year but few candidates are
selected. (√)
Little: It is always used for singular uncountable noun. It is used in the sense of
hardly any (नह ीं के बराबर.)It has negativity in it so we can‘t use this word to express
our positive idea. 2-3%
A Little: It is always used for singular uncountable noun. We use this word in the
meaning of (थोडा या कुछ )only for quantity. It also has positive meaning in it. 30-
40%
The Little: This word also has positive and negative meaning in it. 70-80-90% (it
can never be 100%)
EXAMPLES
I. Little attention could have averted the accident. (×)
A Little attention could have averted the accident. (√)
II. A Little salt is produced in India. (×)
The Little salt is produced in India. (√)
III. There is the little corruption in the world. (×)
There is a little corruption in the world. (√)
EACH/EVERY:
Each: It is singular definitely. So if we see each in a sentence, we will use a
singular noun with it but if we see (each of) instead of each it means we need to
use plural countable noun in that sentence.
EXAMPLES
I. Each student have a pen. (×)
Each students has a pen. (×)
Each student has a pen. (√)
II. Each of the students have a book. (×)
Each of the student has a book. (×)
Each of the students has a book. (√)
III. He met each of the team member personally. (×)
He met each of the team members personally. (√)
IV. There are two girls. Each are smiling. (×)
There are two girls. Each is smiling. (√)
V. In a cricket match every team has 11 players. (×)
In a cricket match each team has 11 players. (√)
EVERY:
I. We use plural noun after this word and we can‘t use each/every before singular
uncountable noun. we also can‘t use these words before plural countable noun.
EXAMPLES
Every ten girl. (×)
Every ten girls. (√)
CHAPTER 3
RULES OF ADJECTIVE
Word qualifying a noun or pronoun is called an Adjective.
1.
The Comparative adjectives ending in –ior (Prior, Junior, Senior, Superior, Inferior,
Posterior), Prefer(verb), Preferable, Elder etc are followed by ‗to‘ instead of ‗than‘
Example –
i) He is senior to me
ii) Milk is preferable to tea.
2.
Some adjective doesn‘t admit of any comparison and thus they always remain in
the positive degree: Absolute, Annual, Chief, Circular, Complete, Entire, Eternal,
Extreme, Excellent, Full, Impossible, Perfect, Right, Round, Unique, Universal,
Supreme, Whole etc.
Example–
I) This is the unique building that I have seen.
3.
When two adjectives qualify the same noun, both the adjectives should be
expressed in the same degree.
Example –
He is wiser and more intelligent than his brother.
4.
When we compare two qualities in the same person or thing, the comparative
ending -er is not used.
Example –
He is more clever than honest.
5.
Either, Neither, Only, Both, even, but also should be placed immediately before the
word they emphasize.
Example –
he likes to take not only coffee but also tea.
6.
When two adjectives require different prepositions, appropriate prepositions should
be used with both adjectives.
Example –
His mobile is different from and cheaper than mine.
7.
Double comparatives and double superlatives must not be used.
Example –
He is wiser than his brother.
8.
When two changes happen together, comparative degree is used in both.
Example –
The higher you go, the cooler you feel.
9.
While comparing an object with others, it is necessary to exclude it from the
comparison.
Example –
Iron is harder than any other metal.
10.
We should not use ‗other‘ or ‗else‘ with superlatives.
Example –
He is the strongest of all students (not all other students).
11.
‗Kind‘ and ‗Sort‘ refer singular number. We can use ‗this‘ and ‗that‘ with them, but
we can‘t use ‗these‘ and ‗those‘ with them.
Example –
He doesn‘t like that kind of shirts.
12.
Compound adjective formed by adding ‗worth‘ is placed after the noun it qualifies.
Example –
This is a sight worth seeing.
13.
When two or more comparatives are joined by ‗and‘, they must be in the same
degree.
Example –
Ram is wisest and most learned boy in the class.
14.
Likely, certain and sure are followed by ‗to‘.
Example –
He is likely to win.
15.
Always place an adjective after noun when the noun is followed by preposition.
Example –
The subject is a matter worthy of note.
16.
The order of adjectives qualifying a noun – SIZE-SHAPE-AGE-COLOUR-
NATIONALITY- MATERIAL-NOUN (S S A C N M)
Example –
A big Indian stadium.
17.
Some Confused Adjectives:
I. Beautiful is used for woman, Handsome is for man.
II. Less refers to quantity, Fewer denotes number.
III. Last is final one, Latest is last up to the present.
IV. Older is used for persons or things, Elder is used for persons only.
V. Little means not much, A little means at least some.
VI. Farther means more distance, further means additional one.
RULES OF ADVERB –
1.
Adverb of time – Often, always, already, just, never, ever, sometimes, frequently,
generally, recently, usually, seldom, hardly rarely, normally etc are placed before
the verb they modify.
Example –
he often goes to Delhi.
2.
The adverb ‗enough‘ is placed after the adjective.
Example –
she is cunning enough to tackle him.
3.
When there are two adverb of place, the smaller unit is usually placed first.
Example –
Rahul lives in a small village in Bihar.
4.
If a sentence is introduced by an adverb, inverted form of the adverb is used.
Example –
Seldom does he visit his uncle.
No sooner did I reach the station Than I met my friend.
5.
‗Else‘ should be followed by ‗But‘
Example –
It is nothing else but sheer madness.
6.
‗Seldom or never‘, ‗Seldom, if ever‘, ‗little or nothing‘, ‗little, if anything‘ is correct
form.
Example –
Deb seldom or ever meet his relatives.
7.
Negative adverbs should not be used with the negative meaning word.
Avoid the use of negative with until, unless, lest.
8.
‗Scarcely‘ and ‗Hardly‘ are followed by ‗When‘ not by ‗Then‘.
Example –
I had scarcely entered the room when the light off.
9.
‗Though‘ is followed by ‗yet‘ not by ‗but‘
Example –
Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
10.
‗Lest‘ must be followed by ‗Should‘.
Example –
Read regularly lest you should fail.
11.
‗Very‘ is used with the adjective in the positive degree and with present participles.
‗Much‘ is used with adjectives in the comparative degree and with past participles.
Example –
It is very interesting book.
He is very much stronger than I am.
12.
Adverb ‗as‘ should be used to introduce predicative of the verbs, ‗regard, describe,
define, treat, view, know‘. But ‗as‘ should be avoided with ‗name, elect, think,
consider, call, appoint, make, choose‘.
Example –
He was elected the secretary of our club.
13.
‗Unless‘ expresses condition. ‗Until‘ expresses time. They always used in negative
sense. Thus not is never used with ‗unless‘ and ‗until‘.
CHAPTER 4
5. When we compare two qualities in the same person or thing we should not use
comparatives in ‗er‘, instead we should use ‗more‘.
Examples – a. Ram is more strong than intelligent. (not stronger)
b. She is more clever than intelligent. ( not cleverer)
7. The superlative form preceded by ‗the‘ The superlative forms of adjectives are
usually preceded by the, and followed by the nouns they modify.
Examples – a. Shyam is the tallest boy in the class.
b. Nisha is the fastest runner of the team.
8. The comparison of one or more things with a group When one or more things are
compared with a group to which they do not belong , the comparative form of an
adjective is normally used.
Example - The girls are cleverer than the boys. The girls are being compared with
the boys, a group to which they do not belong. Therefore, the comparative form
cleverer is used.
In contrast, when one or more things are compared with members of a group to
which they belong, the superlative form of an adjective is normally used.
Example - Ashok is the youngest of all the boys in the class.
In this example, Ashok is being compared with members of the group identified as
all the boys in the class. This is a group to which he belongs. Therefore, the
superlative form youngest is used.
10. Comparative Degree of adjectives is used for the comparison of two, for more
than two we should use the superlative. Likewise, we should not use the superlative
for comparing two objects.
Examples – a. Which is better: tea, coffee or milk? (Incorrect)
Which is the best; tea, coffee of milk? (Correct)
b. He is the best of the two students. (Incorrect)
He is the better of the two students. (Correct)
13. When more than one adjectives are connected with ‗and‘, they should be either
in Comparative or in Superlative Degree.
Example – a. Ram is wiser and stronger than Shyam. (Correct)
b. Ram is wise and stronger than Shyam. (Incorrect)
14. Some adjectives expressing qualities of highest order, their extreme meanings
can‘t be compared. Such adjectives are absolute, perfect, full, complete, entire,
whole, chief, extreme, unique, universal, circular, square, round, ideal, flat,
impossible etc.
A thing can‘t be more round, more square.
Though we can find using : full, fuller, fullest and perfect, more perfect, most
perfect and also most impossible , by some writers.
CHAPTER 5
FARTHER/FARTHEST AND FURTHER/FURTHEST -
Both forms (Farther/Farthest and Further/ Furthest) can be used for distances.
Examples –
(a) New York is farther/ further than Lincoln or Selby.
(b) New York is the farthest/ furthest town.
Further is usually used with abstract noun to mean additional/extra.
Example - No further action is needed in this matter.
Furthest can also be used with abstract nouns.
Examples - (a) This was the furthest point they reached in their discussion.
(b) This was the furthest concession he would make.
LATER/LATEST/LATTER/LAST -
Latter and Latest are used with reference to time. Latter and last is used with
reference to order. Latest refers to new (last up to now) or very recent things. Last
means final or not new after that. In talking about events, (inventions), productions
etc., we used latest. Latter is used for comparison of two in order; for more than
two we use last.
Examples - (a) He came later than Ram.
(b) He came in the last.
(c) Between Ram and Shyam , the latter is more intelligent.
(d) Of iron and silver, the latter is known as white metal.
(e) This is the latest fashion.
(f) Lord Mountbatten was the last Governor General of India.
NEAR/NEXT -
The adjective near can be used like a preposition with or without to. To is not
normally used when we talk about physical closeness.
Example He lives near the railway station.
Next is used to talk about time or series, it means ‗after this‘.
Example She got off at the next stop.
SOME/ANY –
1. Some is used normally in affirmative with countable and uncountable as well. In
Interrogative Sentences ‗Some‘ is used for request or offer or command and for
which answer in affirmation is expected.
Examples - (a) I shall buy some books. (Countable)
(b) They have purchased some fruits. (Un Countable)
(c) Will you give me some milk? ( Request )
2. Any is normally used in negative and Interrogative Sentences for countable and
uncountable as well.
Examples - (a) I don‘t have any pen.
(b) Have you any novel?
Any can also be used in Affirmative Sentences after ‗if.
Example Do you have any parrot in your residence?
EACH/EVERY/EITHER/NEITHER -
Each/Every/Either/Neither always takes singular noun and singular verb.
If ‗every‘ is followed by any plural adjective of number (two, three, four etc.),
then it takes plural noun.
Examples
(a) She takes medicine every three hours.
(b) He visits here every two months.
EACH/EVERY -
Each and Every are similar in meaning. Each is used for two and more than two
while every is always used for more than two.
Each Two and more than two.
Every More than two.
Examples (a) Each of the two girls gets a prize.
(b) Each of the ten students gets a prize.
(c) Every student gets a prize.
(d) Every candidate was given a certificate.
3. Use of ‗The few‘ means ‗not many but all there are‘
Examples – The few utensils she had , all taken by the thief
CHAPTER 6
Adjectives are words that describes or modify another person or thing in the
sentence.
DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE
1. Positive: It is used to describe the quality of noun.
# COMPARATIVE DEGREE
RULE 1
1. There are some adjective which denotes absolute positions and of which
comparative and superlative degrees remains the some.
RULE 2
There are some adjective which uses 'to' rather than ' than' when used to
compare.
These adjective has suffix - ' ior '
These adjective are:
RULE 3
If two adjective are separated by ' and ' , then they must be in some degree.
USE OF ' VERY, ' MORE ', ' MUCH'
Very : It is used with positive degree of adjective .
More: Used with comparative degree of two.
Much : It is used with comparative degree.
Example:
1. He is good.
2. He is very good.
3. He is better than you.
4. He is much better than you.
5. He is comparatively smarter than you. [ Correct : Smart ]
METHODS
1. All + Other + Plural Noun
2. Any + Other + Singular Noun
Gold is more precious than any other metal.
Examples:
1. He is better than all other boy of the class. [Correct : boys ] [ Method 1 ]
2. He is better than any other boy of the class. [ Method 2 ]
3. She was curious to know what it was that made him stronger and braver than any
other man of his village. [ Method 2 ]
4. The Ganga is the holiest of all other rivers of India.
[ 'other ' is never used witg superlative degree ]
SYNTHESIS
Synthesis is done between two special type of sentences which have
[It is done by using conjunction ' If / but ]
Example : She is more beautiful but not so altered as her younger sister.
ORDERING OF ADJECTIVES
Size → shape → age → color → nationality → noun
Example → Black American 20 year old Nigro is his best friend.
Correct → 20 year Black American Negro is his best friend.
Examples:
1. he wanted certain boy to make entry into the principal's chamber. [ Correct : boys
] certain →
a) with ' certain ' noun used in plural form
b)‗a ‘ is used with certain
2. These sort of men attain worldly success by hook or by crook. [ Correct : sorts
]
DETERMINER
CHAPTER 1
LATER/LATEST/LATTER/LAST -
Latter and Latest are used with reference to time. Latter and last is used with
reference to order. Latest refers to new (last up to now) or very recent things. Last
means final or not new after that. In talking about events, (inventions), productions
etc., we used latest. Latter is used for comparison of two in order; for more than
two we use last.
Examples - (a) He came later than Ram.
(b) He came in the last.
(c) Between Ram and Shyam , the latter is more intelligent.
(d) Of iron and silver, the latter is known as white metal.
(e) This is the latest fashion.
(f) Lord Mountbatten was the last Governor General of India.
The comparative and superlative of much and many are some more and most.
Less ,Fewer and Lesser When we talk about countable things, we use the word
fewer ; when we talk about uncountable, we use the word less. She has fewer
chores, but she also had less energy.
We do, however, definitely use less when referring to statistical or numerical
expressions.
NEAR/NEXT -
The adjective near can be used like a preposition with or without to. To is not
normally used when we talk about physical closeness.
Example He lives near the railway station.
Next is used to talk about time or series, it means ‗after this‘.
Example She got off at the next stop.
SOME/ANY –
1. Some is used normally in affirmative with countable and uncountable as well. In
Interrogative Sentences ‗Some‘ is used for request or offer or command and for
which answer in affirmation is expected.
Examples - (a) I shall buy some books. (Countable)
(b) They have purchased some fruits. (Un Countable)
(c) Will you give me some milk? ( Request )
2. Any is normally used in negative and Interrogative Sentences for countable and
uncountable as well.
Examples - (a) I don‘t have any pen.
(b) Have you any novel?
Any can also be used in Affirmative Sentences after ‗if.
Example Do you have any parrot in your residence?
EACH/EVERY/EITHER/NEITHER -
Each/Every/Either/Neither always takes singular noun and singular verb.
If ‗every‘ is followed by any plural adjective of number (two, three, four etc.),
then it takes plural noun.
Examples
(a) She takes medicine every three hours.
(b) He visits here every two months.
EACH/EVERY -
Each and Every are similar in meaning. Each is used for two and more than two
while every is always used for more than two.
Each Two and more than two.
Every More than two.
Examples (a) Each of the two girls gets a prize.
(b) Each of the ten students gets a prize.
(c) Every student gets a prize.
(d) Every candidate was given a certificate.
3. Use of ‗The few‘ means ‗not many but all there are‘
Examples – The few utensils she had , all taken by the thief
NARRATION
CHAPTER 1
3. If the reporting verb is in past tense, we must make the following changes –
NARRATION OF ASSERTIVE SENTENCE
1. In assertive sentence linker ‗that‘ is used.
2. If the reporting verb is present or future tense, the tense of the verb of the
Direct speech is not change at all.
Example–
Direct: Ram says, ―I am busy‖
Indirect: Ram says that he is busy.
4. Normally there is no changes in the verb forms of the Modal auxiliaries like must,
ought to.
Example–
3. But if the direct speech does not begin with such question words, if or weather is
used as the linker.
Example–
Direct: ―are you weeping?‖, He asked her.
Indirect: He asked her if she was weeping.
3. Negative imperative expressed by using not before the infinitive in the indirect
speech. The reporting verb forbid, prohibit etc. may also be used without using
not.
Example–
Direct: Mother said to me, ―Don‘t run in the Sun.‖
Indirect: Mother advised me not to run in the Sun. (or) Mother forbade me to run
in the Sun.
4. Such expression as Please, Sir in the direct are left out in the indirect speech and
they are rendered by the verb request or by the adverbs kindly, politely etc.
Example–
Direct: Ram said to him, ―Sir, don‘t go home now.‖
Indirect: Ram asked him politely not to go home then.
5. When let in the Direct speech expresses a proposal or suggestion, we may use
Should for let and change the reporting verb into propose or suggest.
Example–
Direct: Arka said to his friend, ―Let us have a picnic.‖
Indirect: Arka proposed to his friends that they should have a picnic.
6. But when let does not expresses a proposal, it should be changed into might, or
may be allowed to.
Example–
Direct: He said, ―Let me come in.‖
Indirect: he requested that he might be allowed to come in.
VOICE
CHAPTER 1
People who can use passive voice appropriately are considered to have a good level
of English. Go through the article to learn about the correct usage of passive voice.
I ME
THEY THEM
HE HIM
SHE HER
WE US
WHO WHOM
IT IT
YOU YOU
WHAT WHAT
WHICH WHICH
„To be‟ varies according to the tense and rest of the rule remains the same.
PRESENT INDEFINITE
The forms of ‗To be‘ – is/am/are
Object + is/am/are + Past Participle of Verb + by Subject
EXAMPLES
Active – He plays football.
Passive– Football is passed by him.
PAST INDEFINITE
The forms of ‗To be‘ – was/ were
So rule would be modified as
Object + was/were + Past Participle of Verb + by Subject
EXAMPLE
Active – Her Teacher punished her.
Passive– She was punished by her teacher.
EXAMPLES
Present Perfect:
Active – He has written a letter.
PASSIVE – A Letter has been written by him.
Past Perfect:
Active – They had already watched the movie.
Passive– The movie had already been watched by them.
Future Perfect:
Active – The children will have seen the show.
Passive– The show will have been seen by the children.
CONTINUOUS TENSE (PRESENT, PAST)
The form of ‗To be‘ – being
Object + being + Past Participle of Verb + by Subject
Present Continuous:
Active – He is eating ice cream.
Passive– Ice cream is being eaten by him.
Past Continuous:
Active – They were watching the movie.
Passive– The movie was being watched by them.
EXAMPLES
Active – Government should ban smoking
Passive– Smoking should be banned by the government.
Active –I will finish the job tomorrow.
Passive– The job will be finished by me tomorrow.
SUMMARY
So, changing Active Voice into Passive requires two steps:
Identify type of tense used in Active Voice
Apply the corresponding rule.
TENSE FORMS OF „ TO BE‟
ANSWERS
Coffee is liked by him. (Present Indefinite)
A parcel was received by me. (Past Indefinite)
This lesson will never be forgotten by you. (Future Indefinite)
A gift has been brought to you by them. (Present Perfect)
The dinner had been prepared before we arrived. (Past Perfect)
The test will have been taken by her. (Future Perfect)
The cooking is being done by her. (Present continuous)
A performance was being given by them. (Past Continuous)
Professionals should be hired by them. (Modals)
CHAPTER 2
2. Make the subject of the active sentence---Agent of the passive sentence. The
agent will be in objective form. Use ‗by‘ before it. ‗By‘ is used when the subject of
active sentence is important to mention.
Subject of active sentence is ‗I‘ Its objective form is ‗me‘. So …..by me.
3. Always use third form of the very (Past participle) in passive structures.
The past participle (V-III) will be preceded by ‗to be‘ form of verb, as per the tense
of the sentence.
4. Please take care that the ‗to be‘ form of verb is governed by the new subject
(subject of the passive sentence).
Examples - a. I write a letter. (Active)
A letter is written by me. (Passive)
b. She is helping the students. (Active)
The students are being helped by her(Passive)
Here in sentence (b), plural verb ____are is used as per the new subject
__students.
5. Change of the subject of the active sentence into the object of the passive is
done as per the following table.
I Me She Her
You You It It
We Us Who Whom
6. Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive
construction. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be
transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs.
We can say ―He has a new cycle‖ but we cannot any ―A new cycle is had by him‖.
Here is a brief list of such verbs resemble, look like, equal, agree with, mean,
contain, hold, comprise, lack, suit, fit, become. These verbs are intransitive in
nature .
Will/shall have
Future perfect Will/shall have been written
written
VERB
CHAPTER 1
#CASE 1. 'AND'
When there are two nouns and if they are separated by 'and' , then there is a
case of subject verb agreement. Then noun and noun whole is treated plural,
so the verb used is also in plural
When each is used before the noun and noun is separated by 'and' then it
treated as singular and the verb used singular.
Example
COMBINATIONS
Combinations are always treated as singular.
Example
Bread and Butter are my favorite dish. [ Correct:
is]
Horse and carriage are waiting for the couple outside. [ Correct:
is]
The director and producer of the film were present in the function, [ Correct:
was]
When there is a case of as well as , the verb will always depends upon
the 1st noun or pronoun.
Other similar words on which it depends.
as well as
together with
along with
besides
like
unlike
governed by
headed by
lead by
controlled by
more than
and not
RULES:
1. The verb is always in singular form when used with 'each' &
'every'.
2. If 'each' is followed by 'of ' we have to use plural
noun.
3. Verb always remains singular with
'each'
4. When there is a numerical adjective of 'two' always use 'each'
Examples :
1. Every of the two boy is playing. [ Rule 2] [ Correct: Each ]
Each / Every of the three / five / thousand boys is playing.
[rule2]
2. There were only two soldiers but each and every soldier was equals to 5
policeman.
3. Every Tom , Dick , Herry drinks wine these
days.
4. Every day and every night brings its own pleasures for
everyone.
5. Ritu as well as some of her friends have fallen in love with Sonu , who is the eldest
don of SDO. [ Correct: has ]
6. He more than his parents are responsible for his bad habits. [ Correct: has ]
7. Every and and women of this village have come out to see this strange child. [
Correct: has ]
8.
If Noun is countable then we have to use plural , therefore verb should as be used
in plural form.
Example:
Some things is important in life.
Everybody among his friends like playing.
CASE 7.
' Some - Some of '
'All - All of '
' Most Of '
' A Lot Of '
' Lots Of '
' One - Third Of '
' Two - Thirds Of '
' Three - Fourth Of '
Example
1. Some money is needed.
2. A lot of milk has been utilized.
3. All men are mortal.
4. Half of the hotels have been closed today.
5. Two-thirds of the land has been ploughed.
6. All his money is spent and all his hopes are ruined.
In sentence always use ' a lot of' and 'lots of' not 'a lots of '.
#PATTERNS
QUANTIFIER + NOUN
These are the possible combinations.
CHAPTER 2
‗Verbs‘ is the most easy grammar topic and the most interesting as well! After all
who does not like a bit of action!
I‘m sure every one of you is an expert at identifying the verb in any given
sentence; the problem arises when identifying errors in a sentence when coupled
with tenses!
From the exam point of view, verbs are tested on in sentence corrections/error
detection; but verbs are the life line of any sentence as verbs show the happening
of anything – it is the action grammar.
There are types of verbs and rules of verbs and they are all confusing and not very
interesting; we will instead revise and rehash verbs along with tenses and see if at
the end of this session everything is easy and everything makes sense.
So, today I‘ll be doing verbs along with tenses, and your objective will be to learn
to identify the tenses and how the verbs are used along with them.
As far as VERBS are concerned there are some which are known as main
verbs and then there are the auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs help the main verb
and together they give a complete idea as to what is happening.
TENSES help in showing/expressing the time of the verb i.e., when the action is
happening.
This table is what I call the ‗Tenses Matrix‘, and I am hoping it‘ll help you to kick
start your verb/tenses lesson.
Tenses Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
(currently (happened few Continuous
happening) minutes back!) (started
happening few
minutes back and
still happening!)
Present It rains It is raining It has rained It has been raining
Past It rained It was raining It had rained It had been raining
Future It will rain It will be It would rain It would have been
raining (‗would‘ is the perfect
future form of the
word ‗will‘
I will be explaining each of the above types and your job will be to refer back to this
table for every example and try to fit in the sentence in every form of the tenses,
that way you‘ll learn how to change the tenses as well and you‘ll remember the
rules too!
Here we go!
PRESENT TENSES
Present Tenses represent any event which is happening currently i.e., in the
present.
(I hope you‘re putting the sentences in that ‗tenses matrix‘ and working out the
other forms as well!)
PAST TENSES
Past tenses express those events which have happened in the past! Can‘t get
simpler than this!
Ex.: She submitted her essay last Friday. {A simple past perfect.}
I had submitted the essay before I started my vacation. {Past perfect
showing two different events, namely, submitting essay and starting vacation.}
The words, ‗had been‘ indicate an action which continued for some time in the
past.
Okay! Two tenses already dealt with and I hope you are getting the hang of it and
making use of the tenses matrix…one more to go…
FUTURE TENSES
Future tenses express those events will happen in the future! For example:
You will clear your IBPS PO/ SBI ASSOCIATE PO in 2014!
See, verbs are supporting you too!
Ex.: He will have been studying hard for medical school to clear his exams
this year. {Please note, ‗would‘ is not the past tense of will, it is the perfect
tense of will.}
Nita will have been watching T.V. for a long time before her parents came home!
That was hard work…and I am hoping you found it useful. English Grammar needs
practice, just like math, I always keep saying. So, keep toiling on those practice
sets!
And as my English teacher used to say, ―Get your tenses perfect, or your future will
be tense!‖
CHAPTER 3
Do you want to score more marks in English section? Do you want to become an
erudite in English? Unless you become perfect in grammar basics, it‘s not easy to
score more in this section.
To reach the top of the building, first of all, you need to move on to the
first step. So, let‟s start from here.
We know the significance of verb in a sentence. We cannot frame a sentence
without a verb. So, it is also inevitable to know about the verb.
Generally verbs are limited by person, number and tense. It means, the form of
verb changes
1. If the person is changed
e.g. I write. (I-first person)
He writes. (He-Third person)
2. If the number is changed
e.g. She controls the employees. (She-singular)
They control the employees. (They-plural)
3. If the tense is changed
e.g. Mina went to the party. (Past tense)
Mina goes to the party. (Present tense)
All such verbs limited by number, person and tense are called Finite verbs.
There are three kinds of verbs which are not limited by number,person and tense.
They are:
Infinitive
Gerund
Participle
INFINITIVE:
An infinitive is a form of verb which is not limited by person, number and tense.
It is generally used with ‗TO‘. Sometimes, it is used without ‗TO‘ also.
E.g. I like to travel around the world.
→The following verbs do not take ‗to‘ after them with the infinitive in the active
voice.
They are: make, bid, let, hear, see, feel, watch, notice, need
→After the following auxiliaries, we do not use ‗to‘ with the infinitive.
They are: do, does, did, shall, will, should, would, can, could, might, may.
E.g.
She does the work well.
I shall return the book tomorrow.
USES OF INFINITIVE:
Infinitive as the subject of a verb.
e.g. To reach the apex in any field is not easy.
Infinitive as the object of a transitive verb. e.g. banks do not want to
afford much on NPAs.
Infinitive as the complement of a verb (subjective predication).
e.g. It seems to be a holiday.
Infinitive with adverbs too and enough.
e.g. He is too tender to bear.
She is old enough to understand.
Infinitive to qualify an entire sentence.
e.g. To tell the truth, he is very malicious.
GERUND
A gerund is a form of verb that does the work of a noun.So it is also called as
verbal noun.
E.g. Smoking is injurious to health.
The noun or pronoun that comes before a gerund is always in the possessive case.
E.g. I accept your offering me a job.
A gerund is formed by adding ‗ing‘ to the verb.
USES OF GERUND:
Gerund as the subject of the verb.
E.g. preventing is better than cure.
Object of the transitive verb.
E.g. I like learning.
Object of a preposition.
E.g. Many people are fond of watching tv.
Complement of a verb.
E.g. The child‘s real problem is coming to school.
PARTICIPLE
A participle is a form of verb that does the work of a verb, an adjective and of a
noun.
E.g. here is your driving license. (Adjective)
Safe driving is wonderful art. (Noun)
Seeing the police, the thief ran away. (Verb)
KINDS OF PARTICIPLE:
There are three kinds of participles.
Present participle.
eating(1stform+ing) -active voice
being eaten(being+3rdform) -passive voice
Past participle
eaten(3rd form) -active voice
Been eaten(been+3rd form) -passive voice
Perfect participle
having eaten -active voice
Having been eaten -passive voice
USES OF PARTICIPLE
Qualify nouns
e.g. It is an interesting book.
When two actions by the same subject are expressed and one of
them follows the other,then the former action can be denoted by a participle.
e.g. Hearing his father‘s voice,he went inside.
When two actions occur at the same time, one of them is expressed
in participle.
e.g. Standing at the door, he saw me.
CHAPTER 4
EXERCISE
1. I met Sania and she ……… you.
A. Asked after
B. Asked for
C. Asked about
D. Asked before
14. The college will ……… next week for summer vacation.
A. Break into
B. Break up
C. Break out
D. Break off
ANSWER-
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. C
D1. 3
14. B
15. A
CHAPTER 5
Direction: In the following exercise, a part of the given sentences is
underlined. Find out the meaning of the underlined phrase or word.
9. As she was turning out some papers she came across the information
she had been searching for.
a. saw from distance
b. found unexpectedly
c. touched
d. read quickly
10. She tries very hard to keep up with her rich neighbours.
a. to imitate
b. to keep touch
c. to avoid
d. to be on par
ANSWERS
1. d. breaks his promise
2. c. understand
3. c. allow to take its own course
4. a. return home
5. d. resembles
6. b. improve
7. b. endure
8. b. to summarize
9. b. found unexpectedly
10. a. to imitate
CHAPTER 6
Phrasal words are generally very confusing and the single addition of suffix
completely changes the meaning of the sentence. So we must learn the meaning of
various phrasal verbs through practice. One must use them in daily routine to
memorise them. Here we are going to give you some very commonly used phrasal
verbs keeping in mind English section of various exam patterns.
1. ACT
a. Act on = Take action: The police acted on the complaint.
b. Act out = Demonstrate something with gestures and actions: She acted out a
movie scene in the class.
c. Act up = Cause pain or annoyance by performing badly: My knee is acting up
badly.
2. ANSWER
a. Answer back = Reply rudely: He answered back his father.
b. Answer for = Someone responsible for something: She has to answer for her
son's misbehaviour.
c. Answer to = Responsible to be controlled by someone: He answers to the
general manager of the company.
3. ASK
a. Ask after = Enquire about something: My father was asking after your health.
b. Ask around = Describe it to people someone see: I will ask around and try to
find your lost dog.
c. Ask in = Invite someone to come: I asked her in because she was standing out
in cold night.
4. BACK
a. Back away = Move backwards in fear or dislike: When he saw the lion he
backed away.
b. Back down = Withdraw: They withdrew their plan to go on a strike.
c. Back out = Withdraw from agreement: The backed out from the deal.
5. BEAR
a. Bear out = Confirm: The other witness will bear out my will.
b. Bear with = Be patient: He could not bear with his quarrelsome wife.
c. Bear upon = To affect: Will the new law bear upon the producers?
6. BREAK
a. Break away = Escape from captivity: Four prisoners broke away last night.
b. Break down = Go out of order: The machine broke down and the work stopped.
c. Break into = Enter by force: Two robbers broke into the house last week.
7. BRING
a. Bring off = Succeed in some task: Being a journalist, she has brought off many
social issues to light.
b. Bring up = Raise the child: She has brought up her children well.
c. Bring Down = To defeat or overcome: The failure of the rally will bring the
government down.
8. CALL
a. Call back = Return a phone call: He called me back after an hour.
b. Call off = Cancel: Due to deteriorating health, he called off his plan to go for a
trip.
c. Call upon = Formally invite: He called upon the principal to address the
assembly.
9. CARRY
a. Carry on = Continue: The workers carried on their work even in heavy rain.
b. Carry out = To do something as specified: The plan was carried our perfectly.
c. Carry over = Postpone: They carried over the plan of picnic due to unfavourable
weather conditions.
10. COME
a. Come across = Find by chance: Mr. John came across some important
information while reading the file.
b. Come forward = Present oneself: Many students came forward to help the
needy child.
c. Come up with = Produce a plan or idea: All the employees should come up with
new ideas for the improvement of the office.
11. DO
a. Do away with = To get rid off: The people want to do away with the cruel
monarch.
b. Do over = Clean: We need to do over our home as the festive season is coming.
c. Do without = Manage without: You have to do without your notebooks now.
12. DROP
a. Drop behind = Fall into a position behind others: The market demand of our
products is dropping behind.
b. Drop in = Visit: He drops in to meet his friends often.
c. Drop off = Deliver something or someone: He dropped me off at the railway
station.
13. END
a. End in = Finish in a certain way: His plans ended in smoke.
b. End up = Finally reach a state or position: He ended up as a bankrupt due to his
extravagant nature.
c. End of = A final statement or concluding remark: His decision was the end of the
discussion.
14. FALL
a. Fall apart = Disintegrate: My car is too old and it is falling apart.
b. Fall behind = Fail to maintain: She is falling behind in school.
c. Fall through = fail or not happened: Our trip fell through because of the storm.
15. FIRE
a. Fire away = Ask questions quickly: He fired away the questions at the minister.
b. Fire back = Shoot back: The guard fired back at the thief.
c. Fire up = To start: He fired up the computer in hurry.
CHAPTER 6
1. All students should ......... some serious work before they appear for the
exam.
a. get on
b. get down to
c. get up with
d. get along
3. My younger sister ............. with anything that her friend says even if it
is incorrect.
a. goes across
b. goes down
c. goes along
d. goes up
4. The price of fruits and vegetables may ............ and becomes more
expensive.
a. go up
b. go down
c. go along
d. go around
9. I will ........... till late tomorrow, today was quite tiring for me.
a. sleep in
b. sleep on
c. sleep over
d. sleep at
10. You need to .......... many irritating people at times even when you
don't want to.
a. stick under
b. stick in
c. stick around
d. stick out
11. Sea sickness is quite common where people tend to ............ easily.
a. throw into
b. throw against
c. throw up
d. throw over
13. She has a lot of resemblances with her father as she ........... him.
a. takes onto
b. takes into
c. takes after
d. takes at
ANSWER
1.B
2.B
3.A
4.A
5.B
6.B
7.A
8.B
9.A
10.C
11.C
12.B
13.C
CHAPTER 7
7. You need to ........... into this new account for further details.
a. sign into
b. sign up
c. sign on
d. sign against
11. ............ Your bag tightly, thee could be many thieves around.
a. Hold at
b. Hold out
c. Hold onto
d. Hold on
ANSWER
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. A
11. C
12. A
CHAPTER 8
1. FAIRLY/RATHER -
Fairly is used with favourable adjectives and adverbs while rather is used before
unfavourable adjectives and adverbs.
Example a) Ram is fairly clevr, but Ramesh is rather foolish.
b) Ram walks fairly fast, but Anil walks rather slowly.
Rather when used before alike, like similar, different etc. and before comparatives,
means a little or slightly.
Examples a) These cats are rather like cubs in some ways.
b) The weather was rather hot than we had expected.
2. HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY -
The adverbs: hardly, scarcely and barely are almost negative (almost not) in
meaning. ‗Hardly‘ is usually used with ‗any‘, ever ‗, at all , or the verb ‗can‘
Examples a) She has hardly any money (very little money)
b) We hardly ever go out, (We very seldom go out)
One should not be confused with adverbs ‗hard‘ ‗hardly.
Examples a) He looked hard at it, (He stared at it)
b) She hardly looked at me.
(She gave me only a brief glance or didn‘t look)
Scarcely means ‗almost not‘ and can replace ‗hardly‘ as used above.
But scarcely is usually used to mean not quite
Example : There Were scarcely ten people in the meeting. (probably fewer)
Barely means ‗not more than‘ I only just
Examples a) His voice was barely audible. (It was only just audible)
b) There were barely ten people in the meeting. (only just ten)
3. YET/STILL –
Both are adverbs of time. Yet means up to the time of speaking. It is used with the
negative or interrogative.
Still emphasizes that the action continues. It is mainly used with the affirmative or
interrogative. It can also be used with the negative to emphasize the continuance
of an action.
Yet is normally placed after verb or after verb + Object. It the object consists of a
large number of words yet can be placed before the verb also.
Example Still is placed after the verb ‗be‘ but before other verbs.
4. SINCE/EVER SINCE -
Since and Ever since are used with Perfect Tenses. Since can be placed after the
auxiliary or in end position after a negative or interrogative verb; Ever Since
(adverb) is usually placed in end position.
Phrases and clauses with since and ever since are usually in end position though
front position is also possible
Examples a) I first met her three years ago and have remembered her face ever
since.
b) He‘s been in bed since his accident.
5. SOMEHOW/ANYHOW -
Somehow ( means in some way or other) can be placed in the front position or
after a verb without object or after the object.
Examples a) Somehow they managed.
b) I wasn‘t qualified to apply for this job really but I got it anyhow.
Anyhow is an adverb of manner. It is often used to mean in any case/anyway.
6. TOO –
Too is different from ‗very‘ Too means ‗excess‘ (more than enough‘ or more than
necessary‘ or more than is wanted)
Example - He is too weak to walk.
We can use an infinitive structure after too+adjective/adverb/determiner.
Example - She is too old to work.
If the infinitive has its own subject, this is introduced by for.
Example - It‘s too late for the shops to be opened.
The subject of a sentence with too can also be the object of the following
infinitive . Object pronouns are not normally used after the infinitive in such
cases.
Example – The water is too hot to drink. (Correct)
The water is too hot to drink it. (Incorrect)
However, object pronouns are possible in this atructures with for.
Example The water is too hot for us to drink (it).
The two possible meanings of sentences like.
Example a) He‘s too stupid to teach (=He‘s too stupid to be a teacher)
b) He‘s too stupid for anyone to teach (=He can‘t be taught.)
Too is not normally used before adjective +noun.
Example I put down the bag because it was too heavy. (Correct)
I put down the too heavy bag . (Incorrect)
In a rather formal style, ‗too‘ can be used before adjective +a/an+noun.
Examples a) It‘s too cold a day to go out.
b) He was too clever a businessman to accept the offer initially. (It means: As a
businessman he was too clever to accept the offer initially.)
7. TOO/TOO MUCH
Before adjectives without nouns and before adverbs, we use too, not too much.
Examples a) You‘re too kind to me. (Correct)
You‘re too much kind to me. (Incorrect)
b) I arrived too early. (Correct)
I arrived too much early (Incorrect)
8. MUCH/VERY -
Generally, participles are modified by much and adjectives by very. Certain
participles which have largely lost their verbal force and are felt to be adjectival
however, take very
Examples a) The law has been much abused (Participle)
b) Her dress was much admired (Participle)
c) It is a very good book. (Adjective)
d) This is a very old building. (Adjective)
e) She is a very clever girl. (Adjective)
9. SELDOM –
Seldom is an adverb. We may say I seldom go to London, but not my visits to
London are seldom; for here we are treating the word as a predicative adjective. It
can be used after a verb in this way (and then as an adverb) only in the following
types of construction.
(i) After It is After It is (was), and followed by a that-clause in apposition to the
anticipatory pronoun it.
Example – It is seldom that we get such an opportunity as this
CHAPTER 8
#RULE 1
A singular subject takes a singular verb.
#RULE 2
A plural subject takes a plural verb.
Singular subject refers to a single noun or pronoun.
Singular Plural
A dog barks. Dogs bark.
A girl dances beautifully. Girls dance beautifully.
It has three sections These have three sections.
He is playing hockey. They are playing hockey.
'I' is used as a singular subject, but it always takes a plural verb or singular verb.
I am busy. (Singular verb)
I have a pen. (Plural verb)
I was a student. (Singular verb)
'You' is used as a singular noun or plural noun, but it always takes a plural verb.
You are busy. (Plural verb)
You have studied English. (Plural verb)
You were going to market. (Plural verb)
#RULE 3
'Need not' and 'dare not' are used in plural form always whether the
subject is plural or singular. 'To' is not used after need not and dare not.
He need not go there.
They need not go there
He dare not oppose his father.
They dare not oppose their father.
But needs and dares are used with singular subjects, while need and dare
are used with plural subjects. 'To' can be used after dares and needs.
He needs some money.
They need some money.
He dares to face the challenge.
They dare to face the challenge.
#RULE 4
If two singular nouns are joined by 'and' and used as the subject, it takes
plural verb.
Ram and Shyam are friends.
Ravi and Mani have played well.
A man and a woman are walking in the park.
Exception- Pair words like bread and butter, bag and baggage, rice etc. are
considered singular nouns/subjects and always take singular verb.
Rice and curry is my favourite.
His bag and baggage is ready.
If two singular uncountable nouns used as subject are joined by 'and', then plural
verb is used.
But if we are referring family relations, then we use plural verbs.
Time and tide wait for none.
Sun and moon provide energy.
Gold and silver are expensive metals.
My mother and father are very loving.
My brother and sister are living in Delhi.
#RULE 5
If two singular nouns/adjectives are joined by 'and' and the first noun is
preceded by an article (a/an/the) or possessive pronouns (my, her, his,
their etc.), then we use singular verb.
#RULE 6
If two singular nouns/adjectives joined by 'and' and both the nouns are
preceded by an article or possessive pronoun, then we use plural verb.
The teacher and the student have attended the meeting.
My uncle and my guardian are very generous and kind.
A writer and a poet visit the art gallery.
A black and a black dog were playing in the ground.
#RULE 7
If two or more than two singular nouns are joined by 'and' and each is
used before first noun, then we use singular verb.
Each shirt and pant is black.
Each boy and girl is intelligent.
#RULE 8
Plural noun/plural pronoun + each takes plural verb.
The students each have an English book.
They each have a motorbike.
#RULE 9
Either/neither is used as a subject and takes a singular verb.
There are two books, either is good.
There are two rooms, neither has an air-conditioner.
#RULE 10
Either/neither + singular countable noun refers to singular subject and
takes a singular verb.
Either pen writes well.
Neither boy is intelligent.
#RULE 11
Noun + of + noun is used then we take verb according to the first noun.
The students of my class are intelligent.
The son of John is very innocent.
So, these are the basic subject verb agreement rules. Hope you all will try to
prepare these and in our next post of English Grammar, we will try to describe you
some more rules. Keep practicing!!!!!
CHAPTER 9
In any sentence the use of verb according to subject‘s number and person is called
verb agreement.
1. He comes (If Subject ‗Singular‘ then Verb ‗Singular‘)
2. They come (If Subject ‗Plural‘ then Verb ‗Plural‘)
It is important to understand singular and plural for use of right form of verb.
Singular Verb Plural Verb Singular Verb Plural Verb
is are was were
has have V1 + s/es V1 (play, go etc.)
(plays, goes
etc.)
The difference between Verb and noun.
Noun + s/es -> Plural noun ( With s/es noun becomes plural)
Verb + s/es -> Singular Verb ( With s/es verb becomes singular)
RULE 1
If two Subjects use with „and‟ then Plural Verb will use.
e.g. Ram and Shyam are coming.
RULE 2
If two or more than two Nouns or adjectives use with and but they use only for
one person, then Singular Verb will use.
My friend, philosopher and guide have come. (change ‗have‘ to ‗has‘)
Slow and steady win the race. (change ‗win‘ to ‗wins‘)
Fish and chips is my favourite dish. (Correct)
Note - i) If two uncountable nouns use with ‗and‘, and act as subjectthen plural
verb will use. e.g.
Poverty and misery come together. (Correct)
RULE 3
If two subjects add with “as well as, with, alongwith, together with, and not,
in addition to, but, besides, except, rather than, accompanied by, like,
unlike, no lessthan, nothing but” then verb will use according to first subject.
e.g.
RULE 4
If use of Article only with 1 Subject then it means only one man or object.
st
RULE 5
If two subject add with ‗neither….nor, either…..or, not only….but also, nor,
or and none-but,‘ then verb will be according to nearest subject. e.g.
Note:- With Both not cannot use because for ‗no one from two‘ neither of will use.
e.g.
Both of them did not take the exam. (Incorrect)
Neither of them look the exam. (Correct)
RULE 7
Some noun by form its plural, but by meaning it is singular. With this we use
singular verb.
e.g.
1) Measles, Mumps, Rickets etc.
2) Billiards, Darts, Draughts etc.
3) The United States, The West Indies, etc.
4) The Arabian Nights, Three Musketeers etc.
5) Physics, Economics, Civics, Statistics, Pol. Science etc.
e.g.
1) Mathematics is an interesting subject.
2) Politics is not my cup of tea.
Note- If Statistics use as data, Mathematics use as Calculation andPolitics use
as Political views then its use will be plural. e.g.
Statistics have revealed multiple scams in the organization of commonwealth
games.
RULE 8
In a sentence a verb is according to the main subject. We usually place it with
according to its nearest subject, but it is wrong. e.g.
1) The quality of apples is good.
2) He and not his parents is guilty.
3) The appeal of the victims for the transfer of the cases related to riots to some
other states has been accepted.
RULE-9
With Collective noun always use Singular Verb.
e.g.
1) The herd of cows is grazing in the field.
2) The committee has unanimously taken its decision.
Note:- But if there is some problem in Collective Noun or each person is mention
then use plural verb.
e.g.
1) The jury are divided in their opinion.
2) The audience have taken their seats.
RULE 10
With plural number, plural verb use. e.g.
Hundred boys are in my class.
Note:- If after cardinal adjectives (one, two, three, four,… etc.) plural
noun use and with plural noun shows certain amount, certain weight, certain
period, certain distance, certain height then singular verb will use. e.g.
1. Hundred rupees is in my pocket.
2. Ten mules is a long distance to cover on foot.
RULE-11
If any Relative Pronoun(Who, which, that etc.) use to add a Subject and
a Verb, then Verb would be according to that Subject which is antecedent to
that Relative Pronoun.
e.g.
1) She is one of the noblest women that (R.P.)has have ever lived on this earth.
2) I am not one of those who (R.P.) will trust everyone whom I meet they meet.
Always understand the meaning of the sentence. Second sentence meaning is ‗I
am not from those people, who believe on that whom they meet.‘ So Don‘t
use I meet, use They meet.
RULE-12
Each, Every, Everyone, Someone, Somebody, Nobody, None, One, Any,
Many a, More than one means singular from their meaning. With this Singular
verb, Singular noun, Singular Adjective & Singular noun use.
e.g.
1) Each student has come.
2) Each boy and each girl has come.
3) One must tolerate one‟s friend as well as his one‘s enemy
4) Many a student have has not done their home work.
5) More than one man(S.N.) was(S.V) present there.
Note:- Watch use of „many‟ in below sentences:-
e.g.
1) Many a man has come.
2) Many men have come.
3) A great/ A good many men have come.
RULE-13
If after each, every, one etc., „of‟ is using, so, the noun or pronoun which
comes after „of‟ will be plural but the verb, adjective, pronoun after that will
be Singular.
e.g.
One of the boys/ them(Noun/Pronoun (Plural)) has done the his work.
RULE-14
After Plural Noun or Plural Pronoun use of „each‘, then it will be treated
as Plural and Plural Verb will be use will be used with this.
e.g.
We(P.S.) each have(P.V.) a duty towards our nation. (Correct)
RULE-15
Use of Indefinite Pronoun- „One‟ as the subject of sentence, then with
this singular verb will use and for this Singular Adjective/ Pronouns- one‟s,
one, oneself will be used, not he, him, himself etc.
e.g.
One should keep his promise. (Incorrect)
One should keep one‘s promise. (Correct)
RULE-16
Fictional sentences which starts with if, as if, as though, suppose, I wish, in
case or would that. After this any number or person‟s subject will be used,
plural verb ‗were‘ will use, not was.
e.g.
1) I wish, I were a bird.
2) If he were rich, he would help others.
RULE-17
In Optative Sentences, with Singular Subject, plural verb will use.
e.g.
1) God(S.S) save(P.V) the king.
2) Long live(P.V) the Queen(S.S).
RULE-18
A number of/A large number of/A great number of use with Plural Countable Noun
and with this Plural Verb will use.
e.g.
A number of students were present. (Correct)
Note:- But use of „The number of‟ for certain number, then after this Plural
Subject will use and it will use with Sentence‟s Subject with Singular Verb.
e.g.
The number of boys(P.S) are(P.V) fifty. (Incorrect)
The number of boys(P.S) is(S.V) fifty. (Correct)
RULE-19
If Amount of/quantity of use with Uncountable noun, then it will use
with Sentence‟s subject and with this Singular Verb will use.
e.g.
The amount of money(U.N) are(P.V) not sufficient. (Incorrect)
The amount of money(U.N)is(S.V) not sufficient. (Correct)
RULE-20
If ‗All‟ use as uncountable, then it will treat singular, and with this Singular
Verb will use.
e.g.
All is(S.V) well that ends(S.V) well.
But use of ‗All‟ as quantity of people or good, then it will treat Plural and with
this Plural Verb will use.
e.g.
All are(P.V) well at home.
RULE-21
Furniture, advice, work, evidence, equipment, news, information, luggage,
baggage, percentage, poetry, knowledge, dirt, traffic, electricity, music,
breakage, stationary, confectionary, pottery, bakery, crockery, behavior
use as Uncountable Nouns. So with this Singular verb will use.
1) The scenery(S.S) of Kashmir has(S.V) enchanted us.
2) I passed but the percentage(S.S) of marks was(S.V) not good.
RULE-22
Some Nouns are always use as Plural Nouns. It cannot be make Singular, if we
cut „s‟ at the end of it. It also looks like Plural, and it also use as Plural.
Scissors, tongs, pliers, pincers, bellows, trousers, pants, pajamas, shorts,
gallows, fangs, spectacles, goggles, binoculars, sunglasses, Alms, amends,
archives, arrears, auspices, congratulations, embers, thanks etc.
e.g.
1) Where are my pants?
2) Where are the tongs?
3) The proceeds were deposited in the bank.
RULE-23
Some Nouns looks Plural, but use as Singular. It always use as Singular. e.g.
News, Innings, Politics, Summons, Physics, Economics, Ethics,
Mathematics, Mumps, Measles, Rickets, Billiards etc. e.g.
1) No news is good news.
2) Politics is a dirty game.
RULE-24
Some Nouns look like Singular, but us as Plural. e.g.
Cattle, infantry, poultry, peasantry, children, gentry, police, people etc. With
these ‗s‘ will never use. Like Cattles, childrens are wrong. e.g.
1) Cattles are grazing in the field.
2) Our infantry have marched forward.
3) Police have arrested the thieves.
CHEPTER 10
WILL , SHALL
Generally ' will ' is used with ' We ' and ' You ' & ' Shall ' with ' I ' But in
deterministic cases ' will ' is used with ' I '.
It being a storm you must thought of postponing all your programs. [ Correct :
think ]
NEED
He needs you.
[ main verb ]
IS, AM , ARE
They are used in present tense
These verbs can come only following cases :
1. As a main verb
Eg. Ram is a good boy.
[ act as main verb ]
2. In continuous tense
Eg. Ram is playing cricket. [ is + v1 + ing ]
3. In passive voice
Eg. Cricket is played by Ram. [ is + v3 ]
DO , DOES , DID
all of these are used with first form of verb.
Eg. Do you doubted about the success of this boy.
HAS, HAVE, HAD
always used with V3
Used in perfect tense
Eg. 1. The criminal will certainly be hung. [ Correct : hanged ]
2. The workers fell no lesser than 200 trees within 6 hours. [ Correct : fewer ]
3. We advise him to marry his daughter as she had come to a marriagable age.
Correct: We advised him to get his daughter married as she had come to a
marriageable age.
SOME CONFUSING VERBS
Lie lied Lied
In many lesser leaders were present in the function.[ Correct : means less
important ]
ADVERBS
CHAPTER 1
RULES OF ADJECTIVE
Word qualifying a noun or pronoun is called an Adjective.
1.
The Comparative adjectives ending in –ior (Prior, Junior, Senior, Superior, Inferior,
Posterior), Prefer(verb), Preferable, Elder etc are followed by ‗to‘ instead of ‗than‘
Example –
i) He is senior to me
ii) Milk is preferable to tea.
2.
Some adjective doesn‘t admit of any comparison and thus they always remain in
the positive degree: Absolute, Annual, Chief, Circular, Complete, Entire, Eternal,
Extreme, Excellent, Full, Impossible, Perfect, Right, Round, Unique, Universal,
Supreme, Whole etc.
Example–
I) This is the unique building that I have seen.
3.
When two adjectives qualify the same noun, both the adjectives should be
expressed in the same degree.
Example –
He is wiser and more intelligent than his brother.
4.
When we compare two qualities in the same person or thing, the comparative
ending -er is not used.
Example –
He is more clever than honest.
5.
Either, Neither, Only, Both, even, but also should be placed immediately before the
word they emphasize.
Example –
he likes to take not only coffee but also tea.
6.
When two adjectives require different prepositions, appropriate prepositions should
be used with both adjectives.
Example –
His mobile is different from and cheaper than mine.
7.
Double comparatives and double superlatives must not be used.
Example –
He is wiser than his brother.
8.
When two changes happen together, comparative degree is used in both.
Example –
The higher you go, the cooler you feel.
9.
While comparing an object with others, it is necessary to exclude it from the
comparison.
Example –
Iron is harder than any other metal.
10.
We should not use ‗other‘ or ‗else‘ with superlatives.
Example –
He is the strongest of all students (not all other students).
11.
‗Kind‘ and ‗Sort‘ refer singular number. We can use ‗this‘ and ‗that‘ with them, but
we can‘t use ‗these‘ and ‗those‘ with them.
Example –
He doesn‘t like that kind of shirts.
12.
Compound adjective formed by adding ‗worth‘ is placed after the noun it qualifies.
Example –
This is a sight worth seeing.
13.
When two or more comparatives are joined by ‗and‘, they must be in the same
degree.
Example –
Ram is wisest and most learned boy in the class.
14.
Likely, certain and sure are followed by ‗to‘.
Example –
He is likely to win.
15.
Always place an adjective after noun when the noun is followed by preposition.
Example –
The subject is a matter worthy of note.
16.
The order of adjectives qualifying a noun – SIZE-SHAPE-AGE-COLOUR-
NATIONALITY- MATERIAL-NOUN (S S A C N M)
Example –
A big Indian stadium.
17.
Some Confused Adjectives:
I. Beautiful is used for woman, Handsome is for man.
II. Less refers to quantity, Fewer denotes number.
III. Last is final one, Latest is last up to the present.
IV. Older is used for persons or things, Elder is used for persons only.
V. Little means not much, A little means at least some.
VI. Farther means more distance, further means additional one.
RULES OF ADVERB –
1.
Adverb of time – Often, always, already, just, never, ever, sometimes, frequently,
generally, recently, usually, seldom, hardly rarely, normally etc are placed before
the verb they modify.
Example –
he often goes to Delhi.
2.
The adverb ‗enough‘ is placed after the adjective.
Example –
she is cunning enough to tackle him.
3.
When there are two adverb of place, the smaller unit is usually placed first.
Example –
Rahul lives in a small village in Bihar.
4.
If a sentence is introduced by an adverb, inverted form of the adverb is used.
Example –
Seldom does he visit his uncle.
No sooner did I reach the station Than I met my friend.
5.
‗Else‘ should be followed by ‗But‘
Example –
It is nothing else but sheer madness.
6.
‗Seldom or never‘, ‗Seldom, if ever‘, ‗little or nothing‘, ‗little, if anything‘ is correct
form.
Example –
Deb seldom or ever meet his relatives.
7.
Negative adverbs should not be used with the negative meaning word.
Avoid the use of negative with until, unless, lest.
8.
‗Scarcely‘ and ‗Hardly‘ are followed by ‗When‘ not by ‗Then‘.
Example –
I had scarcely entered the room when the light off.
9.
‗Though‘ is followed by ‗yet‘ not by ‗but‘
Example –
Though he is poor, yet he is honest.
10.
‗Lest‘ must be followed by ‗Should‘.
Example –
Read regularly lest you should fail.
11.
‗Very‘ is used with the adjective in the positive degree and with present participles.
‗Much‘ is used with adjectives in the comparative degree and with past participles.
Example –
It is very interesting book.
He is very much stronger than I am.
12.
Adverb ‗as‘ should be used to introduce predicative of the verbs, ‗regard, describe,
define, treat, view, know‘. But ‗as‘ should be avoided with ‗name, elect, think,
consider, call, appoint, make, choose‘.
Example –
He was elected the secretary of our club.
13.
‗Unless‘ expresses condition. ‗Until‘ expresses time. They always used in negative
sense. Thus not is never used with ‗unless‘ and ‗until‘.
CHAPTER 2
1. FAIRLY/RATHER -
Fairly is used with favorable adjectives and adverbs while rather is used before
unfavorable adjectives and adverbs.
Example a) Ram is fairly clever, but Ramesh is rather foolish.
b) Ram walks fairly fast, but Anil walks rather slowly.
Rather when used before alike, like similar, different etc. and before comparatives,
means a little or slightly.
Examples a) These cats are rather like cubs in some ways.
b) The weather was rather hot than we had expected.
2. HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY -
The adverbs: hardly, scarcely and barely are almost negative (almost not) in
meaning. ‗Hardly‘ is usually used with ‗any‘, ever ‗, at all , or the verb ‗can‘
Examples a) She has hardly any money (very little money)
b) We hardly ever go out, (We very seldom go out)
One should not be confused with adverbs ‗hard‘ ‗hardly.
Examples a) He looked hard at it, (He stared at it)
b) She hardly looked at me.
(She gave me only a brief glance or didn‘t look)
Scarcely means ‗almost not‘ and can replace ‗hardly‘ as used above.
But scarcely is usually used to mean not quite
Example : There Were scarcely ten people in the meeting. (probably fewer)
Barely means ‗not more than‘ I only just
Examples a) His voice was barely audible. (It was only just audible)
b) There were barely ten people in the meeting. (only just ten)
3. YET/STILL –
Both are adverbs of time. Yet means up to the time of speaking. It is used with the
negative or interrogative.
Still emphasizes that the action continues. It is mainly used with the affirmative or
interrogative. It can also be used with the negative to emphasize the continuance
of an action.
Yet is normally placed after verb or after verb + Object. It the object consists of a
large number of words yet can be placed before the verb also.
Example Still is placed after the verb ‗be‘ but before other verbs.
4. SINCE/EVER SINCE -
Since and Ever since are used with Perfect Tenses. Since can be placed after the
auxiliary or in end position after a negative or interrogative verb; Ever Since
(adverb) is usually placed in end position.
Phrases and clauses with since and ever since are usually in end position though
front position is also possible
Examples a) I first met her three years ago and have remembered her face ever
since.
b) He‘s been in bed since his accident.
5. SOMEHOW/ANYHOW -
Somehow ( means in some way or other) can be placed in the front position or
after a verb without object or after the object.
Examples a) Somehow they managed.
b) I wasn‘t qualified to apply for this job really but I got it anyhow.
Anyhow is an adverb of manner. It is often used to mean in any case/anyway.
6. TOO –
Too is different from ‗very‘ Too means ‗excess‘ (more than enough‘ or more than
necessary‘ or more than is wanted)
Example - He is too weak to walk.
We can use an infinitive structure after too+adjective/adverb/determiner.
Example - She is too old to work.
If the infinitive has its own subject, this is introduced by for.
Example - It‘s too late for the shops to be opened.
The subject of a sentence with too can also be the object of the following
infinitive . Object pronouns are not normally used after the infinitive in such
cases.
Example – The water is too hot to drink. (Correct)
The water is too hot to drink it. (Incorrect)
However, object pronouns are possible in this structures with for.
Example The water is too hot for us to drink (it).
The two possible meanings of sentences like.
Example a) He‘s too stupid to teach (=He‘s too stupid to be a teacher)
b) He‘s too stupid for anyone to teach (=He can‘t be taught.)
Too is not normally used before adjective +noun.
Example I put down the bag because it was too heavy. (Correct)
I put down the too heavy bag . (Incorrect)
In a rather formal style, ‗too‘ can be used before adjective +a/an+noun.
Examples a) It‘s too cold a day to go out.
b) He was too clever a businessman to accept the offer initially. (It means: As a
businessman he was too clever to accept the offer initially.)
7. TOO/TOO MUCH
Before adjectives without nouns and before adverbs, we use too, not too much.
Examples a) You‘re too kind to me. (Correct)
You‘re too much kind to me. (Incorrect)
b) I arrived too early. (Correct)
I arrived too much early (Incorrect)
8. MUCH/VERY -
Generally, participles are modified by much and adjectives by very. Certain
participles which have largely lost their verbal force and are felt to be adjectival
however, take very
Examples a) The law has been much abused (Participle)
b) Her dress was much admired (Participle)
c) It is a very good book. (Adjective)
d) This is a very old building. (Adjective)
e) She is a very clever girl. (Adjective)
9. SELDOM –
Seldom is an adverb. We may say I seldom go to London, but not my visits to
London are seldom; for here we are treating the word as a predicative adjective. It
can be used after a verb in this way (and then as an adverb) only in the following
types of construction.
(i) After It is After It is (was), and followed by a that-clause in apposition to the
anticipatory pronoun it.
Example – It is seldom that we get such an opportunity as this
CAHPTER 3
Incorrect Correct
Actions sometimes speak loudly than the Actions sometimes speak louder than the
words. words.
We entirely draw out intellectual and We draw out intellectual and cultural
cultural heritage from the heritage entirely from the
Mediterranean‘s. Mediterranean‘s.
Of course, you will succeed in your You will certainly succeed in your
mission. mission.
You only are responsible for my Only you are responsible for my
misfortunes. misfortunes.
I am quite sorry to hear of your losses. I am very sorry to hear of your losses.
I am very disturbed to hear that his I am much disturbed to hear that his
services have been terminated. services have been terminated.
He is very fat that he cannot walk fast. He is so fat that he cannot walk fast.
This is the same shirt which I bought This is the same shirt I bought
yesterday. yesterday.
I have not heard from my son for long. I have not heard from my son since long.
The patient is very better today. The patient is much better today.
CHAPTER 4
In the example above ‗danced‘ is a verb which is being modified by the adverb
―beautifully‖.
KINDS OF ADVERBS
1. ADVERBS OF MANNER
Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or the way in which something happens.
They answer the Question ‗How?‘ Adverbs of Manner mainly modify verbs.
He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?)
They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?)
James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?)
2. ADVERBS OF PLACE
Adverbs of place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the
question ‗where?‘ An adverb of place mainly modifies verbs.
Please sit here. (Where should I sit?)
They looked everywhere. (Where did they looked?)
Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?)
3. ADVERBS OF TIME
Adverbs of time tell us something about the time that something happens. They
answer the question ‗when?‘ Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs.
He came yesterday. (When did he came?)
I want it now. (When do I want it? ) or they can answer the question ‗how
often?‘
They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)
We sometimes watch a movie.(How often do we watch a movie?)
4. ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They
answer the question ‘how much?‘ or ‗to what degree?‘Adverbs of degree can modify
verbs, Adjectives or other Adverbs.
She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?)
Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is
Mary?)
He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How
dangerously did he drive?)
5. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will
occur.
Examples: Rarely, daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently, always,
ever, generally, monthly, yearly.
She never smokes.
He is always late for class.
They always come in time.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
The employees are paid monthly.
The employees are paid every month.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
There are three degrees of comparison in adverbs the positive, the comparative,
the superlative. The adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives using –er
and –est and more and most. Adverbs that end in –ly use the words more and most
to form their comparatives abd superlatives.
The one-syllable adverbs use –er in the comparative form and –est in the
superlative form.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Early Earlier Earliest
Fast Faster Fastest
Hard Harder hardest
High Higher Highest
Late Later Latest
Hot Hotter hottest
Loud Louder Loudest
Near Nearer Nearest
Soon Sooner Soonest
Adverbs which end in-ly or have three or ‗more‘ syllables each form the
comparative with more and the superlative with ‗most‘.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Angrily More angrily Most angrily
Brightly More brightly Most brightly
Dimly More dimly Most dimly
Freely More freely Most freely
Gladly More gladly Most gladly
Heavily More heavily Most heavily
Loudly More loudly Most loudly
Quietly More quietly Most quietly
Sweetly More sweetly Most sweetly
Terribly More terribly Most terribly
Examples;
Of the two teddy bears, which do you like better?
This has to be the farthest I have ever walked in my life.
FORMS OF ADVERBS
There are three forms of adverbs: adverbs formed by adding -ly to an adjective,
adverbs that share identical words with an adjective, and adverbs not derived from
an adjective or any other word.
3. Adverbs such as as, even, how, never, next, now, rather, so, soon, still,
then, too, etc. are not derived from an adjective or any other word.
He doesn't even know where the Pacific Ocean is.
He said he had never been to a circus.
She has got rather a lot of money to spend at this time of the month.
She has eaten two big pizzas and is still hungry
5. Adverbs are also formed from other parts of speech such as noun
(accident)and verb (hurry), and from present participle (frightening).
She deleted my file by accident. (Noun)
She accidentally deleted my file. (Adverb)
Nick hurried to answer the telephone. (Verb)
Nick moved hurriedly to answer the telephone. (Adverb)
He's frightening us with the speed he's driving. (present participle)
He's driving frighteningly close to the edge of the pavement. (Adverb
POSITIONS OF ADVERBS
Adverbs occupy different positions in a sentence.
3. After the auxiliary verb (be) that is used as the main verb
She is always quick to point out other people's faults.
As usual, they are very late.
The boys were incredibly lucky to be alive after what happened.
PREPOSITION
CHAPTER 1
A preposition is a word or a group of words that is placed before a noun or pronoun
to indicate direction, method, place, source etc.
RULES OF PREPOSITION:
A preposition is usually placed before its object but sometimes it is placed after it in
the following cases:
C. When an infinitive qualifies a noun, the pronoun should be placed after the
infinitive, if required.
Example: He gave me a pen to write with.
1.
As per the rule after some following verb, no preposition is placed, when these
verbs are used in active voice.
Stress, Emphasise, discuss (matter), investigate, accompany, comprise, demand,
consider, violate, resemble, pervade, precede, succeed, reach (at), resign (post),
attack, invade, resist, enter (come into), eschew, befall, order, direct, join, sign,
affect, ensure, board, describe, await, lack, regret, concern etc.
Example: India has never attacked any country.
2.
Omission of ‗to‘ with verbs of communication before the object, ‗ advise, tell, ask,
beg, command, encourage, request, inform, order, urge etc.
Example: I advised him to go.
3.
Omission of preposition before Indirect object,
The following verbs are ‗bring, give, lend, promise, leave, sell, buy, show, take,
fetch, tell, hand, send, sing, read, cost, play (an instrument), find, get, ask, offer
etc.
Example: I shall buy you this necklace.
4.
Note the placement of proper object (direct/indirect) with the use of the following
verb with special reference to the preposition.
Example: I provided money to him.
5.
The correct use of ‗inform, explain, rob, fine, recommend, suggest, compensate,
purpose‘ in relation to the object.
Example: explain something to a person.
Another example: Inform someone of the matter.
6.
‗Between‘ is used while referring to two persons/things.
Example: Share these sweets between him and me.
7.
‗Among‘ is used while referring to more than two persons /thing before the word,
which start with a consonant letter.
Example: Divide the sweets among the three boys.
8.
‗Amongst‘ is also used with more than two persons or things but before the word
which starts with a vowel letter.
Example: Divide the sweets amongst us.
9.
‗Above‘ is used for ‗higher than‘.
Example: The sun rose above the horizon.
10.
‗Under‘ is used for ‗vertically below‘.
Example: It is shady under the tree.
11.
‗Below‘ is used for ‗lower than‘.
Example: Your work is below average.
12.
‗Over‘ is used for ‗vertically above‘.
Example: There is an aircraft coming over.
13.
‗Beneath‘ means a lower position.
Example: the ground was slippery beneath her.
14.
‗To‘ is used to express motion from one place to another, whereas ‗into‘ denotes
motion towards the inside of something.
Example: We walked to the river and back.
Another example: the students came into the classroom.
15.
'Toward‘ refers to direction and ‗at‘ refers to aim.
Example: He saw me running towards him.
Another example: He aimed at the bird.
16.
‗Against‘ show pressure.
Example: He leaned against a tree.
17.
'Off‘ refers to separation.
'From‘ refers to the points of departure.
Example: the man parted from his friends.
18.
‗About‘ shows nearness.
Example: I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
19.
‗Along‘ stands for in the same line.
Example: She led them along the corridor.
20.
‗After‘ refers sequence.
Example: She came after me.
21.
‗Across‘ means from one side.
Example: He ran across the field.
22.
'Beside‘ means by the side of.
Example: He sat down beside his wife.
23.
‗Besides‘ means in addition to.
Example: Besides being a teacher, he is a skilled craftsman.
24.
‗Since ‗is used with the point of time, when action begins and continues.
Example: He has been ill since last Monday.
25.
'For‘ is used for perfect continuous tense showing the duration of action.
Example: I have been here for three years.
CAHPTER 2
1. PREPOSITION OF TIME
I. AT
With a definite point of time.
Example: at 5 o‘clock
With festivals.
Example: at Holi
II. IN
With parts of the day, months, seasons and years.
Example: in the afternoon
III. ON
With days and dates
Example: On Monday, on the first day of June
IV. BY
Refers to the latest time at which an action will be over.
Example:
The examination will be over by 5 p.m.
V. FOR
Period of time
Example: For three years
VI. SINCE
Point of time
Example: Since last Tuesday, since 1980
VII. FROM
Refers starting point of action
Example:
This water came from a spring. She came from USA.
2. PREPOSITION OF POSITION
I. AT
To an exact point
Example:
The tourist stays at the Tourist Hotel. He studied at Oxford.
II. IN
Refers to larger areas
Example:
He lives in Bombay
III. AMONGST
It is used with more than two persons or things but the word which starts
with a vowel letter.
Example:
Divide the sweets amongst us.
IV. ABOVE
It is used for higher than but for non-vertical position
Example:
The sun rose above the horizon. The sky is above our head.
V. OVER
It is used for vertically above position. Sometimes, it is used when
something crosses over something.
Example:
The plane flew over my head. The cloud is over our head. The bathroom is over the
kitchen.
VI. BELOW
For lower than but for non-vertical position
Example:
When the sun sets it goes below the horizon. Your work is below the average.
VII. UNDER
For vertically below
Example:
It is shady under the trees.
VIII. BENEATH
Means lower position
Example:
The ground was slippery beneath her.
3. PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION
I. TO
It is used to express motion from one place to another.
Example:
We walked to the river and back.
II. TOWARDS
Refers to direction
Example:
He saw me running towards him.
III. INTO
Refers to motion towards the inside of something i.e. entry from outside to
inside.
Example:
He jumped into the well. She fell into a ditch.
IV. IN
It is used for the static condition. It is used when something already inside
something.
Example:
A boy is in the room. A student is running in the room. Ram is in the river.
V. AT
Refers to aim
Example:
He aimed at the bird.
VI. AGAINST
It shows pressure
Example:
He leaned against a tree. She cleaned the edge of her knife against the plate.
VII. OFF
Refers to separation
Example:
He was wiping sweat off his face. Kim fell off his chair in a swoon.
VIII. ACROSS
Means one side
Example:
She ran across the field.
IX. BEYOND
Means on the farther side of.
Example:
This is beyond his power.
X. BESIDE
Means by the side of
Example:
I sat down beside my wife.
XI. BESIDES
Means in addition to
Example:
He is guilty of five killings and more besides.
Besides being a teacher, he is a skilled trainer.
4. MISCELLANEOUS PREPOSITION
I. IN/AT
In is used for smaller area while “at” is used for larger area.
Example:
I live at Lakshmi Nagar. I live in Delhi.
II. AGREE
Agree with, for person
Example:
He agrees with you.
III. QUARREL
Quarrel with, for person
Example:
I quarrel with my sisters for sweets.
V. ON/UPON
When something is already on something then use “on” and when
something comes on something in motion then use “upon”
Example:
The boys are on the table. The dog jumped upon the table.
VI. ENTRUST
Entrust with, for thing
Example:
Entrust a person with a thing.
CHAPTER 3
Directions: In the following exercise, incomplete sentences are given. You
have to fill up each blank with the correct preposition.
11. The father was concerned _____ the safety of her daughter.
a. for
b. at
c. about
d. on
ANSWER KEY
1. of
2. with
3. above
4. from
5. against
6. among
7. for
8. to
9. from
10. with
11. about
12. of
13. at
14. at
15. of
CHAPTER 4
RULE 1.
A preposition cannot be followed by a verb.Verb placed immediately after
preposition must be in gerund form.
Examples (a) He prevented me from drinking cold water.
(b) He insist on trying again.
RULE 2.
When 'object' of the preposition is an Interrogative Pronoun What, Who, Whom,
Which, Where etc., the preposition usually takes end or front position.
Examples (a) What are you thinking of ?
(b) Who were you talking to ?
It used to be thought as ungrammatical, to end a sentence with a preposition, but it
is now well accepted.
RULE 3.
When 'object' of the preposition is Relative Pronoun 'that', the preposition takes end
position.
Examples (a) Here is the magazine that you asked for.
(b) This is the dish that she is fond of.
RULE 4.
When 'object' of the preposition is infinitive (to + verb), the preposition is placed
after infinitive.
Examples (a) This is a good hotel to stay at.
(b) I need a pencil to write with.
Rule 5. In some sentences, preposition is attached with the verb (These verbs take
appropriate preposition with them).
Examples (a) I hate being laughed at.
(b) This I insist on.
Rule 6. In some cases the preposition comes in the beginning. These are usually
interrogative sentences.
Examples (a) By which train did you come?
(b) For whom was instructions given?
USE OF SOME IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS AT/IN/ON
Note the use of these prepositions in reference of 'Time'
i. At is used for a precise time.
ii. In is used for months, years, centuries and long periods.
iii. On is used for days and dates.
AT/IN/TO/INTO
(A) At shows stationary position or existing state while In shows movement.
Examples i. She is at home.
ii. The train is in motion.
(B) At for small place, town etc. while In for big place, town, city, country etc.
Examples i. He lives at Alwar in Rajasthan.
ii. A temple is situated at Madurai in Chennai.
(C) At is used for Point of time, and In is used for Period of time.
Examples i. The train will arrive at six in the morning.
ii. He will meet you in the morning.
(D) In/Into In shows existing state of things, while Into shows movement.
Examples i. He jumped into the river.
ii. There are three students in the class.
In can also be used as an adverb ; Come in = Enter. Get in (into the train).
ON/ONTO
On can be used for both existing position and movement.
Example (a) He was sitting on his bag.
(b) Snow fell on the hills.
WITH/BY
With is used for instruments, and By is used for agents.
Examples (a) The snake was killed by him with a stick.
(b) The letter was written by Suresh with a pencil.
SINCE/FOR/FROM
Since is often used with Present Perfect or Past Perfect Tense. Since is used for
point of time and never for place, as; since 6 O‘clock /last night /last Monday/
since
morning/evening/ Monday/January/2005 etc.
Examples (a) It has been raining since two O‘clock.
(b) He had been ill since Monday.
BESIDE/BESIDES
Beside and Besides have altogether different meanings.
Don't confuse beside with besides. beside = at the side of
Example
He was sitting beside Sarla.
besides = in addition to / as well as
Example
He has a car besides a motor cycle.
BETWEEN/AMONG
Between is normally used for 'two things or persons, but it can also be used of
more, when we have a definite number in mind and there is a close relationship/
association within them.
Example
He distributed his property between his two sons.
Among is usually used for more than two persons or things when we have no
definite number in mind.
Example
He vas happy to be among friends again.
AMONG/AMONGST
Both have same meaning. Either of them can be used if followed by 'the'. If
followed by a word, beginning with a vowel 'amongst' be used. The use of amongst
is usually found in literary writings.
Examples
He distributed the toffees among/amongst the poor.
He distributed the toffies amongst us
CAHPTER 5
Incorrect Correct
When he parted with his sister, there When he parted from his sister, there
were tears in his eyes. were tears in his eyes.
Police are not allowed to enter into Police are not allowed to enter University
University Campus. Campus.
I found him leaning on the chair I found him leaning over the chair
His house is very different and very His house is very different from and very
superior to your house. superior to your house.
None except the brave deserve the fair. None but the brave deserve the fair.
I told him on his face that he could not I told him at his face that he could not
pass. pass.
The frustrated lover jumped into the
The frustrated lover jumped in the river.
river.
I have learnt this lesson word by word. I have learnt this lesson word for word.
I saw him sitting besides the minister. I saw him sitting beside the minister.
The tired traveller was sitting under the The tired traveller was sitting in the
shade of the tree. shade of the tree.
The pick-pocket mixed among the crowd The pick-pocket mixed with the crowd
which was coming from the station. which was coming from the station.
Content yourself with what you have and Content yourself with what you have and
do not strive about the impossible. do not strive for the impossible.
I will leave no stone unturned to come to I will leave no stone unturned to come
your expectations. upto your expectations.
Can I depend upon you for this work? Can I depend on you for this work?
The employer is satisfied by the work of The employer is satisfied with the work
Mr.Kumar. of Mr.Kumar.
The delegates discussed about the The delegates discussed the problem in
problem in length. length.
Nothing can absolve you your Nothing can absolve you from your
responsibility. responsibility.
A horse of a broken leg cannot run. A horse with a broken leg cannot run.
The question of how many souls exist on The question of how many souls exist in
heaven is academic. heaven is academic.
This is the central city in the whole area. This is the central city of the whole area.
She was eating her heart for a soldier She was eating her heart out for a
who was away at the war. soldier who was away at the war.
My inquiry for his health was never My inquiry about his health was never
answered. answered.
Were there many people in the meeting? Were there many people at the meeting?
CAHPTER 6
2. On, by
On is used with days and dates.
He was born on the 9th of July.
I teach Wordsworth on every Monday.
By refers to the latest time by which an action will be over.
The meeting will break by 4 p.m.
3. For, Since
For denotes a period of time and is used with the perfect continuous
tense.
I have been working in KR Mangalam University for the last 10 years.
Since shows the point of time. It also indicates continuity.
India has been independent since 1947.
4. From
From refers to the starting point of an action.
He is joining the new firm from the 1st of May.
2. Between, Among
Between is used to distinguish two persons and things.
The property was divided between Ram and Shyam.
Among is used for more than two persons or things.
The food was distributed among the ten boys in the family.
3.Amongst
Amongst is also used with more than two persons or things but is always
used before a vowel.
Divide the oranges amongst us.
4. Above, under
Aboveis used for higher than.
The aeroplane was flying high in the sky, in fact, above the clouds.
Belowis used for lower than.
His output is below ours.
5. Under, over
Under is used for vertically below.
We sit under the tree when we have no class.
Over indicates something vertically above.
There is a separate room over the garage.
6. Beneath
Beneath shows a lower position.
The ground was soiled beneath her.
PREPOSITIONS SHOWING DIRECTION
1. To is used to indicate movement from one place to another.
The children go to the school every morning.
4. At indicates aim.
The hunter aimed at the bird.
1. Accompany
A. By(for living being)
The Prime Minister was accompanied by the members of his cabinet.
B. With(Subtle things)
His lecture was accompanied with subtle analysis of concepts.
2. Accountable
A. To(an authority or a person)
All of us are accountable to God.
B. For(action)
We are accountable to God for our deeds and misdeeds.
3. Angry
A. At(a thing). Ram is angry at Shyam‘s bad conduct.
B. With (a person).Ram is angry with Shyam.
4. Annoyed
A. With(a person). He is annoyed with his younger brother.
B. At(something). He is annoyed with his friend at his laziness.
5. Answerable
A. To(a person). The servant is answerable to the master.
B. For(something). We are answerable to our parents for our conduct.
6. Appeal
A. To(person). He appealed to the judge for his release from jail.
B. For (thing). He appealed for his release from the prison.
7. Arrive
A. At(small place). He arrived at the railway colony.
B. In(big place). He arrived in India.
8. Attend
A. To(duties, lessons, work). I attend to my duties sincerely.
B. On(service). Children attend on parents.
9. Authority
A. On(subject). Mr. Suresh is an authority on Modern physics.
B. Over(rights). The District Magistrate has authority over the
Committee.
10. Blind
A. Of(Physical). He is blind of one eye.
B. To(mental). Many parents are blind to the faults of their children.
11. Communicate
A. With(to make correspondence). He communicated with us on that
matter.
B. To(to convey). He communicated his opinion to me.
12. Compare
A. With(Similar things). Shakespeare is compared with Kalidasa.
B. To(dissimilar things). Life is compared to a battle.
13. Compete
A. With(Person). I cannot compete with the young man.
B. For(a thing). They compete for a prize.
14. Complain
A. To(person). He complained to the Magistrate against Shyam.
B. Against(a person). He complained to the Magistrate against Shyam.
C. About(a thing). He complained to the Magistrate against
Shyam about his misconduct.
15. Confer
A. On(to give). The president conferred the title of Bharat Ratna on him.
B. With(a person). I shall confer with him about important topics.
16. Die
A. Of(a disease). He died of cholera.
B. From(a cause). He died from overwork.
17. Differ
A. With(person). I differ with you.
B. From(things). India differs from Japan.
18. Disqualified
A. From(action). He was disqualified from running the race.
B. For(post or thing). He was disqualified for the post of Police Inspector.
19. Entrust
A. With(in case of a person). I cannot entrust him with my money.
B. To(in case of thing). I cannot entrust my money to him.
20. Familiar
A. With(person). I am familiar with the Chief Minister.
B. To(subject). I am familiar to French Language.
21. Fight
A. With(person). We fought with the English.
B. For(thing). We fought with the English for freedom.
22. Grateful
A. To(person). I am grateful to Ram.
B. For(thing). I am grateful to Ram for his help.
23. Heir
A. Of(descendant). A son is usually the heir of the father.
B. For(thing). He was a heir for a big fortune.
24. Indebted
A. To(a person). I am indebted to my friend.
B. For(thing). I am indebted to my friend for his help.
25. Indignant
A. With(person). He was indignant with his friends.
B. At(thing). The teacher was indignant at his carelessness.
26. Live
A. On(to exist). A man lives on food.
B. By(to depend on, to believe in). A terrorist lives by the gun.
27. Part
A. From(persons). He parted from his friends.
B. With(things). He cannot part with his money.
28. Responsible
A. To(person). He was responsible to the boss.
B. For(thing). We are responsible to God for our actions.
29. Taste
A. Of(experience). Now you will have a taste of New York.
B. For(interest). I have no taste for painting.
30. Tired
A. Of(mental). I am tired of poverty.
B. With(physical). I am tired with working for five hours continuously.
CHAPTER 7
SOLUTION
1. (a) at (b) in (c) on
2. (a) In (b) on (c) at
3. (a) at (b) in (c) of (d) on
4. (a) in (b) on/upon (c) at/by
5. (a) at/for/through (b) in/at (c) on (d) with/by/near
6. (a) at (b) in/on
7. (a) off/down (b) round (c) in
8. (a) by (b) in (c) at
9. (a) on (b) after (c) from
10. (a) by (b) in (c) to
CONJUNCTION
CHAPTER 1
"As soon as" is used in the meaning of "at the moment that."
"As long as" is used in the meaning of "While."
Example
We can‘t use "will" with "as soon as" (subordinating part) while we are talking
about future because this is a condition and it can never be in the future tense.
We can‘t use "than" with as soon as.
I‟ll meet you as soon as I‟ll arrive. (×)
I‟ll meet you as soon as I arrive. (√)
As soon as the bell rang than the students rushed out of their classes.
(×)
As soon as the bell rang, the students rushed out of their classes. (√)
You need not fear as soon as he is with you. (×)
You need not fear as long as he is with you. (√)
We can‘t use "as long as' in the place of 'as soon as" because "as long as" has a
different meaning in Hindi: जब तक
2. WHILE/WHEN:
The one similarity between these two words is that they are used for action but
there is a little difference between these two words:
While:
i. When we have two continues actions, whether it is in the present or the past we
will always use the word while.
The girls were dancing while the boys were singing.
I was watching a movie while my mother was cooking food.
When:
We will use this word when two actions already happened.
The girls danced when the boys sang.
Hardly had I left the house when it began to rain.
(Now we can also understand this rule easily why we use hardly….when)
iii. We can use "when" for the ages and periods of life.
When you will be sixteen, your father will send you Mumbai for higher studies.
Similarity:
When we have a single action before continues action we can use any one of these
two words.
I reached there when/while she was watching T.V.
(Note: when a continues action followed by a single action, then we can only use
the word, when)
She was watching T.V. when I reached there.
3. IF:
i. We can use if when we have an uncertainty in a statement/sentence
If we really set to we can get the whole house cleaned in the afternoon.
ii. We can use if for conditional sentences
Whenever we start a sentence using if, we can‘t use the immediate work in the
future rather than it can be in the present and the past.
A. Now when the conditional part of a sentence in the present then there is no rule
for the result for example:
If you come to our website daily, we will provide you with some more
important rules.
B. Now when the conditional part of a sentence in the past perfect then we have to
follow this important rule.
If: had+v3rd form / v2nd form
Result:
would have+ v3rd form / would+v1st form
Could have+ v3rd form / could+v1st form
Might have+ v3rd form / might+v1st form
If he wrote the examination faster and had answered one more
question he would have scored better. (×)
If he had written the examination faster and had answered one more
question he would have scored better. (√)
If I had money, I would have sent to you. (×)
If I had money, I would send to you. (√)
Example
It is high time that we should leave this place. (×)
It is high time that we left this place. (√)
It is time you should start earn now. (×)
It is time you started earning now. (√)
5. BECAUSE/NOT BECAUSE
i. We can‘t use why and because in a single sentence.
ii. "Because" is used for the main reason in a sentence.
Example
The reason why he was late was because he had been caught in the
rain. (×)
The reason why he was late was that he had been caught in the rain.
(√)
I went there not because they invited me but because I wanted to go
there. (√)
People like Mahesh look always cheerful not because of the peace of
mind but merely because of successful gestures. (√)
6. BETWEEN…..AND
Between…..and(√)
Between……..to (×)
We can see three types of error with this word in our exams
i. We can‘t use a subjective pronoun with this word.
ii. We can‘t use this word with three or more than three persons/subject.
iii. We can‘t use "to" with between.
Example
Rahul is sitting between you and I. (×)
Rahul is sitting between you and me. (√)
How many even numbers comes between 3 to 25. (×)
How many even numbers comes between 3 and 25. (√)
7. BOTH……..AND
There are three types of error with this word
i. Both always followed by and.
ii. It can never be a negative sentence.
iii. It should always be plural.
Example
He won both a medal along with a scholarship. (×)
He won both a medal and a scholarship. (√)
Both answers is not right. (×)
Both answers are right. (√)
9. TOO+ADJ……TO+V1ST FORM
It also has negative sense in it but when we see a sentence with a positive sense
then we should use enough/very instead of too.
Example
He is very weak a student to pass. (×)
He is too weak a student to pass. (√)
He is too strong to defeat him in bowling. (×)
He is very strong to defeat him in bowling. (√)
Example
Suppose if he smoked less he would get rid of a high cough. (×)
If he smoked less he would get rid of a high cough. (√)
CAHPTER 2
1. LEST-SHOULD
Lest……should
"Not" is included in the word "lest"
It has negativity in itself so we can‘t use "not" with this word in a sentence.
Lest meaning: ऐसा न हो कक|
For example:
Do it lest they would turn out you. (×)
Do it lest they should turn out you. (√)
Work hard lest you should not fail. (×)
Work hard lest you should fail. (√)
2. SO-AS
So……as
(इतना)ाजतना( )
It shows negativity in a sentence. We use these words to show negativity
For example:
She is not as intelligent as I. (×)
She is not so intelligent as I. (√)
Nothing is as good as we think. (×)
Nothing is so good as we think. (√)
3. OTHER-THAN
Other …….than
Sometimes in an exam, we can see "other" with "but" in a sentence and ignore this
without thinking
For example:
In chess, no other player but Magnus Carlsen has a great confidence.(×)
In chess, no other player than Magnus Carlsen has a great confidence. (√)
She is no other but my sister. (×)
She is no other than my sister. (√)
(i). We can‟t use either with nor and neither with or.
For example:
Either you nor your brother has won the prize. (×)
Either you or your brother has won the prize. (√)
Neither he or his brother can walk faster than I. (×)
Neither he nor his brother can walk faster than I. (√)
(ii). These words always use with uncommon part of the sentence.
For example:
Not only he plays the guitar but also the piano. (×)
He not only plays the guitar but also the piano. (√)
India will either make a good relationship with China or Pakistan. (×)
India will make a good relationship either with China or Pakistan. (√)
For example:
He with his friends are leaving for Delhi.(×)
He with his friends is leaving for Delhi. (√)
Facebook, as well as Whatsapp, have provided GIF nowadays.(×)
Facebook, as well as Whatsapp, has provided GIF nowadays. (√)
6. Else-but
These words have negative meaning. The only auxiliary verb that can follow "else"
is but.
For example:
He demanded nothing else than a mobile. (×)
He demanded nothing else but a mobile. (√)
Don‘t walk on the corner of the roof otherwise/else/or else you will not
slip. (×)
Don‘t walk on the corner of the roof otherwise/else/or else you will slip.(√)
7. Whether….or
Meaning: कक क्या
Whether is always followed by "or" in a sentence and we can‘t use "that" before
whether
Ex:
I just want to know that whether you go there or not. (×)
I just want to know whether you go there or not. (√)
I asked her that whether her father was at home.(×)
I asked her whether her father was at home. (√)
8. As if/as though
Meaning: मानो
(Subject+v1+as if/as though + subject + were+…..)
We use as if and as though to make comparisons. They have a similar meaning. We
use as if and as though to talk about an imaginary situation or a situation that may
not be true but that is likely or possible. As if is more common than as though
For example:
He acts as if he is a prince. (×)
He acts as if he were a prince. (√)
He lay down, as if dead. (×)
He lay down as if he were dead.(√)
9. The reason/why…that
After the reason/the reason why we must use "that" in a sentence because
sometimes we can see "due to, because, on account of" etc. after the
reason/the reason why
For example:
The reason why I don‘t want to meet him is because he has betrayed my
friend. (×)
The reason why I don‘t want to meet him is that he has betrayed my
friend. (√)
The reason for the bus being late was because the bus was involved in an
accident. (×)
The reason for the bus being late was that the bus was involved in an
accident. (√)
10. Unless:
It is used as a conjunction in the meaning of (if not) – condition/situation
Until: it used for time
These words have negativity in themselves so we can‘t use "not" with them.
For example:
Unless she does not mend her behavior, I shall send her out. (×)
Unless she mends her behavior, I shall send her out. (√)
Until I do not inform my father I shall not go out of my house. (×)
Until I inform my father I shall not go out of my house. (√)
CHAPTER 3
RULES OF CONJUCTION
1. BECAUSE/AS/SINCE:
Result comes before the reason.
Example
Crime is increasing in U.P. because there is no govt. in U.P.
I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty.
Since she started the journey, she has been feeling sick.
2. SO/THEREFORE:
Reason comes before the result.
Example
He served the security selflessly so he got many awards.
I was thirsty so I drank a glass of water.
3. AS/BECAUSE/SINCE
If these three words As/Because/Since(dependent clause) is in the beginning of any
sentence, use a comma(,) before the independent clause.
Example
Because I was thirsty, I drank a glass of water.
As our country is liberal, other countries try to oppose us.
4. EITHER/NEITHER:
Either: one out of two
Neither: none out of two
Example
Either she or you are to blame for the mismanagement of the domestic
affairs.
Either movie is interesting.
Neither movie is interesting.
In old age, neither of his two sons is prepared to come to his help.
5. WHEN/AS LONG AS
We use when as a conjunction meaning ‗at the time that‘. The clause with when is a
subordinate clause (sc) and needs a main clause (mc) to complete its meaning.
Example
When he awoke to reality, all had been lost.
When calamity befell the family, he faced it boldly.
Example
We are very happy for you to stay at our house as long as you like.
I‘ll remember that film as long as I live
6. NO SOONER…THAN
No sooner+ H.V.+ subject+ rest verb…………. Than
Example
No sooner did the thief see the policeman than he ran away.
No sooner was he brought here than he began to feel uneasy.
7. HARDLY/SCARCELY……WHEN/BEFORE
(No sooner, hardly, barely, scarcely, rarely, Seldom: माु ककऱ से
Seldom if ever: माु ककऱ से कभी, seldom or never: माु ककऱ से क्या कभी भी नह ीं)
Example
Hardly had I left the house when it began to rain.
Hardly had I stepped out of my house when I saw some policemen coming
towards my house.
8. ALTHOUGH/THOUGH……YET
Always takes opposite sense with it.
Example
Although India has all natural resources yet it is not developed.
Though he ran fast, he could not escape from the police.
Although she has studied English for almost a year, she has yet to learn the
alphabet.
Example
The Internet is such a medium that the people are using it in a great deal.
No such boy as is living here will do this.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
1. Both ... and
She is both intelligent and liberal.
2. Either ... or
I will either go for a picnic or take rest.
3. Neither ... nor
She is neither rich nor good honest.
4. Hardly ... when
He had hardly begun to work, when it started raining.
5. No sooner ... than
No sooner had I reached the station , than the train arrived.
6. Not only ... but also
She is not only clever, but also intelligent.
7. Rather ... than
I would rather go swimming than go to the hospital.
8. Scarcely ... when
Scarcely had we left college, when it started to rain.
9. Whether ... or
Have you decided whether you will go there or not?
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION
Correlative conjunctions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or; first,
second, third; and the like) should be followed by the same grammatical
construction. Thus, whenever possible, parallel construction should be employed
when correlative conjunctions are used. Many violations of this rule can be
corrected by rearranging the sentence. The repetition of a particular grammatical
construction is often referred to as parallel construction.
Examples –
a) I am neither happy nor excited.
b) The resort contains open bars, swimming and a library.
In example (a), the two phases, neither happy and nor excited, show parallel
construction.
In example (b), the three phrases open bars , swimming pools and a library also
show parallel construction.
Examples -
a) She has both a good education, and she has good work habits. (Incorrect)
b) She has both a good education and good work habits. (Correct)
In example (a), both and and are followed by different grammatical constructions.
So, it is an incorrect sentence. Both is followed by the phrase a good education;
whereas, and is followed by the clause he has good work habits. The example (b).
has been corrected by changing the clause "he has good work habits into the
phrase good work habits."
2. However/But
However and but should never be used together in a sentence.
Examples –
a) But his behavior, however has not changed. (Incorrect)
His behavior, however, has not changed. (Correct)
b) But that, however is not repairable. (Incorrect)
But that is not repairable. (Correct)
3. Though/Although/Even Though
Though/Although/Even Though are used to show a contrast between two clauses.
Example –
a) Our new neighbors are quite nice (this is good) though their two dogs bark all
day long.
We can use though or although with no difference in meaning. Though (but not
although) can come at the end of a sentence.
Example –
My new bike is really fast. I don‘t like the colour, though.
Though (but not although) can also be used as an adverb.
Example -
I‘m not good at reasoning, but I can help you with your geography, though, if you
want.
The meaning of though is similar to however, but though is much more common
than however in conversion.
Even though can be used to make the contrast between two clauses stronger.
Examples -
a) My father got back from work really late, even though he had promised to take
mum to the cinema
b) Although he is poor, yet he is honest.
4. Until / Unless
Until is used in reference of time while unless refers a condition .
Examples –
a) I will stay here until you return
b) He can‘t succeed unless he works hard
5. As / When / While
We can use, as, when or while in situations or actions that take place
simultaneously.
Examples –
a) As I was walking down the street I saw jack driving a jeep
b) The Telephone always rings when you are having a bath
c) While they were playing cards somebody broke into the house .
d) While you were reading the paper I was watching TV.
e) John cleaned the house while I watched TV
f) His father died when he was fourteen.
6. Because / As / Since
‗Because‘ , ‗As‘ and ‗since‘ are used to answer the question ‗why ?‘
(i) They join two clause because in the same sentence
Examples –
a) I lost my job because I was often late
b) Ram resigned because he wanted to spend more time with his family
(ii). ‗Because ‗ , ‗As‘ , and since show the relationship between the two clauses.
Examples --
a) Why did you resign from such a well paid job , Ram ?
b) Because I wanted to spend more time with my family .
As and since are used when the reason is already well known and / or less
important ..
(iii) ‗As‘ or ‗Since‘ clause often comes at the beginning of the sentence and is
separated from the main clause by a comma.
Examples –
a) As my family had finished dinner when I got home, I went to this really good
beer bar.
(I‘m telling you about the beer bar . It‘s not so important ‗why I went there )
CHAPTER 5
RULE 1.
‗Not only …..but also , Either …..or , Neither …..nor ‘these are co-relative
conjunctions or termed as co-relatives . Its special features is to join two subjects
or two objects or two verbs.
Examples – a) Not only Deepak but also Moti can do it
[ Deepak & Moti both are Subject ]
b) I like not only Deepak but also Moti
[ Deepak & Moti both are Object ]
c) He will not only go but also stay there
[ Go & Stay both are Verbs ]
RULE 2.
After ‗Although‘ or ‗Though‘ Yet comes at the end. But in exams they use but , or ,
else , and etc. , so be aware in such cases. You can also use comma in place of Yet
to make the sentence correct.
Examples – a) Although he is rich but/and he is dishonest (Incorrect)
b) Although he is rich , he is dishonest (Correct)
RULE 3.
Both must be followed by and not ‗as well as‘ or ‗else‘. So in exams be aware of this
facts
Examples – a) Both Ram as well as Shyam may come today (Incorrect)
b) Both Ram and Shyam may come today (Correct)
RULE 4.
Whether must be followed by ‗or‘. Most of the time in exams they use ‗that‘ or ‗if‘ in
place of ‗or‘ . so be aware of this facts
Examples – a) I don‘t know that he will come or not (Incorrect)
b) I don‘t know whether he will come or not (Correct)
RULE 5.
‗So….as / As…..as‘ is used in Positive degree to compare between two persons or
two things.
Point 1 – So…..as is used in Negative sentence
Point 2 – As…..as is used in both Positive and Negative sentence
Examples – a) Ram is not so good as you (Negative Sentence)
b) Ram is as good as you (Affirmative sentence)
c) Ram is not as good as you (Negative sentence)
RULE 6.
‗Hardly/Scarcely‘ must be followed by ‗when‘. But in exams they use ‗That / then /
than‘ so always keep in mind Hardly/Scarcely must be followed by only ‗when‘
Examples – a) Hardly had he gone out of the office that the telephone bell rang
(Incorrect)
b) Hardly had he gone out of the office when the telephone bell rang (Correct)
RULE 7.
‗Rather‘ or ‗Other‘ must be followed by than but in exams they use ‗but‘ in place of
than . So be aware of this
Examples – a) I have no other object but to get a job (Incorrect)
b) I have no other object than to get a job (Correct)
RULE 8.
Not / Never must be followed by ‗or‘
Examples – a) I have not met him or invited him. (Correct)
b) I have never spoken to him or written to him. (Correct)
RULE 9.
Conjunction Lest must be followed by an Auxiliary Verb ―should‘‘ . but in exams
they uses may/will , etc. so be aware of this facts
Examples – a) Work hard , lest you may fail (Incorrect)
b) Work hard , lest you should fail (Correct)
RULE 10.
The same must be followed by a Relative Pronoun ―that‖ or ―as‖
Point 1 – After ―The same‖, That must be used when Verb is clear.
Examples – a) This is the same book that I wanted
b) This is the same cow that was grazing in the field (was grazing – verb)
Point 2 – After ―The Same‖ As must be used when Verb is not clear.
Examples – a) This is the same dog as mine
RULE 11.
Point 1 - Unless gives a sense of Condition
Point 2 - Until gives a sense of Time
Examples – a) Wait until I come back
b) You will not succeed unless you work hard
CHAPTER 6
Incorrect Correct
As you are my younger so I shall take I shall take care of you because you are
care of you. my younger brother.
Both Madhu and Sudha did not attend Neither Madhu nor Sudha attended
school yesterday. school yesterday.
All is not right that is expedient. All that is expedient is not right.
The choice is between glorious death or The choice is between glorious death and
shameful life. shameful life.
Although she is foolish, but people like Although she is foolish yet people like
her. her.
May you pass or not, I do not care. Should you pass or not, I do not care.
Work hard lest you may not fail. Work hard lest you should fail.
Scarcely he had entered the room, I Scarcely had he entered the room when
recognized him. I recognized him.
Unless you do not pay attention to what Unless you pay attention to what I say,
I say, you will not succeed. you will not succeed.
No other country but India has spoken No other country than India has spoken
against the racist regime of South Africa. against the racist regime of South Africa.
I have neither seen him nor his brother. I have seen neither him nor his brother.
He did not speak loudly and clearly. He did not speak loudly or clearly.
Not only he is honest but sincere. He is not only honest but also sincere.
The little boy was lazy and careless. The little boy was lazy and careless too
Complete your work lest you will be Complete your work otherwise you will
demoted. be demoted.
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 1
All such verbs limited by number, person and tense are called Finite verbs.
There are three kinds of verbs which are not limited by number, person and tense.
They are:
Infinitive
Gerund
Participle
INFINITIVE:
An infinitive is a form of verb which is not limited by person, number and tense.
It is generally used with ‗TO‘. Sometimes, it is used without ‗TO‘ also.
E.g. I like to travel around the world.
→The following verbs do not take ‗to‘ after them with the infinitive in the active
voice.
They are: make, bid, let, hear, see, feel, watch, notice, need
→After the following auxiliaries, we do not use ‗to‘ with the infinitive.
They are: do, does, did, shall, will, should, would, can, could, might, may.
E.g.
She does the work well.
I shall return the book tomorrow.
USES OF INFINITIVE:
Infinitive as the subject of a verb.
e.g. To reach the apex in any field is not easy.
GERUND
A gerund is a form of verb that does the work of a noun. So it is also called as
verbal noun.
E.g. Smoking is injurious to health.
The noun or pronoun that comes before a gerund is always in the possessive case.
E.g. I accept your offering me a job.
A gerund is formed by adding ‗ing‘ to the verb.
USES OF GERUND:
Gerund as the subject of the verb.
E.g. preventing is better than cure.
Object of a preposition.
E.g. Many people are fond of watching tv.
Complement of a verb.
E.g. The child‘s real problem is coming to school.
PARTICIPLE
A participle is a form of verb that does the work of a verb, an adjective and of a
noun.
E.g. here is your driving license. (Adjective)
Safe driving is wonderful art. (Noun)
Seeing the police, the thief ran away. (Verb)
KINDS OF PARTICIPLE:
There are three kinds of participles.
Present participl
eating(1stform+ing) -active voice
being eaten(being+3rdform) -passive voice
Past participle
eaten(3rd form) -active voice
Been eaten(been+3rd form) -passive voice
Perfect participle
having eaten -active voice
Having been eaten -passive voice
USES OF PARTICIPLE
Qualify nouns
e.g. It is an interesting book.
When two actions by the same subject are expressed and one of them
follows the other,then the former action can be denoted by a participle.
e.g. Hearing his father‘s voice,he went inside.
When two actions occur at the same time, one of them is expressed in
participle.
e.g. Standing at the door, he saw me.
COMMON ERRORS
CAHPTER 1
DIRECTIONS :
In the following , read each sentence to find out whether there is any error
in it or not. The error , if any , will be in one part of the sentence .the letter
of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (d). Ignore
the errors of punctuation , if any.
1.
(a) Every one of the films
(b) you suggested
2.
(a) The secretary and the Principal of the college
(b) are attending
(c) the District Development Council Meeting at the Collectorate.
(d) No error
3.
(a) No sooner had the hockey match started
(b) when it began
(c) to rain
(d) No error
4.
(a)The Secretariat
(b) Comprises of
(c) many air condition rooms
(d) No error
5.
(a) It is high time
(b) he stood on his own
(c) two legs
(d) No error.
6.
(a) You should avoid
(b) to travel
(c) in the rush hour
(d) No error
7.
(a) There is
(b) only one of his novels
(c) that are interesting
(d) No error
8.
(a) He denied
(b) to have
(c) been there
(d) No error
9.
(a) knowledge of
(b) at least two languages
(c) are required to pass the examination
(d) No error
10.
(a) The members of the Opposition Party in the parliament
(b) shout upon the minister
(c) if he makes wrong statement
(d) No error
11.
(a) if the worst
(b) comes to worst
(c) I will have to bid good bye to my studies and join family business.
(d) No error
12.
(a) The interim report does not
(b) analyse thoroughly the principle causes
(c) of the disaster
(d) No error
13.
(a) The items I liked most
(b) Were the rosewood carvings
(c) and the rosewood furnitures of Dutch design
(d) No error
14.
(a) A part of training
(b) they offered was
(c) real good
(d) No error
15.
(a) The soil was moist as
(b) there was little rain
(c) the day before
(d) No error
ANSWER
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. B
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. B
CAHPTER 2
1.
(a) The manager wanted to know who had arrived
(b) early that day
(c) the cashier or the accountant
(d) No error
2.
(a) They are a politically important family
(b) one of his sister is a minister
(c) and another is married to a minister
(d) No error
3.
(a) Supposing that the information'
(b) Proves to be totally reliable
(c) should we still have to recast the plan
(d) No error
4.
(a) Though its gloss can
(b) foll few unwary customers.
(c) it would not be difficult for clever ones to judge its real worth
(d) No error
5.
(a) She pretends as if she has
(b) never in her life
(c) told a life ,isn't it ?
(d) No error
6.
(a) If there are billions of stars in the galaxy
(b) Hoe much are
(c) suitable fro life
(d) No error
7.
(a) The value of the dollar declines
(b) as the rate
(c) of inflation raises
(d) No error
8.
(a) One of my desire
(b) are to become
(c) a doctor.
(d) No error
9.
(a) A hot and
(b) a cold spring
(c) was found near each other.
(d) No error
10.
(a) All doubts are cleared
(b) between
(c) you and I.
(d) No error
11.
(a) Either the roads
(b) lead
(c) to the park
(d) No error
12.
(a) I 'went to the temple
(b) with my parents
(c) my aunts and my cousin sisters.
(d) No error
13.
(a) I have passed
(b) The examination
(c) two years ago
(d) No error
14.
(a) The Earth moves
(b) round the Sun,
(c) isn't it ?
(d) No error
15.
(a) Unless you do not give
(b) the keys of the safe
(c) You will be shot
(d) No error
ANSWER
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. C
15. A
CHAPTER 3
DIRECTION :-
Fill up the blanks in the following sentences from the
responses (a),(b),(c) and (d).
1. Can I stay ______ the week end?
a. until
b. by
c. for
d. off
5. It's a good idea to agree _____ the boss most of the time.
a. on
b. with
c. about
d. to
8. I do not like to see people _____ the nights when I have been working
late.
a. over
b. in
c. on
d. no preposition needed
ANSWERS
1. (a) Until is used when we talk about a continuing situation or state that will stop
at a certain moment in the future.
2.(d) With is used after a number of adjectives which say how people behave to
others.
3. (b) In is usually used to refer to articles of clothing, kinds of voice, and writing
instruments.
7. (a) Among is used with a mass, a crowd or a group; a collection of things which
we do not see separately.
8. (c) If we say which morning, afternoon, etc. we are thinking of, or if we describe
the morning, afternoon, etc., on is used.
9. (b) In is used for position on a surface with a wall, fences, etc. around it.
10. (c) When we use dream in the sense of imagination or of thinking about things
that probably would not happen, the preposition is usually of.
CHAPTER 4
Incorrect Correct
My all friends are very helpful All my friends are very helpful.
She does not know swimming. She does not know how to swim.
Open your book on page ten. Open your book at page ten.
She was crying the glasses in a tray. She was carrying the glasses on a tray.
The police is looking for the culprit. The police are looking for the culprit.
I believe you are better now. I hope that you are better now.
You have no excuse to be late. You have no excuse for being late.
I do not like the poetries of keats. I do not like the poetry of Keats.
I will wait here until you do not return. I will wait here until you come.
He needs not worry. He need not worry.
The satellite has been sent to space. The satellite has been launched.
Mohan and sohan are fast enemies. Mohan and Sohan are sworn enemies.
I have seen him today morning I have been his this morning.
Are you a member in the committee? Are you a member of the committee?
I have read four-fifth of this book. I have read four-fifth of this book.
All his family members are mad. All members of his family are mad.
She does not know swimming. She does not know how to swim.
I shall return this book after one week. I shall return this book in one week.
Thousands were injured in the war. Thousands were wounded in the war.
He has grown into a beautiful youth. He has grown into a handsome youth.
What is the cost of this pen? What is the price of this pen?
Translate this passage from English to Translate this passage from English into
Hindi. Hindi.
I have learnt this lesson word by word. I have learnt this lesson word for word.
I asked him that why he was late. I asked him why he was late.
He pays more attention to Hindi than He pays more attention to Hindi than to
English. English.
Verbal orders will not be obeyed. Oral orders will not be obeyed.
Sachin has made ten goals. Sachin has scored ten goals.
He admitted that he had committed the He confessed that he had committed the
murder. murder.
A dictator generally misuses his political A dictator generally abuses his political
power. powers.
Being a cloudy day, we did not go out. If being a cloudy day, we did not go out.
It is possible to score cent per cent It is possible to score hundred per cent
marks in Mathematics. marks in Mathematics.
Mohan has a thirst of knowledge. Mohan has a thirst for knowledge.
My neighbor is five years elder to me. My neighbor is five years older than me.
His service has been terminated. His services have been terminated.
Please see the dictionary to find out the Please consult the dictionary to find out
meaning of this word. the meaning of this word.
Mohan asked his servant to bring water. Mohan told his servant to bring water.
I lived in that hotel for two days. I stayed in that hotel for two days.
Finishing his work, he went to see a Having finished his work, he went to see
movie. a movie.
I saw a bad dream last night. I had a bad dream last night.
If you will take tae, I shall also take. If you take tea, I shall also rake.
You need not to tell me all this. You need not tell me all this.
I have read four-fifth of this book. I have read four-fifth of this book.
Our teacher will take our test tomorrow. Our teacher will give us a test tomorrow.
All his family members are mad. All members of his family are mad.
Our examination starts from Monday
Our examination starts on Monday next.
next.
I shall return this book after one week. I shall return this book in one week.
Thousands were injured in the war. Thousands were wounded in the war.
He has grown into a beautiful youth. He has grown into a handsome youth.
What is the cost of this pen? What is the price of this pen?
Translate this passage from English to Translate this passage from English into
Hindi. Hindi.
I have learnt this lesson word by word. I have learnt this lesson word for word.
I asked him that why he was late. I asked him why he was late.
He pays more attention to Hindi than He pays more attention to Hindi than to
English. English.
Verbal orders will not be obeyed. Oral orders will not be obeyed.
Sachin has made ten goals. Sachin has scored ten goals.
He admitted that he had committed the He confessed that he had committed the
murder. murder.
A dictator generally misuses his political A dictator generally abuses his political
powers. powers.
Being a cloudy day, we did not go out. It Being a cloudy day, we did not go out.
It is possible to score cent per cent It is possible to score hundred per cent
marks in mathematics. marks in mathematics.
His service has been terminated. His services have been terminated.
Please see the dictionary to find out the Please consult the dictionary to find out
meaning of this word. the meaning of this word.
Mohan asked his servant to bring water. Mohan told his servant to bring water.
He got down from his bicycle. He got down off his bicycle.
I lived in that hotel for two days. I stayed in that hotel for two days.
Finishing his work, he went to see a Having finished his work, he went to see
movie. a movie.
I saw a bad dream last night. I had a bad dream last night.
His father has resigned from his post. His father has resigned his post.
If you will abuse me, I will break your If you abuse me, I shall break your
head. head.
If you will take tea, I shall also take. If you take tea, I shall also take.
You need not to tell me all this. You need not tell me all this.
First, I told him about his mistakes. At First, I told him about his mistakes.
The students will give their test The students will take their test
tomorrow. tomorrow.
The interview will be held between The interview will be held between
10a.m to 12 noon. 10a.m and 12 noon.
There was a hell of a rush at the tickets There was a hell of a rush at the ticket-
window. window.
Law and order have to be maintained. Law and order has to be maintained.
What is the cost of this shirt? What is the price of this shirt?
Good Night, sir, have a cup of tea. Good Evening, sir, have a cup of tea.
The chairman is the wholly solely in our The chairman is the all in all in our
establishment. establishment.
The English have left India with bag and The English have left India bag and
baggage. baggage.
I am not on talking terms with Mohan. I am not on speaking terms with Mohan.
He picks up a quarrel over petty matters. He picks a quarrel over petty matters.
When you say so, I must believe it. Since you say so, I must believe it.
No less than fifty soldiers were injured in No fewer than fifty soldiers were injured
the blast. in the blast.
What is the fresh news of today? What is the latest news of today?
You are requested to substitute the old You are requested to replace the old
picture for a new one. picture by a new one.
This news was broadcasted from All This news was broadcast from All India
India Radio only yesterday. Radio only yesterday.
I will teach you reading and writing I will teach you how to read and writing
English. English.
It is the first time I have said so. This is the first time I have said so.
Please do the needful and oblige. Please do what is necessary and oblige.
Accompanied with my friends, I went Accompanied by my friends, I went
there. there.
The plane circled the airport two times The plane circled the airport twice before
before landing. landing.
He became a rich man by and by. He became a rich man in course of time.
Send your reply by return post. Send your reply by return of post.
Please speak to the concerned authority. Please speak to the authority concerned.
I am quite sorry to hear of your failure. I am very sorry to hear of your failure.
CHAPTER 5
MISCELLANEOUS
INCORRECT CORRECT
He told the truth He spoke the truth
Though he is poor but he is honest Though he is poor, yet he is honest
He is taking a bath He is having a bath
Do not speak a lie Do not tell a lie
It is raining, is it? It is raining, Isn't it?
I respect him as he is my teacher. I respect him because he is my teacher
Our team made a goal Our team has scored a goal
He is such a writer that everybody He is such a writer as everybody should
should read his books. read his books.
CHAPTER 1
1. Ascend Descend
2. Conformist Nonconformist
3. Contentious Noncontentious
4. Flammable Nonflammable
5. Interference Noninterference
6. Payment Nonpayment
7. Political Nonpolitical
8. Resident Nonresident
9. Barbarous Civilized
CHAPTER 2
Choose the word which is MOST SIMILAR in meaning ( SYNONYM) from the
given options.
1. Perched
a) sitting
b) dried
c) hungry
d) placed
e) wet
2. Derives
a) arises
b) deduces
c) reaches
d) gets
e) originates
3. Mendicant
a) beggar
b) saint
c) worker
d) scholar
e) gate keeper
4. Rugged
a) fierced
b) dilapidated
c) unkempt
d) rough
e) stern
5. Dole
a) food
b) packet
c) bucket
d) alms
e) bag
6. Steadfastness
a) stability
b) firmness
c) industriousness
d) resolute
e) flexibility
7. Picturesque
a) dull
b) vivid
c) shining
d) bright
e) glittering
8. Exposed
a) apparent
b) covered
c) spread
d) opened
e) outward
9. Admonition
a) praise
b) counseling
c) liaison
d) leverage
e) instruction
10. Beat
a) strike
b) defeat
c) throb
d) victory
e) scold
ANSWER
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. E
7. A
8. B
9. A
10.D
CHAPTER 3
1. Impeccable - Faultless
2. Adverse - Negative
3. Friendly - Amiable
4. Imitate - Copy
5. Dessert - Sweet-dish
6. Fortitude - Courage
7. Trauma - Emotional shock
8. Adversary - Opponent
9. Erudite - Scholarly
10. Takes after - Resembles
11. Cajole - Persuade
12. Amazement - Surprise
13. Electrifying - Exciting
14. Merited - Deserved
15. Zealous - Ardent
16. Deny - Refuse
17. Hostile - Antagonistic
18. Veil - Conceal
19. Peculiar - Strange
20. Eminent - Illustrious
21. Defer - Postpone
22. Novice - Beginner
23. Salient - Most important
24. Idea - Notion
25. Ill-favoured - Unlucky
26. Clue - Hint
27. Consistency - Uniformity
28. Refrain - Desist
29. Candid - Frank
30. Industrious - Hard-working
31. Authentic - Genuine
32. Miraculous - Amazing
33. Knave - Scoundrel
34. Impost - Tax
35. Forego - Renounce
36. Frontier - Boundary
37. Irreproachable - Faultless
38. Judicious - Sensible
39. Obstinate - Unyielding
40. Menial - Lowly
41. Emulate - Follow
42. Mass murder - Genocide
43. Maiden Speech - First Speech
44. Tedious - Dull
45. Spirited - Enthusiastic
46. Gloomy - Morose
47. Warranty - Guarantee
48. Prodigal - Wasteful
49. Coarse - Rough
50. Recipients - Receivers
51. Rout - Defeat
52. Felicity - Bliss
53. Transpired - Happened
54. Sundry - Various
55. Impetus - Accelerated growth
56. Boast - Brag
57. Executioner - One who inflict capital punishment
58. Interfere - Meddle
59. Magnificent - Splendid
60. Feasible - Practical
61. Fortify - Strengthen
62. Barren - Unproductive
63. Intrepid - Fearless
64. Sufficient - Enough
65. Ancestors - Forefathers
66. Meek - Submissive
67. Fragrance - Aroma
68. Crude - Unrefined
69. Enigmatic - Puzzling
70. Aversion - Dislike
71. Jubilant - Ecstatic
72. Blister - Wound
73. Fabulous - Marvellous
74. Surpass - Outdo
75. Atrocity - Violence
76. Pacify - Calm down
77. Infamy - Notoriety
78. Perspicuous - Clear
79. Benevolent - Kind
80. Embrace - Accept
81. Homage - Tribute
82. Fictitious - False
83. Recurrent - Happening repeatedly
84. Despondent - Dejected
85. Desperation - Hopelessness
86. Liberty - Freedom
87. Favorite - Preferred
88. Laudable - Praiseworthy
89. Sanities - Disinfect
90. Surreptitiously - Secretly
91. Genuine - Real
92. Elastic - Flexible
93. Rectify - Correct
94. Advance - Progress
95. Poach - Hunt
96. Exhort - Urge
97. Familiar - Well-known
98. Affiliate - Associate
99. Diligent - Industrious
100. Prospective - Possible
101. Accentuated - Accent
102. Paucity - Shortfall
103. Pensive - Thoughtful
104. Provisional - Temporary
105. Forebode - Foretell
106. Obscene - Indecent
107. Vacillate - Waver
108. Impediment - Obstruction
109. Prognosis - Forecast
110. Repartee - Quick witty reply
111. Lurid - Shocking
112. Prosper - Thrive
113. Explicit - Clear
114. Infuriate - Enrage
115. Lousy - Awful
116. Predominantly - Mostly
117. Avert - Avoid
118. Cordial - Friendly
119. Horrendous - Greatly unpleasant
120. Irrevocable - Unalterable
121. Repose - Rest
122. Nurture - To grow
123. Abuse - Scorn
124. Considerate - Thoughtful
125. Frugal - Miserly
126. Pity - Mercy
127. Restrict - Prohibit
128. Tremendous - Excessive
129. Abundant - Plentiful
130. Change - Alter
131. Adorn - Beatify
132. Commotion - Disturbance
133. Grumble - To complain
134. Docile - Submissive
135. Irresolute - Undecided
136. Motive - Intention
137. Quash - Reject
138. Anticipate - Expect
139. Meticulous - Painstaking
140. Acquaint - Introduce
141. Fruitless - Useless
142. Cease - Stop
143. Abandon - Forsake
144. Regard- Respect
145. Prudent - Wise
146. Culmination- Climax
147. Crass - Unrefined
148. Cursory - Quick
149. Clandestine - Secret
150. Obdurate - Adamant
151. Reluctant - Unwilling
152. Ostracise - Banish
153. Imbecility - Stupidity
154. Hesitant - Undecided
155. Palpable - Obvious
156. Sauntering - Strolling
157. Pious - Religious
158. Intimidate - Frighten
159. Swap - Exchange
160. Genius - An intellect
161. Sporadic - Irregular
162. Accomplish - Achieve
163. Envisaged - Imagined
164. Resentment - Annoyance
165. Obscure - Unknown
166. Revelation - Disclosure
167. Appalled - Shocked
168. Collusion - Secret agreement
169. Deceptive - Misleading
170. Laid-back - Easy-going
171. Pompous - Grandiose
172. Poignant - Sad
173. Audacious - Bold
174. Reverie - Day- dream
175. Accrue - Accumulate
176. Vindictive - Spiteful
177. Hostility - Enmity
178. Condemn - Censure
179. Jealous - Envious
180. Plausible - Seemingly true
181. Dishonour - Infamy
182. Reticent - Not saying much
183. Apprise - Inform
184. Unceremonious - Impolite
185. Ravaged - Destroyed
186. Querulous - Quarrelsome
187. Perilous - Hazardous
188. Genial - Unselfish
189. Loquacious - Talkative
190. Inclement - Unfavorable
191. Indifferent - Unconcerned
192. Weary - Troubled
193. Creditable - Bringing praise
194. Fragile - Easily broken
195. Reciprocal - Mutual
196. Consensus - General agreement
197. Treason - Disloyalty
198. Lucid - Clear
199. Perplexed - Puzzled
200. Transparent - Clear
CHAPTER 4
Ques 1.
He abandoned his family .
(a) Pleased
(b) Encouraged
(c) Saved
(d) Supported
Ques 2.
Everybody called it a lavish party.
(a) Wasteful
(b) Big
(c) Expensive
(d) Pragmatism
Ques 3.
The minister gave a public speech on the controversial subject to precipitate the
matter
(a) defer
(b) Creat
(c) Pull
(d) Push
Ques 4.
The club meets on the last Thursday of every month in a dilapidated Palace.
(a) Neglected
(b) Regenerated
(c) Furnished
(d) Renovated
Ques 5.
The principal Hardly managed to give the papers a cursory glance.
(a) Thorough
(b) Curious
(c) Superficial
(d) Reflective
Ques 6.
Mohini was often teased as corpulent by her friends.
(a) Garrulous
(b) Fat
(c) Belligerent
(d) Gaunt
Ques 7.
There are four chapters that are extraneous to the structure of the book.
(a) Important
(b) Needful
(c) Relevant
(d) Integral
Ques 8.
The plantation workers were on a collision course before the labour officer
intervened.
(a) Conciliatory
(b) Perfunctory
(c) Circuitous
(d) Retaliatory
Ques 9.
He was in a Sulky disposition.
(a) Loving
(b) Kind
(c) Mild
(d) Cheerful
Ques 10.
This is a trivial matter.
(a) small
(b) Important
(c) Difficult
(d) Easy
Ques 11.
This is not ideology but pragmatic language teaching.
(a) Imperfect
(b) Impossible
(c) Impractical
(d) Improper
Ques 12.
There is an Obscure cave on the other side of the hill.
(a) Infamous
(b) Well-Known
(c) Admired
(d) Notorious
Ques 13.
She detests government jobs.
(a) Adores
(b) Is interested in
(c) Approves of
(d) Is fond of
Ques 14.
The habit of squandering money should not be encouraged .
(a) Hoarding
(b) Discarding
(c) Saving
(d) Collecting
Ques 15.
All these measures will augment employment opportunities.
(a) Diminish
(b) Circumscribe
(c) Constrain
(d) Restrain
Ques 16.
The chairman rebuked the accounts officers for not supervising the work of his
coordinates .
(a) Awarded
(b) Invited
(c) Praised
(d) Received
SOLUTION:
1. (d) : Abandoned : Deserted, left . opposite meaning : Supported.
2. (d) : Lavish : Extravagant. opposite meaning : Frugal , economical
3. (a) : Precipitate : Hasty, indiscreet. Opposite meaning : Deliberate
4. (d) : Dilapidated : Shabby, Broken-down. opposite meaning : Reovated.
5. (a) : Cursory : Casual.
Opposite meaning : Thorough
6. (d) : Corpulent : Fat opposite meaning : Gaunt, thin
7. (d) : Extraneous : Non- essential. Opposite meaning : Integral , essential
8. (a) : Collision : Crash, impact , come into conflict. Opposite meaning :
Conciliation , accommodating.
9. (d) : Sulky : Irritable. Opposite meaning : Cheerful
10. (b) : Trivial : Unimportant. Opposite meaning : Important.
11. (c) : Pragmatic : practical , Opposite meaning : Impractical ( not practical or
worktable)
12. (b) : Obscure : Unknown . Opposite meaning : Well- known
13. (a) : Detests : Hates. Opposite meaning : Adores, Loves.
14. (c) : Squandering : Wastefulness. Opposite meaning :saving , thrift
15. (a) : Agument : Enlarge , increase . Opposite meaning : Diminish, Decrease
16. (c) : Rebuked : Scolded , find fault with . Opposite meaning : Praised.
CHAPTER 5
1. Inevitable- Avoidable
2. Exceptional- Common
3. Permanent- Temporary
4. Dim- Luminous
5. Reckless- Careful
6. Explicit- Ambiguous
7. Incredible- Believable
8. Repel- Attract
9. Rapidly- Slowly
10. Meticulous- Careless
11. Barbarous- Civilized
12. Successor- Predecessor
13. Urban- Rural
14. Conclusive- Indecisive
15. Terminate-Begin
16. Niggardly- Lavishly
17. Advanced- Receded
18. Enlightened- Ignorant
19. Moderate- Extreme
20. Superficial- Thorough
21. Scorn- Admiration
22. Trivial- Serious
23. Loquacious- Reserved
24. Confiscate- Release
25. Often- Rarely
26. Eminent- Notorious
27. Embark upon- Conclude
28. Diffidence- Boldness
29. Paucity- Plenty
30. Triggered- Choked
31. Fastidious- Adjustable
32. Grandiose- Simple
33. Bleak- Bright
34. Insolent- Humble
35. Lurid- Mild
36. Unscrupulous- Conscientious
37. Melodious- Tuneless
38. Contaminate- Purify
39. Frugal- Extravagant
40. Falling off- Improvement
41. Genial- Unkind
42. Shallow- Deep
43. Immune- Vulnerable
44. Veneration- Disrespect
45. Yield to- Resist
46. Concur- Disagree
47. Vague- Precise
48. Humility- Pride
49. Extol- Censure
50. Takes off- Lands
51. Demolish- Build
52. Prevent- Induce
53. Frailty- Strength
54. Collapse- Rise
55. Anxious- Carefree
56. Thrifty- Wasteful
57. Innovate- Copy
58. Enduring- Fleeting
59. Progressive- Retrogressive
60. Purposely- Unintentionally
61. Brave- Timid
62. Opaque- Transparent
63. Hinder- Encourage
64. Zeal- Apathy
65. Shimmering-Gloomy
66. Plausible- Implausible/ Unbelievable
67. Flair- Inability
68. Dormant- Active
69. Hazy- Clear
70. Fantastic- Ordinary
71. Asceticism- Luxury
72. Dissolution- Establishment
73. Unnerved- Confident
74. Harmony- Disagreement
75. Guilty- Innocent
76. Duplicity- Honesty
77. Jocular- Morose
78. Uncompromising- Flexible
79. Desecration- Consecration
80. Far-fetched- Realistic
81. Parallel- Crooked
82. Blocked- Facilitated
83 Turn coat- Loyal
84. Embellish- Spoil
85. Intentional- Accidental
86. Expand- Contract
87. Stimulate- Discourage
88. Perilous- Safe
89. Audacious- Timid
90. Quiet- Pandemonium
91. Genuine- Fictitious
92. Implicit- Explicit
93. Repulsive- Attractive
94. Escalate- Decrease
95. Commotion- Tranquility
96. Manifested- Concealed
97. Vindictive- Forgiving
98. Inaugurate- Terminate
99. Detest- Like
100. Commence- Conclude
101. Prosperity- Adversity
102. Deliberate- Unintentional
103. Disputable- Indisputable
104. Make- Break
105. Depressed- Elated
106. Ham-fisted- Adroit
107. Capture- Liberate
108. Misery- Joy
109. Anarchy- Order
110. Monotony- Variety
111. Latter- Former
112. Diligent- Lazy
113. Philistine- Cultured
114. Ingest- Disgorge
115. Laceration- Healing
116. Disorderly- Organized
117. Glossy- Dull
118. Accomplish- Fail
119. Orderly- Chaotic
120. Strife- Peace
121. Antique- Recent
122. Rapid- Slow
123. Initiated- Concluded
124. Fatigued- Rigid
125. Dynamic- Static
126. Hereditary- Acquired
127. Heretical- Orthodox
128. Implicate- Exonerate
129. Liberty- Slavery
130. Elevation- Reduction
131. Boon- Bane
132. Famous- Obscure
133. Gloomy- Radiant
134. Isolation- Association
135. Contented- Dissatisfied
136. Severe- Mild
137. Fatigued- Energised
138. Flexible- Rigid
139. Delete- Include
140. Evanescent- Eternal
141. Virtue- Vice
142. Confident- Diffident
143. Adamant- Yielding
144. Callous- Sensitive
145. Procrastinate- Expedite
146. Probity- Dishonesty
147. Sporadic- Continual
148. Apposite- Inappropriate
149. Chivalry- Cowardice
150. Sanguine temper- Despairing nature
151. Imperil- Safeguard
152. Consolidated- Disjoined
153. Vituperative- Laudatory
154. Benefactor- Enemy
155. Barren- Fertile
156. Nervous- Composed
157. Evident- Hidden
158. Professional- Amateur
159. Cessation- Commencement
160. Potent- Weak
161. Gregarious- Unsociable
162. Implication- Exoneration
163. Dismal- Bright
164. Meagre- Surplus
165. Flamboyant- Not showy
166. Chronic- Temporary
167. Awkward- Graceful
168. Despair- Hope
169. Validate- Disprove
170. Smug- Dissatisfied
171. Vicious- Virtuous
172. Obscure- Clear
173. Enervate- Strengthen
174. Autonomous- Dependent
175. Exonerate- Convict
176. Controversial- Indisputable
177. Accord- Disagreement
178. Feasible- Impractical
179. Acquit- Condemn
180. Affluence- Poverty
181. Harmonious- Discordant
182. Factual- Unrealistic
183. Assent- Disagreement
184. Discreet- Careless in behavior
185. Unjust- Fair-minded
186. Oppressive- Gentle
187. Clinch- Lose
188. To put up with- To dislike
189. Deceitful- Honest
190. Exaggerate- Understate
191. Synthetic- Natural
192. Infirmity- Strength
193. Deny- Accept
194. Benediction- Curse
195. Forbid- Permit
196. Inconspicuous- Prominent
197. Abandon- Retain
198. Fickle- Constant
199. Articulate- Unable to express oneself.
200. Humble- Powerful
CAHPTER 6
GHOUL
Meaning: Evil Spirit
Hindi Meaning: पपशाच
Synonym: Devil, Ghost, Demon, Monster
Antonym: Angel, Guardian, Saint
Usage: The hero was overcome by a ghoul.
PIQUE
Meaning: Feeling of irritation or resentment
Hindi Meaning: मनमट
ु ाी
Synonym: Angry, Irritation, Annoyance, Displeasure, Intrigue
Antonym: Delightful , Soothe, Calm, Pleased
Usage: Publishers use book covers to pique the curiosity of readers
STASIS
Meaning: A state of inactivity
Hindi Meaning: गततह नता
Synonym: Harmony, Equilibrium, Parity, Antithesis, Equity
Antonym: Fluctuation, Inconsistency, Volatility
Usage: He became stasis state after her husband's death.
PRODIGY
Meaning: Something/Someone with exceptional qualities or abilities.
Hindi Meaning: अद्भत
ु ीस्तियाक्त
ु /
Synonym: Genius, Mastermind, Archetype, Paragon, Exemplar
Antonym: Normal, Regular, Ordinary, Amature
Usage: Being a prodigy Ruskin Bond won the national award at a very early age.
NONDESCRIPT
Meaning: lacking distinctive or interesting features
Hindi Meaning: ीर्णनातीत
Synonym: Unremarkable, Characterless, Vague, Featureless
Antonym: Bold, Catchy, Striking, Extraordinary, Distinguished
Usage: He wore nondescriptive clothes for the party.
CHAPTER 7
DIRECTIONS :
Find the synonym of the following words.
1. Dorma
(a) Comatose
(b) Dormancy
(c) Insomnia
(d) Enduring
2. Astrophobia
(a) Agliophobia
(b) Ambulophobia
(c) Androphobia
(d) Aerophobia
3. Agony
(a) Anxiety
(b) Pain
(c) Anger
(d) Fear
4. Sardonic
(a) Sarcastic
(b) Diplomatic
(c) Sour
(d) Mirthless
5. All fresco
(a) Private
(b) Open air
(c) Closures
(d) Remarkable
6. Leporine
(a) Leopards
(b) Leprosy
(c) Rabbit
(d) Lions
7. Porcine
(a) Swine
(b) Ursine
(c) Volucrine
(d) Vulpine
8. Necro
(a) Blacks
(b) Night
(c) Dead bodies
(d) Nitrogen
9.Antdiluvian
(a) Archaic
(b) Antidote
(c) Antagonism
(d) Antelope
10. Brevity
(a) Gaurrulous
(b) Vociferous
(c) Tacit
(d) Recluse
11. Paradox
(a) Metaphor
(b) Irony
(c) Contradiction
(d) Prediction
12. Redundance
(a) Repetition
(b) Simile
(c) Extrovert
(d) Reincarnation
13. Clairvoyant
(a) Theology
(b) Apogee
(c) Chirosophist
(d) Apocryphal
14. Panacea
(a) Panorama
(b) Elixir
(c) lexical
(d) Pandemic
15.pandemonium
(a) Puzzle
(b) Chaos
(c) Narcissim
(d) Egoism
16. Labyrinthe
(a) Puzzle
(b) sophisty
(c) Wisdom
(d) Infidelity
20. Verboten
(a) Verbatim
(b) banned
(c) Prolixity
(d) Tacit
21. Intimidate
(a) Cowardly
(b) Provoke
(c) Timorous
(d) Timocracy
22. Obsequious
(a) Condescending
(b) Obliterate
(c) Vagabond
(d) Fawning
23. Phelgmatism
(a) Patriarch
(b) Apathy
(c) Antipathy
(d) Sympathy
24. Pugnacious
(a) Absconding
(b) Belligerent
(c) Insouciant
(d) Traitor
25. Exonerate
(a) Abjure
(b) Perfidy
(c) Exclusive
(d) Culpable
ANSWER
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. C
12. A
13. A
14. C
15. A
16. B
17. B
18. A
19. D
20. C
21. A
22. B
23. B
24. D
25. B
26. C
27. A
CHAPTER 8
31. Alms Dole, Gratuity, Money, Clothes and food that are
given to poor people
CHAPTER 1
In the following exercise, column A has phrases and column B has one
word that can be substituted for the phrase. Match the phrases in column A
with their one word substitution in column B.
Column A Column B
ANSWERS
1. A short summary of a book or speech - Epitome
2. Science dealing with heredity - Genetics
3. Government by king/ queen - Monarchy
4. To seize by authority - Confiscate
5. Something that cannot be defeated - Invincible
6. Hater of mankind - Misanthrope
7. Not allowing the passage of light - Opaque
8. An assembly of worshippers - Congregation
9. The act of provoking and goading a man - Instigation
10. One who cannot be easily pleased - Fastidious
11. Words or phrases inscribed on a tomb - Epitaph
12. To be biased against - Prejudiced
13. Scarcity of food - Famine
14. Style of speaking well - Elocution
15. The chief character in a story or drama - Protagonist
16. A short journey made by a group of people - Excursion
17. One who is all powerful - Omnipotent
18. One who fluently speaks many languages - Polyglot
19. A legal advisor - Solicitor
20. A disease that causes death – Fatal
CHAPTER 2
DIRECTIONS:
Substitute a single word for each of the following phrases/sentences out
of the four alternatives (a),(b),(c) and (d).
ANSWER
1. C
2. D
3. D
4. C
5. C
CHAPTER 3
DIRECTION:-
Give one word substitute for the following group of words or phrases out
of the four given alternatives.
1. To deny responsibility for
a. refuse
b. repudiate
c. affirm
d. condone
ANSWER
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. C
CHAPTER 4
A
A judge's private room, without the press or the public being present - In
camera
A period of time in the past that was idyllically happy and peaceful - Halcyon
A tax or levy - Cess
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced
as a word - Acronym
An ability to do several things at the same time - Multitasking
An ability to express oneself well in speech - Oracy
An ability to make good judgements and take quick decisions - Acumen
An ability to see what will or might happen in the - Foresight
An ability to stay calm in difficult or dangerous situations - Sangfroid
An ability to use one's hands skillfully or an ability to think quickly and
effectively - Dexterity
An ability, talent, or special skill needed to do something - Knack
Able to become strong, healthy, or successful again after something bad
happens - Resilient
Able to do many different things - Versatile
Able to exist together without trouble or conflict going together well -
Compatible
Acceptable according to the law, fair or reasonable - Valid
Accepting and closely following the traditional beliefs and customs of a religion
- Orthodox
An act of burying a dead person - Interment
An act of carefully watching someone or something especially in order to
prevent or detect a crime - Surveillance
An act of causing two people or groups to become friendly again after an
argument or disagreement - Reconciliation
An act of committing a serious crime such as murder or rape - Felony
An act of destroying or damaging something deliberately so that it does not
work correctly - Sabotage
An act of ending the employment of a worker or group of workers - Layoff
An act of explaining something - Exposition
An act of getting money back from people it has been paid to - Clawback
An act of going or travelling to a place along a way that is different from the
usual or planned way - Detour
An act of identifying a disease, illness, or problem by examining someone or
something - Diagnosis
An act of illegally copying someone's product or invention without permission -
Piracy
An act of no longer caring for, using, or doing something, failure to do one's
job or duty - Dereliction
An act of officially charging someone with a crime - Indictment
An act of printing a statement about somebody that is not true and that gives
people a bad opinion of them - Libel
An act of punishing or harming somebody in return for what they have done to
you your family or friends - Vengeance
An act of remembering or telling about past experiences - Reminiscence
An act of returning something that was lost or stolen to its owner -
Restitution
An act of sending someone to another person or place for treatment, help,
advice, etc. - Referral
An act of treating a holy place or object in a way that does not show proper
respect - Sacrilege
An act of trying to impress someone by saying the names of well-known people
that one knows or has met - Name-dropping
An act or fact of having a romantic or sexual relationship with someone other
than one's husband, wife, or partner - Infidelity
An act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from
entering or leaving - Blockade
An act or remark that is calculated to gain an advantage - Gambit
An act that is part of a usually religious ceremony - Rite
An act, activity, or process of finding the way to get to a place when one is
travelling in a ship, airplane, car - Navigation
An action of making amends for a wrong or injury - Atonement
An action of marrying a person of a superior caste or class - Hypergamy
An action of regaining or gaining possession of something in exchange for
payment, or clearing a debt - Redemption
An action or event that is a signal for somebody to do something - Cue
An action or offence of speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred things;
profane talk - Blasphemy
An activity or art of copying the behavior or speech of other people - Mimicry
An activity or excitement that is unusual and that often is not wanted or
necessary - Fuss
An activity in that more and more people are becoming involved -
Bandwagon
Actor or actress - Thespian
Add notes to (a text or diagram) giving explanation or comment - Annotate
An additional fact or piece of information about a story that occurs after the
main part - Postscript
Advantages or gains secured as a result of corrupt practices - Graft
An advice and future prediction based on the date of a person's birth and the
positions of the stars and planets - Horoscope
Agreed to by everyone - Unanimous
An agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting, arguing, etc.,
for a certain period of time - Truce
An alcoholic liquor especially when it is cheap or made illegally - Hooch
All the plants that live in a particular area, time, period, or environment -
Flora
All the things that a person is able to do - Repertoire
Allowed to know about (something secret) - Privy
Always or often happening or existing - Inveterate
An amount (such as an amount of money) that is more than the amount that is
needed - Surplus
An amount of moneygiven to a retiring soldier or employee - Gratuity
An amount of money paid for a service - Honorarium
An amount of money that a company or the government pays to a person who
is old or sick and no longer works - Pension
An amount of money that is given to someone in return for providing help in a
secret and dishonest business deal - Kickback
An amount of money that is paid at one time - Lump sum
An amount of money that is spent - Outlay
An amount of money that must be paid and that is collected by a government
or other authority - Levy
An amount of something that is produced by a person or thing - Output
An amount of time that a person holds a job, office, or title - Tenure
Amusing and very strange - Wacky
An angry and unpleasant woman, sexually attractive woman - Vixen
An argument that is complicated and continues over a long period of time -
Wrangle
An invigilator at a university or college examination - Proctor
An ancient text in the form of a book, official listof medicines or chemicals -
Codex
Anger caused by something that is unfair or wrong - Indignation
An angry and usually long speech or piece of writing that strongly criticizes
someone or something - Diatribe
An angry woman who often complains about and criticizes other people -
Virago
An animal or plant that lives in or on another animal or plant and gets food or
protection from it - Parasite
An animal that has four feet - Quadruped
Annoy (someone) by often complaining about his or her behavior, appearance
- Nag
Annoyance or distress at having failed or been humiliated - Chagrin
An annual calendar containing important dates and statistical information such
as astronomical data and tide tables - Almanac
Any one of the large parts that some countries are divided into - Province
Any one of the lines that go from the North Pole to the South Pole on maps of
the world - Meridian
Appearing, happening,, or arriving soon - Forthcoming
An area around or near a particular place - Vicinity
An area in a desert where there is water and plants - Oasis
An area of land that has a particular quality or appearance - Landscape
An area of sea water that is separated from the ocean by a reef or sandbar -
Lagoon
An area of soft, wet ground; situation that is hard to deal with or get out of -
Quagmire
An area that is not close to any cities or towns - Hinterland
An area with people who are different in some way from the people in the
areas around it - Enclave
An area within which someone or something has authority, influence, or
knowledge - Purview
Argue loudly about things that are not important - Squabble
Argue with someone in a friendly way - Spar
An arrangement of events or dates in the order of eir occurrence -
Chronology
An arrangement of leaves, flowers, fruits, etc., in the shape of a circle that is
used for decoration - Wreath
An arrangement to meet somebody at a particular time and place -
Rendezvous
Arrival of a large number of people - Influx
An art of growing ornamental, artificially dwarfed varieties of trees and shrubs
in pots - Bonsai
An art, science, or profession of teaching - Pedagogy
As compared with; as opposed to - Vis-a-vis
Asking for or demanding and taking (something) for one's use - Requisition
At or near the end of a piece of writing - Ad fin
Attacking on the reputation and integrity of someone or something -
Aspersion
Attractive in a sexual way with large breasts and hips - Voluptuous
An attractively arranged bunch of flowers,especially one presented as a gift or
carried at a ceremony - Bouquet
Average or ordinary - Run-of-the-mill
B
Back in which the spine is curved in an abnormal way - Hunchback
Bad or immoral behaviour or habits - Vice
Bad or immoral behaviour that involves sex, drugs, alcohol, etc. -
Debauchery
Bad or unfavorable; not good - Untoward
Based on random choices or personal whims,rather than any reason or
system- Arbitrary
Based on what is known or seen when something is first considered or dealt
with - Prima facie
Basic equipment and structures (such as roads and bridges) that are needed
for a country,region, or organization to function properly - Infrastructure
Be a sign of (something that is beginning to happen or will happen soon) -
Herald
Be angry or upset about something and to refuse to discuss it with other
people - Sulk
Be deprived of a close relation or friend through their death - Bereave
Be repeated several times as it is reflected off different surface - Reverberate
Beat or whip (someone) severely - Flog
Beautiful woman; the most beautiful woman in a particular place - Belle
Beginning or first appearance of something - Dawning
Beginning or origin of something - Genesis
Beginning to develop or exist - Incipient
Beginning to exist; recently formed or developed - Nascent
Behaviour that is accepted as socially or morally correct and proper -
Propriety
Behaviour that shows low morals and a great love of pleasure, money, fame,
etc - Decadence
Behaviour in which somebody pretends to have moral standards or opinions
that they do not actually have - Hypocrisy
Behaviour, in particular sexual or legally dubious behaviour; considered
improper but not seriously so - Hanky-panky
Beliefs or ideas that are very important to a group - Tenet
Beliefs or opinions that do not agree with the official belief or opinion of a
particular religion - Heresy
Beliefs that particular events happen in a way that cannot be explained by
reason or science - Superstition
Belonging or relating to heaven - Celestial
Belonging to a foreign country, supposedly from another world; unfamiliar and
disturbing or distasteful - Alien
Belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else -
Indigenous
Belonging to the basic nature of someone or something - Inherent
Belonging to the middle class - Bourgeois
Below or beneath (something) - Underneath
Bending down or over; doing something that is not honest, fair, etc. - Stoop
Benefits which one enjoys or is entitled to on account of one's job or position -
Perquisite
Best or most important part of something; the point of greatest success or
achievement - Pinnacle
Best or most important person or thing - Numero uno
Best or most important thing owned or produced by a particular organization -
Flagship
Better than all others - Par excellence
Blaming or insulting (someone) in strong or violent language - Vituperate
Block of stone or wood that is used as the base for a pillar, statue, etc. -
Plinth
Body of remedial substances used in the practice of medicine - Materia
medica
Books, articles, etc., that discuss a subject carefully and thoroughly - Treatise
Border or line that separates two things, such as types of work, groups of
people or areas of land - Demarcation
Boring or unpleasant work that does not require special skill and usually does
not pay much money - Menial
Bottom edge of a dress, skirt, or coat - Hemline
Break off (a meeting, legal case , or game) with the intention of resuming it
later - Adjorn
Brief and direct in a way that may seem rude or unfriendly - Terse
Brief and usually unplanned fight during a war - Skirmish
Brief time when an action or activity stops - Lull
Brief trips taken for pleasure - Jaunt
Brief trips that people take for fun usually as a group - Outing
Brief written messages or reports from one person or department in a
company or organization to another - Memorandum
Bringing (someone who is unconscious, not breathing, or close to death) back
to a conscious or active state again - Resuscitate
Broken parts of a vehicle, building, etc., that has been badly damaged or
destroyed - Wreckage
Brother or sister - Sibling
Building and the area of land that it is on, statement or idea that is accepted
as being true and that is used as the basis of an argument - Premise
Building in which grain is stored - Granary
Building in which the bodies of dead people are burned - Crematorium
Building or chamber above or below the ground in which a dead body is kept -
Tomb
Building or room in which images of stars, planets, etc., are shown on a high,
curved ceiling - Planetarium
Building that is used for Jewish religious services - Synagogue
Building where aircrafts are kept - Hangar
Business of making fashionable and expensive clothes for women - Haute
couture
Businesses that make money through illegal activities, loud, unpleasant noise -
Racket
By or for each person - Per capita
C
Caption to a photograph or other illustration - Cutline
Card from the pack that has been chosen as the most valuable for a particular
card game - Trump
Care or maintenance of buildings, equipment,etc - Unkeep
Careful and persistent works or efforts - Diligence
Careful plans or methods for achieving a particular goal usually over a long
period of time - Strategy
Cause (a material) to be filled or soaked with something - Impregnate
Cause (someone or something) to receive or take in a large amount of things
at the same time - Inundate
Cause (someone) to fall down or be turned over - Upend
Cause (things or people) to separate and go in different directions - Scatter
Cause of pain or harm - Affliction
Centre of public attention - Limelight
Ceremony held for a dead person - Funeral
Ceremony held in a university or college when students receive their degrees -
Convocation
Ceremony in which a crown is placed on the head of a new king or queen -
Coronation
Certain to die - Mortal
Certain to work properly or succeed - Infallible
Changing (something good) so that it is no longer as what it was or should be -
Pervert
Charging an important public figure with a serious crime - Impeach
Changing (something) slightly in order to improve it; to make small
adjustments to (something) - Tweak
Changing an earlier statement, opinion or promise because of pressure from
somebody/something - Backtrack
Changing direction quickly or suddenly - Veer
Changing from one state or condition to another - Transition
Changing moods quickly and often - Mercurical
Character and atmosphere of a place - Ambience
Cheerful friendliness; geniality - Bonhomie
Chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain
life- Metabolism
Claim or a piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a
criminal one , is alleged to have taken place; excuse or pretext - Alibi
Clear message or request for people to do something - Clarion call
Clever trick or plan that is used to get someone to do something or to gain an
advantage over someone - ploy
Climb or moving with difficulty or a lot of effort, using one's hands and feet -
Clamber
Close friend one has worked with, been in the military with, etc. - Comrade
Close relationship with someone or something - Communion
Close-knit group of interrelated families, large family, or a group of people who
are connected because of a particular thing - clan
Clothes, especially fine or formal ones - attire
Collecting or forming into a mass or group- Agglomerate
Collectable object such as a piece of furniture or work of art that has a high
value because of its age and quality- Antique
Collection of different things - Potpourri
Collection of historical documents or records providing information about a
place, institution, orgroup of people - Archive
Collection of things (such as photographs, stories, facts, etc.) that have been
gathered together and presented as a group especially in the form of a book -
Compendium
Collection of things, which may be similar or different - Collage
Collection of weapons and military equipment - Arsenals
Collection of written or spoken texts - Corpus
Combination of events, state of affairs - Conjuncture
Come at a later time; to happen as a result - Ensure
Comparing between one thing and another, typically for the purpose of
explanation or clarification - Analogy
Compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion in others -
Charisma
Competition for young women in which their beauty, personal qualities and
skills are judged - Pageant
Complete change of attitude or opinion - Volte - Face
Complete control of the entire supply of goods or of a service in a certain area
or market - Monopoly
Complete freedom to act as one wishes - Carte blanche
Complete lists of items, typically one in alphabetical or other systematic order -
Catalogue
Complete range of different opinions,people, etc. - Spectrum
Completely unwilling to change - Intransigent
Complex disputes or arguments - Imbroglio
Complicated and confusing system of connected passage - Maze
Complicated or unpleasant situations that is difficult to get out of or to move
through - Morass
Comprising or relating to all sorts or varieties - Omnifarious
Conceal the nature or existence of (a feeling or situation) - Disguise
Concentrated artillery bombardment over a wide area : large number of
something, such as questions or comments, that are directed at somebody
very quickly, one after the other, often in an aggressive way - Barrage
Conclusion or opinions that are formed because of known facts or evidence -
Inference
Condition in which a part of one's body becomes red, swollen, and painful-
Inflammation
Condition in which someone is not able to think normally because of being
drunk, drugged, tired, etc. - Stupor
Confused struggles or fights involving many people - Melee
Confusing or difficult problem - Conundrum
Confusing or meaningless words or activities - Mumbo-jumbo
Connected with particular circumstances- Circumstantial
Connected with young people who are not yet adults - Juvenile
Consequences or after-effects of a significant and unpleasant event -
Aftermath
Consisting of or using both letters and numerals - Alphanumeric
Consisting of things or people that are all the same or all of the same type -
Homogeneous
Contests, disputes, competitions, etc., in which neither side can gain an
advantage or win - Stalemate
Continual increase in the price of goods and services - Inflation
Continuing without stopping - Incessant
Continuous rattling sound as of hard objects falling or striking each other -
Clatter
Control or affect (something, such as a game or election) in a dishonest way in
order to get a desired result - Rig
Controlling or influencing a situation in a skilful but sometimes dishonest way -
Manoeuvre
Controlled breeding and rearing of fish. - Pisciculture
Conversations in which clever statements and replies are made quickly -
Repartee
Correcting something that is unfair or wrong - Redress
Corrupt behaviour in a position of trust, especially in public office -
Malversation
Courage or bravery - Valour
Courtesy and considerate behaviour towards others - Comity
Course of action leading nowhere - Blind alley
Covered passages with arches along one or both sides - arcade
Covered with decoration - Ornate
Created or done for a particular purpose as necessary - Ad hoc
Crime of getting money from someone by the use of force or threat -
Extortion
Crime of trying to overthrow one's country's government or of helping one's
country's enemies during war- Treason
Crimes or other morally wrong acts : illegal or immoral behavior especially by
young people - Delinquency
Cruel and unfair treatment by people with power over others - Tyranny
Cry very loudly and noisily - Squall
Curved paths along which something (such as a rocket) moves through the air
or through space - Trajectory
Curved paths followed by a planet or an object as it moves around another
planet, star, moon, etc- Orbit
Customs or a way of acting or doing things that is widely accepted and
followed - Convention
Customers of a shop, bar, or place of entertainment - Clientele
Cut made in something - Incision
D
Dance or musical performance - Recital
Dangers or problems that are hidden or not obvious at first - Pitfall
Dark and dirty : not fresh or clean - Dingy
Dark and underground prisons in castles - Dungeon
Date or time when something must be finished : the last day, hour, or minute
on that something will be accepted - Deadline
Days when day and night are of the same length - Equinox
Dead bodies of animals - Carcass
Dead persons who leave the grave at night to bite and suck the blood of living
people - Vampire
Decayed mixture of plants (such as leaves and grass) that is used to improve
the soil in a garden - Compost
Decayed with usually a very bad or disgusting smell - Putrid
Deceiving or to trick (someone) to persuade (someone) by telling lies - Con(v)
Deep unconscious state, usually lasting a long time and caused by serious
illness or injury - Coma
Deep, wet sand into which heavy objects sink easily - Quicksand
Deeply religious : devoted to a particular religion - Devout
Defeating (someone or something) easily and Throughly - Trounce
Defeating and gaining control of (someone or something) by the use of force -
Subjugate
Defeating or tricking (someone) by being more intelligent or clever -Outsmart
Delay doing something until a later time because one does not want to do it,
because one is lazy - Procrastinate
Describing (someone or something) as unimportant, weak, bad, etc -
Disparage
Designed or intended to teach people something - Didactic
Desire to cause harm to another person - Malice
Determined not to change one's opinion or attitude; difficult to deal with,
remove, etc. - Stubborn
Developing friendlier relations between countries or groups of people who have
been enemies - Rapprochement
Dictionary of the special terms in a particular field or job - Glossary
Die because one is unable to breathe - Suffocate
Difference between two opposite things : a division into two opposite groups -
Dichotomy
Difference especially between things that should be the same - Discrepancy
Difficult and unpleasant to do or deal with - Onerous
Difficult to handle, control, or deal with because of being large, heavy, or
complex - Unwieldy
Difficult to understand : having or seeming to have a hidden meaning -
Cryptic
Dilemma or difficult circumstances from which there is no escape because of
mutually conflicting or dependent conditions - Catch-22
Direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree - Lineage
Disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events- Anticlimax
Disease or disorder that involves a particular group of signs and symptoms -
Syndrome
Disease that spreads over a whole country or the whole world - Pandemic
Disguising of military personnel, equipment, and installations by painting or
covering them to make them blend in with their surrounding - Camouflage
Dishonest or immoralpersons - Sleaze
Displaying wealth, knowledge, etc., in a way that is meant to attract attention,
admiration, or envy - Ostentatious
Distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian, measured in
degrees - Longitude
Distance of a place north or south of the equator (= the line around the world
dividing north and south), measured in degrees - Latitude
Doing activities for fun or enjoyment - Play-off
Doing better than (someone or something) : to be more successful than
(someone or something) - Outdo
Doing something that is not allowed : to disobey a command or law -
Transgress
Doctor's opinion about how someone will recover from an illness or injury -
Prognosis
Done or given because one wants to and not because one is forced to -
Voluntary
Dramatic works in which all or most of the words are sung to music; works of
this type as an art form or entertainment - Opera
Drawing or pictures that show only the shape of an object - Outline
Dull and ordinary - Mundane
Dull or socially ineptperson, especially someone who is excessively studious -
Spod
E
Eager to own and collect things - Acquisitive
Easily affected, influenced, or harmed by something - Susceptible
Easily annoyed or angered and likely to argue - Truculent
Easily hurt or harmed physically, mentally, or emotionally : open to attack,
harm, or damage - Vulnerable
Easily managed or controlled : willing to learn or be guided by another -
Tractable
Eating both plants and animals : eager to learn about many different things -
Omnivorous
Economic situations where there is high inflation (= prices rising continuously)
but no increase in the jobs that are available or in business activity -
Stagflation
Effective from a particular date in the past - Retrospective
Elaborate or glib speeches or stories, typically those used by a salesperson -
Spiel
E-mails that are not wanted : an e-mail that is sent to large numbers of people
and that consists mostly of advertising - Spam
Embarrassing social mistake - Faux pas
Ending a romantic relationship with (someone) in a sudden and painful way -
Jilt
Ending an organization or group (such as a club) - Disband
End or failure of an institution, an idea, a company, etc. : death of a person -
Demise
Enjoy (something) for a long time - Savour
Enjoying oneself or celebrating in a noisy or boisterous way - Roister
Enjoyable in a lively or noisy way - Rollicking
Enjoyments that someone gets from being violent or cruel or from causing pain
- Sadism
Entering (someone) as a member of or being a participant in something -
Enroll
Entering or appearing somewhere suddenly and with a lot of force - Irrupt
Enthusiastic and vocal supporters of someone or something - Cheerleader
Enthusiastic clapping by an audience as a sign of their approval - Ovation
Error in the way a law, rule, or contract is written that makes it possible for
some people to legally avoid obeying it - LOOPHOLE
Events causing great and usually sudden damage or suffering; a disaster -
catastrophe
Events involving destruction or damage on a catastrophic scale - apocalypse
Events marked by festivities or celebration - fiesta
Event or a short period of time that is important or unusual - episode
Events or situations in which many people are killed and many things are
destroyc espicially by fire- holocaust
Events that may or may not happen - contingency
Exact or very close copy of something - Replica
Examinations intended to qualify successful candidates for higher education -
Baccalaureate
Examples that represent or express something very well - Epitome
Excessive emotional or psychological reliance on a partner - Codependency
Exchanging goods, property, services, etc. for other goods, etc. without using
money - Barter
Excluding (someone) from a group - Ostracize
Existing as a basic part of a person's nature or character - Inbred
Existing from the beginning of time : very ancient - Primordial
Existing or continuing in the same way for a long time - Perennial
Existing or happening in the same time period - Contemporary
Existing, but not yet very noticeable, active or well developed - Latent
Experiences that are very unpleasant or difficult - Ordeal
Experienced or felt by watching, hearing about, or reading about someone else
rather than by doing something yourself - Vicarious
Expressing doubts about whether something is right, honest, etc. - Impugn
Expressing severe disapprovals of (someone or something), especially in a
formal statement - Censure
Expressing feelings or opinions in a very loud or forceful way - Vociferous
Expressing opinions or criticism in a very forceful and often annoying or
unpleasant way - Strident
Expressions designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly
: an indirect or passing reference - Allusion
Expressions of strong anger or disapproval by many people - Outcry
Extensive groups of islands - Archipelago
Extra vote given by a chairperson to decide an issue when the votes on each
side are equal - Casting vote
Extracting money from (someone) by fine or taxation - Mulct
Extreme anger : a strong feeling of unhappiness because of something bad,
hurtful, or morally wrong - - Outrage
Extreme physical or mental sufferings - Agony
Extreme self-confidence or audacity (usually used approvingly) - Chutzpah
Extremely easy tasks - Cinch
Extremely excited and enthusiastic about doing something - Gung ho
Extremely good and deserving to be admired and copied - Exemplary
Extremely or unusually small - Diminutive
Extremely strong dislikes or fears of someone or something – Phobi
F
Facts or the process of ending or being brought to an end - Cessation
Failing to show proper respect and courtesy - Impudent
Failure to fulfil an obligation : something that happens or is done when nothing
else has been done or can be done - Default
Familiar or humorous names given to a person or thing instead of the real
name - Nickname
Families of rulers who rule over a country for a long period of time - Dynasty
Famous persons, especially in entertainment or sport - Celebrity
Farmers in the past who owned a small amount of land : very good, hard, and
valuable work that someone does especially to support a cause, to help a
team, etc. - Yeoman
Features (such as mountains and rivers) in an area of land - Topography
Feeling a strong desire or wish for something or to do something - Yearn
Feeling nervous because the ending is not known until the final moment -
Nail-biting
Feeling or showing great sadness because someone has died - Mourn
Feeling sorrow or regreting for (something) - Rue
Feeling of being sorry for doing something bad or wrong in the past -
Remorse
Feelings of deep anxiety or dread, typically an unfocused one about the human
condition or the state of the world in general - Angst
Feelings of doubt or uncertainty about whether Qualm one is doing the right
thing
Feelings of enjoyment and enthusiasm - Zest
Feelings of foolish or very strong love or admiration for someone or something
- Infatuation
Feelings of great happiness and excitement - Euphoria
Feelings of guilt or regret - Compunction
Feelings of like or dislike for someone or something especially when it is not
reasonable or logical - Prejudice
Feelings of sadness mixed with pleasure and affection when one thinks of
happy times in the past - Nostalgia
Feelings of strong dislike or disapproval of someone or something you think
does not deserve respect - Disdain
Feelings or beliefs that bad things will happen in the future - Pessimism
Feelings or belief that good things will happen in the future - Optimism
Feelings or expressing overwhelming happiness or joyful excitement - Ecstatic
Feelings or a particular quality that is very noticeable and seems to surround a
person or place - Aura
Feelings or showing a lack of courage or confidence - Timid
Feelings that someone or something gives you - Vibe
Female ballet dancers - Danseuse
Fictitious or factual works describing a series of events - Chronicle
Fights between women - Catfight
Fights, briefly and usually not very seriously - Scuffle
Figures shaped like a human body that is used for making or displaying clothes
- Mannequin
Filled with or showing sexual desire - Lascivious
First time an actor, musician, athlete, etc., does something in public or for the
public - Debut
Fixed sum of money paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their
life - Annuity
Flat cases for carrying documents or drawings, investments that are owned by
a person or organization - Portfolio
Fleet of warships - Armada
Flowing out of something in a fast and forceful way - Spew
Following, watching, and bothering (someone) constantly in a way that is
frightening, dangerous, etc. - Stalk
Food that a person or animal usually eats- Diet
Food that is cooked in a particular way, style of cooking - Cuisine
Foolish talks or ideas.- Guff
Foolish, confused, or meaningless words - Gibberish
For an intervening or temporary period of time - Ad interim
Forcing someone to go somewhere with you, often using threats or violence -
Abduction
Forceful or angry speeches - Harangue
Forming An opinion about something without definitely knowing the truth -
Surmise
Form of punishments or tortures that involved caning the soles of someone's
feet - Bastinado
Formal acts or the process of placing someone into a new job, position,
government office, - Induction
Formal ceremonies or series of acts that are always performed in the same
way - Ritual
Formal meetings in which representatives or experts discuss important
matters, make decisions, etc. - Congress
Formal processions ofpeople walking, on horseback, or riding in vehicles -
Cavalcade
Formally choosing (someone) as a candidate for a job, position, office, etc. -
Nominate
Formations of clear and distinct sounds in speech - Articulation
Fortresses, typically one on high ground above a city - Citadel
Formal and serious promises to tell the truth or to do something - Oath
Fraudulent or dishonest acts or practices - Rort
Fraudulent practices of sending emails purporting to be from reputable
companies in order to induce individuals to reveal personal information -
Phishing
Freedom from being required to do something that others are required to do -
Exemption
Freedom from punishment, harm, or loss - Impunity
Freedom to do something the way you want to do it - Leeway
Friendly relationships - Rapport
Friendly remarks and jokes - Banter
Full and wide view of something - panorama
Full of anger, arguments and bad feelings - Acrimonious
Full of clever tricks : very clever - Wily
Full of hate or anger, extremely or excessively harsh or strong - Virulent
Funny and clever - Witty
Funny plays or movies about ridiculous situations- Farc
G
General laws, rules, principles, or criteria by which something is judged -
Canon
General or basic quality or meaning of something - Tenor
Generous and friendly treatment of visitors and guests - Hospitality
Genuine, real or legal; not false - Bona fide
Girlfriends of criminals - Moll
Giving a brief summary of something - Recapitulate
Giving or being a sign of (something that will happen or develop in the future)
- Presage
Giving somebody a signal using your finger or hand, especially to tell them to
move nearer or to follow you - Beckon
Giving up (something) : to give (something, such as power, control, or
possession) to another person or group - Relinquish
Giving help or support to the main group of workers - Auxiliary
Going in a direction that is away from a group or from the place where one
should be - Stray
Going on someone's land without permission - Trespass
Goods that are bought and sold - Merchandise
Government departments that control public money - Exchequer
Governments formed by two or more political parties working together -
Coalition
Government officials who are the representative of his or her country in a
foreign country - Consul
Government orders that limit trade in some way - Embargo
Gradual increase in noise : the loudest point of a period of continuous noise -
Crescendo
Gradual reduction in the size of a business, activity, etc. - Runown
Great and often wild or uncontrolled activities - Frenzy
Great disaster or complete failure - Debacle
Great number of things or people - Multitude
Great technical skill and brilliance shown in a performance or activity -
Bravura
Great work : the greatest achievement of an artist , or a writer - Magnum
opus
Groups of animals or plants that are similar and can produce young animals or
plants - Species
groups of members of the public who listen to the facts of a case in a court and
decide whether or not somebody is guilty of a crime - Jury
Groups of military ships commanded by the same person - Fleet
Groups of musicians who play usually classical mt sic together and who are led
by a conductor - orchestra
Groups of officials led by an ambassador who represent their government in a
foreign country :building in which an embassy works - embassy
Groups of people or businesses that work together - Syndicate
Groups of people who are doing something together - Platoon
Groups of people who are the leaders of an action or movement in society,
politics, art, - Vanguard
Groups of people who are together for a particular - Posse
Groups of people who go with and assist an important person - Entourage
Groups of people who have gathered to watch or listen to something (a play,
concert, somebody speaking, etc.) - Audience
Groups of people who have the same job, interests, etc. - Fraternity
Groups of people who operate a ship, airplane, or train - Crew
Groups cf people who share a common feature or aspect of behaviour - Cohort
Groups of people with shared concerns within a political party or larger
organization - Caucus
Groups of people, companies, etc., that agree to work together - Consortium
Groups of people, countries, organizations, etc., that are joined together in
some activity or effort - Confederation
Groups of people, especially traders or pilgrims,travelling together across a
desert in Asia or North Africa - Caravan
Groups of separate companies that agree to increase profits by fixing prices
and not competing with each other - Cartel
Groups of singers or dancers performing together in a supporting role in a
musical or opera - Chorus
Groups of vehicles or ships that are travelling together usually for protection -
Convoy
Groups or organization of nations or people united for a purpose - League
Groups within a larger group that have different ideas and opinions than the
rest of the group - Faction
Guiding beliefs of a person, group, or organization - Ethos
H
Happening after death, medical examination of the body of a dead person to
determine the cause of death - Post-mortem
Happening as a result of something - Consequent
Happening at the same time - Concurrent
Happening often but not regularly : not constant or steady - Sporadic
Happening or appearing again and again - Recurrent
Happening or appearing in many places and not unusual : very common or
ordinary - Common place
Happening or popular at a particular time - Du jour
Happening, done, or published after someone's death - Posthumous
Happy and enjoyable scenes or experience - Idyll
Happy and lively in a way that is attractive - Vivacious
Harming (someone) through sexual contact to touch (someone) in a sexual
and improper way - Molest
Harsh and angry words - Vitriolic
Harsh criticisms that show a lack of respect or approval for someone or
something - Scorn
Harsh discordant mixture of sounds - Cacophony
Harsh or critical statements about someone - Obloquy
Having (something) as a part, step, or result - Entail
Having a speech problem that causes one to repeat the beginning sound of
some words - Stutter
Having A dull 01 uninteteiting appearance not attractivc, or stylish - Dowdy
Having a god or helpful result especially after something unpleasant has
happened - Salutary
Having a pleasant, spicy taste interesting and exciting - Piquant
Having a strong and unpleasant smell or taste front no longer being fresh -
Rancid
Having a strong, sharp taste or smell - Pungent
Having a very appealing taste or smell - Luscious
Having a very noticeable quality that attrats a lot of attention - Flamboyant
Having an obstinately uncooperative attitude towards authority or discipline -
Recalcitrant
Having complete or unlimited power - Omnipotent
Having fair hair and a light complexion - Blonde
Having many twists and turns : compliLated. long, and confusing - Tortuous
Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone -
Ambivalent
Having no legal power - Nutt
Having no useful purpose - Otiose
Having or relating to two sides affecting both sides, involving two parties,
especially countries - Bilateral
Having or showing a desire to hurt someone who has hurt or caused problems
for you - Vindictive
Having or showing a lot of courage or determination - Plucky
Having or showing a lot of violence and blood - Gory
Having or showing an ability to understand difficult ideas and situations and to
make good decisions - Sagacious
Having or showing courage : very brave or courageous - valiant
Having or showing knowledge that is learned by studying - erudite
Having people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by
their culture : showing an interest in different cultures, ideas - cosmopolitian
Having the letters q, w, e, r, t, and y arranged in a ,Oweitt row in the top row
of letter keys - querty
Having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of men -
Masculine
Having very fixed beliefs and being unlikely or unwilling to change them -
Hardliner
Heavy automatic guns that fire shells from an aircraft or tank - Cannon
Height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level -Altitude
Helping someone or something pay for the costs of (something) - Subsidize
Highest point in the development of something :a climax or culmination -
Apogee
Highest point of a mountain : the top of a mountain - Summit
History of the family members in a person's or animal's past especially when it
is good or impressive - Pedigree
Hitting (someone or something) very hard with a stick, whip, etc - Thrash
Hitting (someone) on the buttocks with one's hand as a form of punishment -
Spank
Hitting or beating something or someone and make a loud, deep sound -
Thump
Hitting something with a loud, dull sound - Thud
Honor or fame given for some achievement - Laurel
Honor or respect that is felt for or shown to (someone or something) -
Reverence
Hopeful or romantic in a way that is not practical - Quixotic
Houses or part of a house in which the women of a Muslim household live -
Harem
Houses where men visit prostitutes - Brothel
Humour that shows the weaknesses or bad qualities of a person, gOvernment,
society, etc. - Satire
Humorous in a clever and often ironic way - Wry
Humorous rhyming poem of five lines - Limerick
Hundredth anniversary of a significant event - Centenary
Husband's (or wife's) provision for a spouse after separation or divorce :
maintenance -Alimony
I
Ideas about doing something that is far removed from normal reality -
Fantasy
Ideas or beliefs that people are born again with a different body after death -
Reincarnation
Ideas or inventions which are considered to be a particular person's creation -
Brainchild
Ideas or sets of beliefs that guide the actions of a person or group - Credo
Idea or a set of principles or religious beliefs - Creed
Ideas or theories that are not proven but that leads to further study or
discussion - Hypothesis
Ideas suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning - Connotation
Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in
order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc. - Propaganda
Ideas or stories that are not true but that many people have heard or read -
Folklore
(Illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring - Chronic
Imaginary places in which the government, laws, and social conditions are
perfect - Utopia
Imaginary sea creatures that have a woman's head and body and a fish's tail
instead of legs - Mermaid
Impartial advisers to a court of law in a particular case - Amicus curiae
Important, real, or meaningful - Substantive
Impossible to defeat or discourage - Indomitable
Impossible to defeat or overcome - INVINCIBLE
Impossible to harm, damage, or defeat - INVULNERABLE
Impossible 'to solve or get control of : impossible to overcome -
INSURMOUNTABLE
Impressive display or range of a particular type of thing - ARRAY
In a careless and unplanned way - WILLY NILLY
In a confused and careless way - HELTER - SKELTER
In a state of tremulous excitement - AFLUTTER
In a very bad condition and needing to be repaired - RAMSHACKLE
In an uncertain or undecided state or condition - LIMBO
In great disorder or confusion - TOPSY - TURVY
In preparation or progress happening or beginning to happen - AFOOT
In a very bad condition because of age or lack of care - DILAPIDATED
Including many different things : full of variety - VARIEGATED
Increased effectiveness that results when two or more people or businesses
work together - SYNERGY
Indefinite and very long period of time - AEON
Independent persons or a body officially appointed to settle a dispute -
Arbitrator
Indirect and usually bad results of an action or event that may happen some
time afterwards - Repercussion
Influence or control over another country, a group of people - Hegemony
Influence or power , especially in politics or business - Clout
Informal ways of spreading information or rumors through conversation -
Grapevine
Information about a person and about what they have done in their life -
Biodata
Inscriptions on a building, statue, or coin - Epigraph
ill Institutions,places, or persons strongly maintaining particular principles,
attitudes, or activities - Bastion
Insulting remarks made in public - Brickbats
Intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory - Blitzkrieg
Introduction to a book or speech - Preface
Introduction to a book, play, etc. - Prologue
Involving a chance that something bad or unpleasant could happen -Dicey
Involving a lot of violence, confusion, or disorder - Tumultuous
Involving death or violence in a way that is strange, frightening, or unpleasant
- Macabre
Involving only one group or country - Unilateral
Items of additional material added at the end of a book or other publication -
Addendu
J
Japanese art of folding paper into shapes that look like birds, animals, etc. -
Origami
Japanese flower arranging, that has strict formal rules - Ikebana
Japanese form of self-defence and martial art that uses locks, holds, throws,
and the opponent's own movements - Aikido
Jargon or slang of a particular group or class - Argot
Jobs, activities, etc., that are very suitable for someone - Niche
Journals or newspapers, especially the official one of .an organization or
institution - Gazette
Journalists who are not on the regular staff of a newspaper but who write
stories for that newspaper - Stringer
Journeys especially by a group of people for a specific purpose - Expedition
K
Killing (a person or animal) by squeezing the throat - Strangle
Killing (an animal) for food, kill (many people) in a very violent way -
Slaughter
Killing (someone) illegally as punishment for a crime - Lynch
Killing of a large number of people - Carnage
Killing or wounding of people, typically on a large scale during a conflict -
Bloodshed
Kindness shown to somebody when they are being punished : willingness not
somebody so severely - Clemency
Knowing everything : having unlimited understanding or knowledge -
omniscient
Knowing or using several languages - Polyglot
L
Lack of agreements between people, ideas, etc - Discord
Lack of order : a confused or messy condition - Disarray
Lack of respect or dislike for someone or something - Contempt
Lack of seriousness - Levity
Lack of solidity or substance; thinness - Tenuity
Lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group - Anomie
(anomy)
Lacking confidence : not feeling comfortable around people, very careful about
acting or speaking - Diffident
(Land) used or suitable for growing crops - Arable
(Language) used in conversation but not in formal speech or writing -
Colloquial
(Legislative body) having two chambers - Bicameral
Language of ordinary speechs rather than formal writing - Vernacular
Language or behaviour that is nonsense and is intended to hide the truth from
people - Hocus-pocus
Language that is intended to influence people and that may not be honest or
reasonable - Rhetoric
Language that is used among people who speak various different languages -
Lingua franca
Language used by a particular group of people - Parlance
Language used for a particular activity or by a particular group of people -
Jargon
Large amount of money that has been given to a school, hospital, etc., and
that is used to pay for its creation and continuing support : person's natural
ability or talent - Endowment
Large amount of rain that suddenly falls in an area : large amount of things
that come at the same time - Deluge
Large amount of something that is released suddenly - Torrent
Large and beautiful view of an area of land or Vista water
Large and very unpleasant amount of dirt - Filth
Large areas of land that have been farmed, too- much with the result that
plants will not grow there - Badlands
Large buildings or group of buildings for soldiers to live in - Barracks
Large ,burial ground, especially Qne not in a churchyard - Cemetery
Large business that is made of different. kinds of companies - Conglomerate
Large cages, buildings, or enclosures for keeping birds in - Aviary
Large group of people or things of a particular kind - Bevy
Large group of people, especially' an organized group with a particular purpose
- Battalion
Large group of people - Throng
Large notices or signs put up in a public place or carried by people -Placard
Large number of things that appear or happen in a short period of time -
Spate
Large open-air fire used for burning rubbish or as part of a celebration -
Bonfire
Large parties or celebrations - Fete
Large parties or celebrations - Jamboree
Large tents used for social or commercial functions . covered structures over
the entrance to a building - Marquee
Large-calibre guns used in warfare on land - Artillery
Lasting for a very short time - Evanescent
Lasting for a very short time - Ephemeral
Late morning meals eaten instead of breakfast and lunch - Brunch
Laws or regulations made by a government - Ordinance
Laws or rules that limit or control something strong criticism - Stricture
Leaving (property) to a person or other beneficiary by a will - Bequeath
Legal agreements in which a person borrows money to buy property (such as a
house) and pays back the money over a period of years - Mortgage
Legal right to be the only one to reproduce, publish and sell a book, musical
recording, etc., for a certain period of time - Copyright
Letter or group of letters that is added at the beginning of a word to change its
meaning - Prefix
Level of respect that people have for a succesitful person, organizatum, etc -
Stature
Light that is placed somewhere to guide vehicies and warn them of danger -
Beacon
Likely to change in a very sudden or extreme way likely to become dangerous
or out of control - Volatile
Likely to have or produce good results Propitious
Limited to a small number of people - Esoteric
Lines in a newspaper naming the writer of an article - Byline
Lines notionally drawn on the earth equidistant from the poles - Equator
Lines on a weather map that join places that have the same air pressure at a
particular time - Isobar
Lines on a weather map that join places that have the same temperature at a
particular time - Isotherm
Lines that have a series of short, sharp turns or angles - Zigzag
Lists of items required, things to be done, or points to be considered, used as a
reminder - Checklist
Lists of the books referred to in a scholarly work ,typically printed as an
appendix - Bibliography
Lists of the foods that may be ordered at a restaurant - Menu
Lists of the people or things that belong to a particular group, team, etc. -
Roster
Lists of the people who work for a company and the amount of money that the
company has agreed to pay them - Payroll
Lists that show who must do a certain job - Rota
Lively or energetic quality - Vitality
Living in trees - Arboreal
Long and angry fights or quarrels between two people or two groups -Feud
Long and angry speechs - Tirade
Long and complicated series of events - Saga
Long and determined efforts to achieve something that one believes to be right
or to stop something that one belives to be wrong - Crusade
Long journeys to a distant or unknown place especially over water or through
outer space - voyage
Long poems that tell the story of a hero's adventures - epic
Long speeches given by a character in a story, movie, play, etc., or by a
performer - Monologue
Long, complicated, and annoying process, descriptions - Rigmarole
Long, narrow boxes, typically of wood, in which a dead body is buried or
cremated - COFFIN
Long, thin sticks used by a magician or during magic tricks - WAND
Long, usually serious speeches that a character in a play make to an audience
and that reveal the character's thoughts - SOLILOQUY
Long-term security yielding a fixed rate of Debenture interest, issued by a
company and secured against assets - DEBENTURE
Looking at someone in an evil or unpleasantly Leer sexual way - LEER
Looking for private information about someone Snoop or something - SNOOP
Lots of energy and style - Panache
Loud and confused noises, strongly expressed Clamour protest or demand
from a large number of people - CLAMOUR
Loud, confusing mixture of noises that lasts for a Din long time - DIN
Loving and admiring oneself and especially one's Narcissism appearance too
much - NARCISSISM
M
Made by combining different substances : not natural - Synthetic
Made or done without preparation - Impromptu
Made to be useful rather than to be decorative or comfortable - Utilitarian
Made to look like an exact copy of something in order to trick people -
Counterfeit
Made up of different things - Sundry
Made up of many different people or things - Motley
Made up of parts that are different - Heterogeneous
Magical liquid that can cure illness or extend life - Elixir
Main characters in a novel, play, movie, etc. - Protagonist
Main group of people in a Communistgovernment who make decisions about
policy - Politburo
Main or central part of a city or town - Downtown
Major changes or a period of change that causes a lot of conflict, confusion,
anger, etc. - Upheaval
Make (an idea, belief, etc.) known to many people - Promulgate
Making (someone or something) weaker or less effective usually in a secret or
gradual way - Undermine
Making (someone) feel or look young, healthy, or energetic again -
Rejuvenate
Making (someone) want to know more about something - Intrigue
Making (something) as good or as effective as possible - Optimize
Men who want to marry a particular woman - Suitor
Managing or using money in a careful or wise way - Thrifty
Many changes or problems that happen over time - Vicissitude
Marks or qualities that shows what something is or what it could be -Earmark
Marks that are left on one's skin after a wound heals : feeling of great
emotional pain or sadness that is caused by a bad experience and that lasts for
a long time - Scar
Materials made of a network of wire or thread : Mesh complex or constricting
situation - MESH
Materials that are flowing out - Efflux
Meals consisting of several dishes from which guests serve themselves -Buffet
Meals to which everyone who is invited brings food to share - Pot luck
Measures designed merely to humour or placate someone - Placebo
Members of a group of people who move from place to place instead of living
in one place all the time - Nomad
Members of some religions (such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) who
deliver messages that are believed to have come from God - Prophet
Mental illness in which a person becomes very emotional or excited - Mania
Mental states in which one is confused and not able to think or speak clearly :
state of wild excitement and great happiness - Delirium
Metals made by combining two or more metallic elements - Alloy
Military groups controlling a governMENT AFTER taking control of it by force -
GIMMICK
Money given as a reward - BOUNTY
Money or food given to poor people - Alms
Money or property that is given to you by somebody when they die - Legacy
Money that is less than the amount that is needed - Deficit
Money that is owed and should have been paid earlier - Arrears
Money that is paid in order to free someone who has been captured or
kidnapped - Ransom
Moral fables, especially one with animals as characters - Apologue
Morally good behavior or character - VIRTUE
Most important and basic facts or details about something - NittY GittY
Most important idea orparts of something - Keynote
Most important parts of something (such as a Most important parts of
something - Crux
Most successful or powerfull group of people - Quintessence
Moving about quickly from side to side or up and down - Jiggle
Movinig at a speed faster than walking by stepping with each front leg at the
same time as the opposite back leg - Trot
Moving or acting quickly to do, find, or get Scramble something often before
someone else does - scramble
Moving or acting too slowly - Dawdle
Move or lift (something) so that it is no longer - Ruffle
Moving quickly to one side in order to avoid being hit by (someone or
something) - Dodge
Moving to a new place - Relocate
Movements away from a place or situation especially because it is dangerous,
unpleasant, etc. : place that is quiet and private - Retreat
Movies about crime that uses dark shadows and lighting to show the
complicated moral nature of the subject - Noir
Mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together -
Camaraderie
Mysteries that can only be resolved by assembling various pieces of
information - Jigsaw
N
Names that are wrong or not proper or appropriate - Misnomer
Names that someone (such as a writer) uses instead of his or her real name -
Pseudonym
Narrow passageways between or behind building - Alley
Natural likings for and understanding of someone or something - Affinity
New activities, projects, business, etc., that typically involve risk - Venture
New and experimental ideas and methods in art, music, or literature - Avant-
garde
Newspapers with small pages (usually half the size of those in larger papers) -
Tabloid
Newspapers that print a lot of shocking stories about people's private lives
rather than serious news - Gutter press
No longer active or effective : close to failure - Moribund
No longer existing or being used - Defunct
No longer used because something newer exists - Obsolete
Noisy and overexcited reactions or responses to something - Brouhaha
Noisy arguments or disagreements, especially in public - Altercation
Noisy arguments or fights - Fracas
Not able or willing to believe something - Incredulous
Not able to be corrected or changed - Incorrigible
Not able to be stopped or changed - Inexorable
Not able to communicate with other people - Incommunicado
Not acceptable to talk about or do - Taboo
Not active, not now developing or causing symptoms - Quiescent
Not as important as something else - Subsidiary
Not capable of life - Inanimate
Not clear in meaning : stated in a way that is general and not specific - Vague
Not completely clear or transparent but clear enough to allow light to pass
through - Translucent
Not connected with spiritual or religious matters - Secular
Not deserving serious attention - Frivolous
Not doing or involving much physical activities - Sedentary
Not easily described : having no special or interesting qualities, parts, etc. :
typical and uninteresting - - Nondescript
Not easily stopped or pulled apart : very determined to do something -
Tenacious
Not giving enough thought to other people's feelings or needs -Inconsiderate
Not having made a will - Intestate
Not having or showing good judgment - Indiscreet
Not having or showing good manners, good taste,or politeness - Vulgar
Not intended or planned - Inadvertent
Not interesting, funny, etc., because of being used too often - Hackneyed
Not keeping anything secret or hidden : honest and direct - Upfront
Not letting light through : not transparent, difficult to understand of explain -
Opaque
Not liking to work or be active - Indolent
Not lively or interesting : dull or boring - Vapid
Not made of physical substances : not able to be touched - Intangible
Not necessary or appropriate - Unwarranted
Not producing the desired effect - Inefficacious
Not showing enough care and attention - Remiss
Not strong or stable and likely to break - Rickety
Not very developed or advanced - Rudimentary
Not very easy to see or notice - Inconspicuous
Not willing to tell people about things - Reticent
Not within the range of what someone knows or understands - Ken
Novels, movies, etc., that are very exciting : a story full of exciting action,
mystery, adventure, or suspense - Thriller
Number of people who are killed or injured in an accident, disaster, war - Toll
O
Objects (such as a ring or stone) that is believed to have magic powers and to
cause good things tohappen to the person who has it - Talisman
Objects or pictures used to suggest a thing that cannot be shown : person or
thing that represents an idea - Emblem
Object, pieces of evidence or some informations that help the police solve a
crime - Clue
Objects, activities, or ideas that are used as symbols of something else -
Metaphor
Objects or materials that are collected because they are related to a particular
event, person, etc. : things collected as souvenirs - Memorabilia
Objects that are used to do a particular activity : objects of a particular kind -
Paraphernalia
Occurring between members of the same country, group, or organization -
Internecine
Of, belonging to, or seeming to come from an early time in the very ancient
past - Primitive
(Of a person) not identified by name; of unknown name - Anonymous
Offence of marrying someone while already married to another person -
Bigamy
Official agreements that are made between two or more countries or groups -
Treaty
Official announcements about a usually very important piece of news -
Communiqué
Open opposition toward a person or group in authority - Rebellion
Open to more than one interpretation : not having one obvious meaning -
Ambiguous
Operations in which police or other forces surround a building and cut off
supplies, with the aim of forcing an armed person to surrender - Siege
Opinions or beliefs of the majority - Vox populi
Opponents or enemies that are very difficult to defeat - Nemesis
Opponents that are easy to defeat - Pushover
Orders that must be followed - Diktat
Organized search for a person and especially for a criminal - Manhunt
Original copies of a play, book, piece of music, etc., before those have been
printed - Manuscript
Ornaments or small pieces of jewellery thought to give protection against evil,
danger, or disease - Amulet
Out of control with anger or excitement; wild or frenzied - Berserk
Outdoor meals or parties when food is cooked in this way - Barbecue
Outlines or outer edges of something - Contour
Outside edges of an area : the area that surrounds a place or thing -
Periphery
P
Persons who are in charge of or takes care of something - Warden
Persons who are kept in a prison or mental hospital - Inmate
Persons who are killed or who suffer greatly for a religion, cause, etc. - Martyr
Persons who are not loyal to his or her own country, friends, etc. - Traitor
Persons who are not welcome or wanted in a place - Intruder
Persons who are running away to avoid being captured - Fugitive
Persons who are sent by one government to represent it in dealing with
another government - Envoy
Persons who are skilled in magic or who has magical powers : a sorcerer or a
magician, a person who is very good at something - Wizard
Persons who are unfairly blamed for something that others have done -
Scapegoat
Persons who are very enthusiastic about something - Fiend
Persons who are walking in a city, along a road, etc. - Pedestrian
Persons who know a lot about something (such as art, wine, food, etc.) : an
expert in a particular subject - Connoisseur
Persons who lack experience and knowledge - Greenhorn
Persons who leave onepolitical, religious, etc. group to join another that has
very different views : someone or something that causes trouble and cannot
be controlled - Renegade
Personswho like or admire women. - Philogynist
Persons who like seeing and talking or writing about something that is
considered to be private - Voyeur
Parts of checks, tickets, etc., that can be kept as a record when it is torn off -
Counterfoil
Parts of cities in which members of a particular group or race live usually in
poor conditions - Ghetto
Parts of theatres, concert halls, etc. in which the audiences sit - Auditorium
Parts of the earth's surface that are directly above the place where an
earthquake starts - Epicenter
Parts of your mind that tell you whether your actions are right or wrong -
Conscience
Parts or elements of something - Facet
Partial or total loss of memory - Amnesia
Partial refunds to someone who haspaid too much for tax, rent, or a utility -
Rebate
Particular subjects or issues that are discussed often or repeatedly - Theme
Particular types or categories of literature or art - Genre
Particular ways of thinking : a person's attitude or set of opinions about
something - Mindset
Particular ways of walking - Gait
Passages between rows of seats in a building such as a church or theatre, an
aircraft, or train - AISLE
Paying money to get a publication or service regularly - SUBSCRIBE
People in the future - POSTERITY
People of high social status - GENTRY
People who are extremely poor - DESTITUDE
People who are famous, wealthy, and attractivi - GLITTERATI
People who can vote in an election - ELECTORATE
Performances of something - RENDITION
Periods immediately before an action or event - RUN UP
Periods of 1,000 years - MILLENNIUM
Periods of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial
activities are reduced - RECESSION
Periods of time during which someone does not work at his or her regular job
and is able to rest, travel, do research, etc. - SABBATICAL
Periods of time that are very important in history - EPOCH
Periods of time when people stay awake, especially at night, in order to watch
a sick person, say prayers, protest, etc - VIGIL
Periods of time when something (activities or programs) are stopped -
HIATUS
Periods when days ending and nights beginning - TWILIGHT
Periods when many more babies are born than usual - BABY BOOM
Periods when something do not increase or advance any further - PLATEAU
PermAnent administrative offices departmeric;, especially governmental ones -
SECRETARIATE
Persons or things regarded as an exact copy of another - CLONE
Persons or things that attract a lot of attention or interest - CYNOSURE
Persons or things that cause a change - CATALYST
Persons or things that do not go or move as quickly as others - LAGGARD
Persons or things that are connected with or related to another, often in a way
that one would not expect - BEDFELLOW
Persons or things that are extremely important or large in size - COLOSSUS
Persons or things that are the direct opposite of someone or something else -
ANTHITHESIS
Persons or things that are the most important part of an organization, a plan,
etc, because everything else depends on them or it - LINCHPIN
Persons or things that one particularly dislike - BETE NOIRE
Persons or things that take the place of someone or something else -
SUBSTITUTE
Persons or things that take the place or perform the duties of someone or
something else - SURROGATE
Persons or things which provide stability or confidence in an otherwise
uncertain situation - ANCHOR
Persons that somebody spend a lot of time with - Crony
Persons who accompany and look after another persons or group of people -
CHAPERONE
Persons who actively oppose or are hostile to someone or something : an
adversary - ANTAGONIST
Persons who actively use the Internet especially in a proper and responsible
way - NETIZEN
Q
Qualities of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions,
standard, etc - constituency
Qualities of being faithful to one's husband, wife, or sexual partner - fidelity
Qualities of being honest and fair - integrity
Qualities of being very similar or equal - symmetry
Qualities of being very unwilling to spend money - parsimoney
Qualities that causes people to feel sympathy and sadness - pathos
Qualities that makes one person or thing different from another - trait
Quantities of work that should have been done already, but has not yet been
done - backlog
Quick looks or glance - dekko
Quick series of soft, light sounds caused when things (such as leaves or pieces
ofpaper) rub against each other - rustle
Quiet and peaceful - tranquil
Quiet and polite, not showy or flashy - demure
Quotations from or references to a book, paper, or author, especially in a
scholarly work - citation
R
(Route or journey) longer than the most direct way - Circuitous
Raised platforms for a speaker, performer, or the leader of an orchestra -
Podium
Raised platforms in a large room or hall that people stand on when performing
or speaking to an audience - Dais
Range or series of related things - Gamut
Ready and excited to start to do something - Raring
Reasons or explanations for something - Rationale
Reasons that you give to hide your real reason for doing something - Pretext
Records of events year by year - Annals
Refers to the fact that something has been done or repeated so often that it
has become annoying or tiresome - Ad nauseam
Referring to sex in a rude but humorous way - Ribald
Refusing (something, such as an offer or suggestion) in a rude way - Rebuff
Refusing to be persuaded or to change one's mind - Adamant
Regular period of sleep or rest in the afternoon in some hot countries - Siesta
Regular, repeated patterns of sounds or movements - Rhythm
Reinforced underground shelters, typically for use in wartime - Bunker
Returning to an earlier and usually worse state or condition - retograde
Rich persons who have at least a million dollars, pounds - millioniaries
Rights or benefit that is given to some people and not to others - priviledge
Rights or the capacity to bring an action or to appear in a court - local standi
Rights or privileges - prerogative
Rights to choose what should be done in a particular situation - discretion
Rights to vote in an election - suffrage
Ritual suicides by cutting open one's stomach with a sword - hara - kiri
Robots with a human appearance - android
Rooms in a public building where outdoor clothes or luggage may be left -
clockroom
Rough or noisy - rowdy
Roughly made model of a person that is made in order to be damaged or
destroyed as a protest - effigy
Roughly orquickly thrust (a sharp or pointed object) someone or something -
jab
Routine tasks, especially a household one - chores
Rules orprinciples that most people believe to be true - axiom
Rules that say how people should behave - precept
Rules about the proper and polite way to communicate with other people when
one is using the Internet - netiquette
S
Sad moods or feelings - melancholy
Said to somebody who is leaving on a journey, to wish them a good journey -
bon vyoage
Sailors who attacked ships at sea and stole from them : the person who acts in
a recklessly adventurous and often unscrupulous way, especially in business -
baccaneer
Saying or writing very harsh and critical things about (someone or something)
- vilify
Saying that (something) is smaller, less important, etc., than it really is -
understate
Saying that something you said or wrote is not true or correct - retract
Saying that you are not responsible for (something) : to deny that you know
about or are involved in (something) - disavow
Scenes full of noise and confusion - bedlam
Searching for something especially by moving and looking through the
contents of a place - rummage
Searching through waste, junk, etc., for something that can be saved, used or
eaten - scavenge
Seats for passengers on a motorcycle - pillion
Secret agreements especially in order to do something dishonest or to trick
people - collusion
Secret or disguised ways of writing : a code - cipher
Secretly try to ruin or destroy a government, political system, etc. - subvert
Sections or tables of subsidiary matter at the end of a book or document -
Appendix
Seeming like real life because it is very clear, bright, or detailed, very bright in
color - Vivid
eeming to be seen everywhere - Ubiquitous
Selling (a business, property, etc.) especially to pay off debt - Liquidate
Sending (a person who has been accused of a crime) to another state or
country for trial - Extradite
Sending away (some of a company's work) to be done by people outside the
company - Outsource
Series of changes - Flux
Series of three novels, movies, etc., that are closely related and involve the
same characters or themes - Trilogy
Sets of clothes that are worn together : group of people working together in
the same activity - Outfit
Sets of ideas that somebody believes in and tries to persuade others to accept
- Gospel
Sets of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty -
Aesthetics
Sets of tools or supplies that a person uses for a particular purpose or activity -
Kit
Severe mental orphysical pain or suffering - Anguish
Severe snowstorms with high winds : large quantity of things that may seem
to be attacking you - Blizzard
Sexually attracted to people of the same sex - Homosexual
Shared by, including or typical of a whole group of things : not specific -
Generic
Shiny quality of a surface that refleqs light - Luster
Someone who predicts things that will happen in the future
Someone who saves something or someone from danger, harm, failure, etc.
Someone who supports a part icular cause, belief, etc
Someone who talks about something withgreat enthusiasm
Someone who teaches or gives help and advice to a less experienced and often
younger person
Someone who tends to criticize, reject, or ignore people who come from a
lower social class and have less education, etc.
Someone who travels to a holy place
Someone who tries to get an advantage or something valuable from a situation
without thinking about what is fair or right
(Something unwelcome) flourishing or spreading unchecked, unrestrained in
action or performance
Something (such as a business) that develops from something larger
Something (such as a force, campaign, or movement) that is extremely large
and powerful and cannot be stopped
Something (such as a greeting) that people say in order to be polite
Something (such as a situation) that is made up of two opposite things and
that seems impossible but is actually true or possible
Something (such as a special ceremony) that is intended to honor an
important event or person from the past
T
Tending to be quiet : not speaking frequently - Taciturn
That can be done : that will be successful - Viable
The last of a series - Omega
The same book or piece of writing as the one that has just been mentioned -
Ibid
The thing added to something else as a supplementary rather than an essential
part - Adjunct
The thing or a person that has no chance of success - Noose
The thing that existed before or logically precedes another - Antecedent
The thing that hides or covers somebody/something - Cloak
The thing that is added or attached to something larger or more important -
Appendage
The thing that is inappropriate, especially a remark or expression - Infelicity
The thing that is most important to someone or something - Raison detre
The time at which something begins - Inception
The time that something of quality was produced - Vintage
The traditional knowledge, beliefs, and stories that relate to a particular place,
subject, or group - Lore
The treatment to improve the appearance and health of the feet or toenails -
Pedicure
The trusted follower or supporter who performs unpleasant, wrong, or illegal
tasks for a powerful person - Henchman
The two-hundredth anniversary of a significant event - Bicentenary
Theories or a group of ideas about how something should be done, made, or
thought about - Paradigm
U
Unusual habits or way of behaving, something strange that happens by chance
- Quirk
Unusual or excessive concern about one's health - Hypochondria
Unusual ways in which a particular person behaves or thinks -Idiosyncrasy
Urging or requesting (someone) solemnly or earnestly to do something -
Adjure
Using (something) in a foolish or wasteful way - Squander
Use of deception or subterfuge to achieve one's purpose - Chicanery
Use of machines to do work that was previously done by people - Automation
Use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to
be vague or evasive - Circumlocution
Use of tricks especially to hide, avoid, or get something - Subterfuge
Use of words that mean the opposite of what one really wants to say especially
in order to insult someone, to show irritation, or to be funny - Sarcasm
Use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas - Discourse
Used in reference to luxurious accommodations - Ritz
Used to describe something that exists but that is not officially accepted or
recognized - De facto
Used to express excitement or joy - Yahoo
Used to express excitement when a discovery has been made - Eureka
Used to indicate that a named person is also known or more familiar under
another specified name - Alias
Used to refer to a process in which actors are chosen for a film/movie, etc. if
they have sex with the person in charge of choosing the artnrc - Casting
couch
V
(Victory) won at too great a cost - Pyrrhic
Valuable stolen goods, especially those seized in war - Booty
Various forms in which the atoms of a chemical element can occur - Isotope
Very angry or violent disagreement between two or more people or groups -
Strife
Very bad : causing great fear or worry - Dire
Very bad or frightening experience or situation - Nightmare
Very big and powerful companies or organizations - Behemoth
Very careful about behaving properly and doing things in a correct and
accurate way - Punctilious
Very careful about doing something in an extremely accurate and exact way -
Meticulous
Very close to being something without actually being it - Virtual
Very comfortable and expensive - Opulent
Very complicated and difficult to understand - Turgid
Very determined or loyal - Diehard
Very different, strange, or unusual - Exotic
Very dirty and unpleasant, immoral or dishonest - Squalid
Very dirty or untidy state or condition - Mess
Very eager or curious to hear or see something - Agog
Very excited or upset - Overwrought
Very famous or successful person - Luminary
W
Ways of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has become very popular, system of
religious beliefs and rituals - Cult
Ways of protecting oneself against the loss of something - Hedge
Way that a person thinks about things - Outlook
Ways that a room or the inside of a building is decorated - Decor
Ways that prevents other people from finding out who you are -Incognito
Wealthy persons who give money and time to help make life better for other
people - Philanthropist
Well-known phrases that express a general truth about life or a rule about
behaviour - Maxim
Wild and drunken celebrations - Bacchanal
Wild and noisy celebrations - Revelry
Willing to do dishonest things in return for money - Venal
Wise, skilled, and respected government leaders - Statesman
Without a future date being arranged - Sine die
Women who control a family, group, or government - Matriarch
Women who have control or power over others - Mistress
Women who are paid to care for a young child usually in the child's home -
Nanny
Women who are thought to have magic powers - Witch
Women who use their sexual charm to make men do what they wants - Vamp
Women who work in a bar, serving drinks - Bartender
Women whose job are to be in charge of children or other women - Matron
Y
Young children who are just learning to walk – toddler
Young women who is not married – damsel
Young Person who are usually talented in some way – prodigy
Young person who are taught and helped by someone who has a lot of
knowledge and experience – protégé
CHAPTER 5
Description Word
CHAPTER 6
1. Murder of infants
(a) Regicide
(b) Suicide
(c) Homicide
(d) Infanticide
3. A person whose thoughts are turned inward and who never opens his heart to
others.
(a) Extrovert
(b) Introvert
(c) Sceptic
(d) Ambivert
(e) None of these
ANSWERS
1. Infanticide
2. Ephemeral
3. Introvert
4. Verbatim
5. Amateur
6. Portable
7. Philanderer
8. Honorary
9. Synonym
10. Quadruplets
11. Centipede
12. Placate
13. Historian
14. Impartial
15. Elucidate
CHAPTER 7
CAHPTER 8
1. An assembly of listeners
(a) Audience
(b) Nostrum
(c) Ostracize
(d) Obituary
(e) None of these
ANSWERS
1. Audience
2. Misanthropist
3. Mammals
4. Truism
5. Fascism
6. Celibate
7. Fatalist
8. Alimony
9. Migratory
10. Typography
11. Illegible
12. Secular
13. Verbose
14. Diplomacy
15. Epitaph
CHAPTER 9
One words substitution is an important part in bank exams, it takes less time, but it
is scoring. So don‘t avoid this portion. These 85 questions are picked form previous
papers :-
1. Able to use the left hand and right hand equally well - Ambidextrous
2. A man who hates marriage - Misogamist
3. A person who enters without any invitation - Intruder
4. The words with opposite meanings used together - Oxymoron
5. A person leaving his native country to settle in another - Emigrant
6. One who compiles a dictionary - Lexicographer
7. Too much official formality - Red tapism
8. One who devotes his life to the welfare and the interests of other people -Altruist
9. A person who opposes another - Antagonist
10.A person who does not want to see the realities of life and tries to escape -
Escapist
11.A game in which in which no one wins - Drawn
12.What cannot be heard - Inaudible
13.One who knows many languages - Polyglot or multilingual
14.A place where everything is perfect - Utopia
15.A sweet music - Melody
16.A person who is pure and clean - Immaculate
17.To send back a person to one‘s country - Repatriate
18.One who tends to take a hopeful view of life - Optimist
19.To be known for bad acts - Notorious
20.Instruments to measure atmospheric pressure - Barometer
21.One who pretends to be what he is not - Hypocrite
22.An official call to appear in a court of law - Summon
23.Murder of a brother - Fratricide
24.A list of items to be transacted at a meeting - Agenda
25.A continuous process of change is known as - Metamorphosis
26.Circular building or hall with a dome - Rotunda
27.An order requiring a person to attend a court - Subpoena
28.An extreme fear of being in a small confined place - Claustrophobia
29.Allowance due to a wife from her husband on separation - Alimony
30.Belonging to all parts of the world - Universal
31.Words of similar meaning - Synonyms
32.A speech delivered without previous preparation - Extempore
33.Study of heavenly bodies - Astronomy
34.To cut apart a person‘s body - Mutilate
35.One who is filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm about his religion -
Fanatic
36.An involuntary action under a stimulus is described as a - Reflex
37.The use of many words where only a few are necessary - Circumlocution
38.One who is a citizen not of a country but of the world - Cosmopolitan
39.An imaginary name assumed by an author for disguise - Pseudonym
40.A person who has no money to pay off his debts - Insolvent
41.A number of ships - Fleet
42.A test in which cells from diseased organs are removed and tested - Biopsy
43.A foreigner who settles in a country - Immigrant
44.Place that provides refuge - Asylum
45.Art of writing for newspapers and magazines - Journalism
46.Parts of a country behind the coast of a river bank - Hinterland
47.One who does not make mistakes - Infallible
48.A professional rider in horse races - Jockey
49.Words uttered impiously about God - Blasphemy
50.A person who is bad in spelling - Cacographist
51.A small room in a big house, hotel, ship etc. where glasses, dishes, spoons, food
etc. are kept - Pantry
52.Doing something according to one‘s own free will - Voluntarily
53.A person who gambles or bets - Punter
54.An abandoned child of unknown parents who is found by somebody -Foundling
55.A written statement about someone‘s character, usually provided by an employer -
Testimonial
56.One who hates women - Misogynist
57.A raised passageway in a building - Walkway
58.One who cannot speak - Dumb
59.To look at someone in an angry or threatening way - Glower
60.Something that causes death - Fatal
61.A person who loves mankind - Philanthropist
62.One who has narrow and prejudiced religious views - Bigot
63.To confirm with the help of evidence - Corroborate
64.The time between midnight and noon- Ante - meridiem
65.Fear of height - Acrophobia
66.Feeling inside you which tells you what is right and what is wrong - Conscience
67.Loss of memory - Amnesia
68.A system of naming things - Nomenclature
69.A cure for all diseases - Panacea
70.A post with little work but high salary - Sinecure
71.A person who writes decoratively - Calligrapher
72.A woman with dark brown hair - Brunette
73.The action of looking within or into one‘s own mind - Introspection
74.One who is a dabbler in Arts, Science or Literature - Dilettante
75.Still existing and known - Extant
76.The highest point - Zenith
77.Release of a prisoner from jail on certain terms and condition - Parole
78.To struggle helplessly - Flounder
79.A person who is talkative - Garrulous
80.One who cuts precious stones - Lapidist
81.Specialist of Kidney - Nephrologist
82.Thick skinned animal - Pachyderm
83.A person who is always dissatisfied - Malcontent
84.A funeral bell - Knell
85.Capable of being interpreted in two ways – Ambiguous
CHAPTER 1
VILE
Meaning: Extremely unpleasant.
Example: He has a vile temper.
VIAL
Meaning: A small container, typically cylindrical and made of glass, used especially
for holding liquid medicines.
Example: Leaf tissue was placed in vials containing silica gel.
PALETTE
Meaning: A thin board or slab on which an artist lays and mixes colors.
Example: She is holding a palette and a paintbrush in her hands.
PALATE
Meaning: The roof of the mouth, separating the cavities of the mouth and nose in
vertebrates.
Example: I brush the upper palate of my mouth and use my alcohol-free
mouthwash.
SHEER
Meaning: Nothing other than.
Example: She giggled with sheer delight.
SHEAR
Meaning: Cut off.
Example: They keep the rabbits and shear the wool off them.
SYMBOL
Meaning: A mark or character used for representation.
Example: The chemical symbol for helium is He.
CYMBAL
Meaning: A musical instrument.
Example: A variety of suspended cymbals is made for the drum kit.
ANSWERS
1. Vile
2. Vial
3. Palettes
4. Palate
5. Sheer
6. Shearing
7. Symbols
8. Cymbals
9. Slain
10. Sleighs
11. Seams
12. Seems
13. Meet
14. Meat
15. Tail
16. Tales
17. Main
18. Manes
19. Weeks
20. Weak
CHAPTER 2
Incorrect Correct
The principal said that those who had not The principal said that those who had not
worked hard (fail). worked hard had failed.
She told me his name after he (left), I She told me his name after he had left, I
then (remember) he used to come to us then remembered, he used to come to
at Dehradun. I asked her when he us at Dehradun. I asked her when he
(come) again. (come) again.
Birds usually (built) nests in trees. Birds usually build nests in trees.
His company was (seek) after by all. His company was sought after by all.
We heard that the inspector (pay) a visit We heard that the inspector would pay a
to our school next month. visit to our school next month.
I (knock), I do not think anybody (be) I have knocked, I do not think anybody
in. is in.
The children (watch) the film since 6.30 The children will have been watching the
p.m. film since 6.30 p.m.
Five days from today we (be) on the Five days from today, we will be on the
train at this time. train this time.
CHAPTER 3
Incorrect Correct
By the time we reach his place, he (take) By the time we reach his place, he will
his break-fast. have taken his break-fast.
He always (forget) the good things done He always forgets the good things done
to him. to him.
There (be) a strong wind last night. There was a strong wind last night.
The patient (die) before the doctor The patient had died before the doctor
(come). came.
He (live) in Ambala for the three years. He had lived in Ambala for three years.
The number of boys in this class (be) The number of boys in this class is very
very small. small.
We (eat) our dinner when he (come) to We were eating dinner when he came to
visit us. visit us.
Mala told me that her brother (deal) in Mala told me that her brother dealt in
iron. iron.
Had he passed the I.A.S examination he Had he passed the I.A.S examination he
(be) a collector today. would have been a collector today.
Radha (suffer) from fever since Radha has been suffering from fever
yesterday. since yesterday.
So long as the rain (continue) I stayed at So long as the rain continued, I stayed
home. at home.
Ravi Shankar (honour) by the Music Ravi Shankar was honoured by the Music
Society. Society.
Newton discovered that the earth Newton discovered that the earth
(attract) all bodies. attracts all bodies.
CHAPTER 4
Incorrect Correct
Till last year, I (prefer) films to stage Till last year, I preferred films to stage
plays, Now I (not like) films at all. plays, Now I do not like films at all.
I (lean) against the door and (listen) to I leaned against the door and listened to
the wireless. the wireless.
Five days from today we (be) on the Five days from today, we will be on the
train at this time. train this time.
The children (please) at the prospects of The children were pleased at the
going to the cinema. prospects of going to the cinema.
It (rain) all the year round here? Does It (rain) all the year round here?
Why can‘t he (hold) guilty, if all the Why can‘t he be held guilty, if all the
evidence is against him? evidence is against him?
(Has) the gypsies (Wander) in the street Have the gypsies been Wandering in the
since morning? street since morning?
When you see him again, you (strike) by When you see him again, you will be
the way his health (improve) since he struck by the way his health improved
(go) Switzerland. since he went to Switzerland.
If you bought a car today, it (cost) you a If you bought a car today, it would cost
lot a money. you a lot of money.
He (not arrive) when I (finish) my last He had not arrived when I finished my
letter to you. last letter to you.
Fear and its companion, pain (be) two of Fear and its companion, pain are two of
the most useful things that men and the most useful things that men and
animal possess, if they are properly animal possess, if they are properly
used. used.
CAHPTER 5
Incorrect Correct
Madhu was as unhappy as though she Madhu was as unhappy as though she
(fall) from a high social position. had fallen from a high social position.
His faults were (forgive) by me. His faults were forgiven by me.
When I reached her place, a man (sit) When I reached her place, a man was
there. He had a familiar face, but I sitting there. He had a familiar face, but
(cannot recognize) him. I Could not recognise him.
Have you ever (be) to Mumbai? Have you ever been to Mumbai?
I (finish) my work before Divya (call) for I had finished my work before Divya
me. called for me.
Unless You mend your habits, you (not Unless You mend your habits, you will
succeed) in life. not succeed in life.
I have been waiting for you since
I (wait) for you since Monday last.
Monday last.
The police already (catch) the thief The police had already caught the thief
The Ganga (rise) in the Himalayas and The Ganga rises in the Himalayas and
(fall) into the Bay of Bengal. falls into the Bay of Bengal.
He ran there so that he (may) meet his He ran there so that he might meet his
friend. friend.
CAHPTER 6
Incorrect Correct
Had you been to Kolkata, I had also gone Had you been to Kolkata, I would have
there. also gone there.
These news were broadcasted from All This new was broadcast from All India
India Radio yesterday. Radio yesterday.
Ten were killed and one taken prisoner Ten were killed and one was taken
prisoner
All that is typically human was due to All that is typically human is due to
language. language.
The patient died before the doctor The patient had died before the doctor
arrived. arrived.
I have passed the M.A. examination in I passed the M.A. examination in 1981.
1981.
Every Chair and every table in the room Every chair and every table in the room
were in order. was in order.
You mistake in thinking that I am against You are mistaken in thinking that I am
you. against you.
Hard work and honesty are needed for Hard work and honesty is needed for
success in life. success in life.
The criminal will be hung in the Ambala The criminal will be hanged in the
Central jail. Ambala Central jail.
The teacher and the doctor has been The teacher and the doctor have been
honoured. honoured.
Rita and Rekha is going to the market Rita and Rekha are going to the market.
Did you wrote that letter? Did you write the letter?
CAHPTER 7
PORE
Meaning: A minute opening in a surface, especially the skin.
Example: Skin cleansing products help remove dirt and germs from the skin
surface and pores.
POUR
Meaning: Prepare and serve a drink.
Example: He is pouring sodas.
SCENE
Meaning: A View or picture.
Example: This photograph portrays the scene outside a house.
SEEN
Meaning: Past participle of see
Example: He was seen in Delhi.
WAVE
Meaning: Move one's hand to and fro in greeting or as a signal.
Example: He waved to me from the train.
WAIVE
Meaning: Refrain from paying a fee or following a rule.
Example: Her tuition fees would be waived.
WINE
Meaning: An alcoholic drink.
Example: He opened a bottle of wine.
WHINE
Meaning: A long, high-pitched complaining cry.
Example: He begins speaking in a high-pitched whine.
WROTE
Meaning: Past tense of write.
Example: He wrote a letter to her.
ROTE
Meaning: Habitual repetition of something to be learned.
Example: I learned many poems by rote in childhood.
WAIL & WHALE
WAIL
Meaning: A prolonged high-pitched cry of pain, grief, or anger.
Example: She let out a high-pitched wail.
WHALE
Meaning: A very large marine mammal.
Example: Whales are common around the islands.
TOE
Meaning: Any of the five digits at the end of the human foot.
Example: He cut his big toe on a sharp stone.
TOW
Meaning: Pull another vehicle with a rope, chain, or tow bar.
Example: Aman called to tow the car away.
RAIN
Meaning: Shower or rainfall.
Example: The rain had not stopped for days.
REIGN
Meaning: Hold royal office; rule as a monarch.
Example: Queen Elizabeth reigns over the UK.
RACK
Meaning: A framework, typically with bars or hooks for holding or storing things.
Example: This is a letter rack.
WRACK
Meaning: A mass of high, thick, fast-moving cloud.
Example: There was a thin moon, a wrack of a cloud.
YOUR
Meaning: Belonging to or associated with the person or people.
Example: What is your name?
YOU‟RE
Meaning: You are.
Example: You're a workaholic.
ANSWERS
1. Pores
2. Pouring
3. Scene
4. Seen
5. Waved
6. Waive
7. Wine
8. Whines
9. Wrote
10. Rote
11. Wails
12. Whales
13. Toes
14. Towing
15. Rain
16. Reign
17. Rack
18. Wrack
19. Your
20. You're
CHAPTER 8
MUSCLE
MUSSEL
MANTLE
Meaning: The region of the earth's interior between the crust and the core,
believed to consist of hot, dense silicate rocks.
Example: Earthquake waves travel slowly through the hotter regions of the
mantle.
MANTEL
Meaning: The period of time between midnight and noon, especially from sunrise
to noon.
Example: I've got a meeting this morning.
MOURNING
PAIR
PEAR
PRESENCE
PRESENTS
SOLE
SOUL
SEE
SEA
Meaning: The expanse of salt water that covers most of the earth's surface and
surrounds its land masses.
Example: There is a ban on dumping radioactive wastes in the sea.
WAIT & WEIGHT
WAIT
Meaning: Stay where one is or delay action until a particular time or event.
Example: We're waiting for him to get back.
WEIGHT
WAIST
Meaning: The part of the human body just below the ribs.
Example: He put an arm around her waist.
WASTE
WEATHER
Meaning: The state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as regards
heat, cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.
Example: If the weather's good we can go for a walk.
WHETHER
ANSWERS
1. Muscles
2. Mussels
3. Mantle
4. Mantels
5. Morning
6. Mourning
7. Pairs
8. Pears
9. Presence
10. Presents
11. Sole
12. Soul
13. See
14. Sea
15. Wait
16. Weight
17. Waist
18. Waste
19. Weather
20. Whether
CHAPTER 9
MINER
Meaning: A person who works in a mine.
Example: He worked as a miner for 27 years.
MINOR
Meaning: Lesser in importance, seriousness, or significance.
Example: She requested a number of minor alterations.
MALL
Meaning: A large enclosed shopping area.
Example: This photo shows the mall that is connected to the hotel.
MAUL
Meaning: (of an animal) wound (a person or animal) by scratching and tearing.
Example: Two dogs mauled a young girl today.
PATIENCE
Meaning: The capacity to accept or tolerate delay, problems, or suffering without
becoming annoyed or anxious.
Example: He has run out of patience with her.
PATIENTS
Meaning: Persons receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.
Example: Many patients in the hospital were waiting for the doctor.
PAUSE
Meaning: Stop action or speech for a short time.
Example: She paused, at a loss for words.
PAWS
Meaning: An animal's foot having claws and pads.
Example: Poachers sell bear paws.
RAYS
Meaning: Waves or beams from the sun or any luminous body, or pass through a
small opening.
Example: The sun is out now, and the floors are lit by the rays streaming through
the window.
RAISE
Meaning: Lift or move to a higher position or level.
Example: Flag was raised over the city.
SITE
Meaning: An area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is
constructed.
Example: The concrete is mixed on site.
SIGHT
Meaning: The power of seeing.
Example: Joseph lost his sight as a baby.
STAIR
Meaning: A set of steps leading from one floor of a building to another.
Example: He came up the stairs.
STARE
Meaning: Look at someone or something with one's eyes wide open.
Example: He stared at her in amazement.
SAIL
Meaning: A journey by sailing ship.
Example: They went for a sail.
SALE
Meaning: The exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling
something.
Example: The sale has fallen through.
SENSOR
Meaning: A device which detects or measures a physical property.
Example: The engineers used electronic sensors to monitor each wheel.
CENSOR
Meaning: An official who examines books, films, news, etc.
Example: The report was approved by the military censors.
WHICH & WITCH
WHICH
Meaning: Asking for information specifying one or more people or things from a
definite set.
Example: Which of his or her qualities do you see in yourself?
WITCH
Meaning: A woman thought to have magic powers, especially evil ones.
Example: Halloween is the night for witches and broomsticks.
ANSWERS
1. Miners
2. Minor
3. Mall
4. Mauled
5. Patience
6. Patients
7. Pause
8. Paw
9. Ray
10. Raised
11. Site
12. Sight
13. Stairs
14. Stare
15. Sailing
16. Sale
17. Sensors
18. Censors
19. Which
20. Witches
CHAPTER 10
BAIT
Meaning: Food placed on a hook or in a net, trap, or fishing area to entice fish or
other animals as prey.
Example: This fish is commonly used for bait in the fishing industry.
BATE
Meaning: An angry mood.
Example: His dog gets into abate if left indoors for too long.
BAND
Meaning: A flat, thin strip or loop of material, used as a fastener, or as
decoration.
Example: Victoria settled the velvet band on her hair.
BANNED
Meaning: Officially or legally prohibit (not allowed).
Example: Smoking should be banned.
COUNCIL
Meaning: An advisory or administrative body of people meeting regularly.
Example: There is a meeting of an official human rights council.
COUNSEL
Meaning: Advice, especially that given formally.
Example: He is seeking expert counsel for the further study of his son.
COURSE
Meaning: A series of lectures or lessons in a particular subject, leading to an
examination or qualification.
Example: He is interested in a business studies course.
COARSE
Meaning: Rough or harsh in texture.
Example: He wears a coarse woollen jacket.
HEEL
Meaning: The back part of the human foot below the ankle.
Example: There is swelling on his heels.
HEAL
Meaning: Become sound or healthy again.
Example: His wounds have healed.
NIGHT
Meaning: The period from sunset to sunrise in each twenty-four hours.
Example: The door is always locked at night.
KNEAD
Meaning: Make (bread or pottery) by shaping flour or clay.
Example: Mother continued to knead the bread.
NEED
Meaning: Require (something)
Example: This shirt needs washing.
LOAN
Meaning: A thing that is borrowed.
Example: Borrowers can take out a loan for £84,000.
LONE
Meaning: Having no company or single.
Example: We sheltered under a lone tree.
LEASED
Meaning: A contract by which one party gives the property to another for some
time in return for a payment. (Past participle of lease)
Example: My aunt leased the store.
LEAST
Meaning: Smallest in amount or significance.
Example: Who has the least money?
HEARD
Meaning: Perceive with the ear the sound made.(Past participle of hearing)
Example: He did not hear very well
HERD
Meaning: A large group of animals that live together
Example: A herd of elephants.
ANSWERS
1. Bait
2. Bate
3. Band
4. Banned
5. Council
6. Counsel
7. Courses
8. Coarse
9. Heels
10. Heal
11. Knight
12. Nights
13. Knead
14. Need
15. Lone
16. Loan
17. Lease
18. Least
19. Heard
20. Herds
CAHPTER 11
DEAR
Meaning: Regarded with deep affection.
Example: She is my dear friend.
DEER
Meaning: A hoofed grazing or browsing animal.
Example: They found a baby deer and rescued it.
CURRENT
Meaning: Belonging to the present time
Example: I started my current job in 2001.
COLONEL
Meaning: A rank of officer in the army.
Example: There are many officers in the embassy who are equivalent to general
officers and colonels.
KERNEL
Meaning: A softer, usually edible part of a nut, seed, or fruit stone contained
within its shell.
Example: Macadamia is cultivated for its edible kernels.
CANVAS
Meaning: A strong, coarse unbleached cloth used to make items such as sails and
tents and as a surface for oil painting.
Example: ‗The fabrics include washed denim and heavy canvas.
CANVASS
Meaning: Try to obtain support.
Example: They're canvassing support among shareholders.
CASH
Meaning: Money in coins or notes
Example: The staff members were paid in cash.
CACHE
Meaning: An auxiliary memory from which high-speed retrieval is possible.
Example: Typical cache sizes range from 64K to 256K.
MALE
Meaning: Relating to or characteristic of men or male animals.
Example: I heard a deep male voice.
MAIL
Meaning: Letters and parcels sent by post.
Example: I did not receive any mail.
MAID
Meaning: A female domestic servant.
Example: She managed to find a job as a maid.
MADE
Meaning: The past and past participle of make.
Example: This is a Japanese-made camera.
MANOR
Meaning: A large country house with lands.
Example: His manor house in the English countryside is really beautiful.
MANNER
Meaning: A way in which a thing is done or happens.
Example: She is taking notes in an unobtrusive manner.
NAVEL
Meaning: A rounded knotty depression in the centre of a person's belly.
Example: The dead man has a Batman tattoo and a pierced navel.
PALE
Meaning: Light in colour or shade; containing little colour or pigment.
Example: We will choose pale floral patterns for walls.
PAIL
Meaning: A bucket.
Example: Residents cooperated in extinguishing the fire by using pails to fetch
water from the nearby river.
ANSWERS
1. Dear
2. Deer
3. Currants
4. Current
5. Colonels
6. Kernel
7. Canvas
8. Canvass
9. Cash
10. Cache
11. Male
12. Mail
13. Maid
14. Made
15. Manor
16. Manner
17. Naval
18. Navel
19. Pale
20. Pail
CHAPTER 12
PIECE
Meaning: A portion of an object or of material, produced by cutting, tearing, or
breaking the whole.
Example: Please give me a piece of cheese.
PEACE
Meaning: Freedom from disturbance; tranquility
Example: I just want peace of mind.
PROFIT
Meaning: A financial gain
Example: His company is in profit.
PROPHET
Meaning: An inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God
Example: They all believe in God and His angels, His scriptures, and His Prophets.
AISLE
Meaning: A passage between rows of seats
Example: Aisle space would be increased in the theatre.
ISLE
Meaning: An island or peninsula, especially a small one
Example: These gentle people consider the tiny isle their home.
ACCEPT
Meaning: Consent to receive or undertake
Example: She accepted a pen as a present.
EXCEPT
Meaning: Not including; other than
Example they work every day except Sunday.
ALTAR
Meaning: The table in a Christian church at which the bread and wine are
consecrated in communion services.
Example: He spent lot of time in the church admiring altar and beautiful ceiling.
ADDITION
Meaning: Adding something
Example: The town is looking beautiful with addition of more lights.
EDITION
Meaning: A particular form or version of a published text
Example: It is a paperback edition.
BIRTH
Meaning: The emergence of a baby or other young from the body of its mother
Example: She is blind from birth.
BERTH
Meaning: A fixed bunk on a ship, train, or other means of transport
Example: I was given an upper berth for sleeping.
BORN
Meaning: Existing as a result of birth
Example: She was born in Australia
BORNE
Meaning: past participle of bear
Example: The sadness she felt was borne of fear.
BOLE & BOWL
BOLE
Meaning: The trunk of a tree.
Example: Bees often nest in boles of trees
BOWL
Meaning: A round, deep dish or basin used for food or liquid
Example: Where is a mixing bowl?
BITE
Meaning: Use the teeth to cut
Example: The remedy is useful in case of a snake bite.
BYTE
Meaning: A group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as a unit
Example: There are eight bits in a byte, and 1024 megabytes in a gigabyte.
ANSWERS
1. Piece
2. Peace
3. Profit
4. Prophet
5. Aisle
6. Isle
7. Accept
8. Except
9. Alter
10. Altar
11. Addition
12. Edition
13. Birth
14. Berth
15. Born
16. Borne
17. Boles
18. Bowls
19. Bite
20. Byte
CHAPTER 13
CEREAL:
Meaning: grain used to make food products
Examples
Give me a bowl of cereals.
He prefers cereals for breakfast.
SERIAL:
Meaning: Television show (series)
Examples
His favorite serial is being telecast.
They never miss any episode of the comedy serial.
DESSERT
Meaning: Sweet dish served after a meal
Examples
The meal includes a dessert.
The chocolate syrup is the perfect dessert.
DESERT
Meaning: Barron or uncultivated area
Examples
Drought and deforestation are turning the land into desert.
It is difficult to survive in deserts.
PRINCIPAL
Meaning: Main, important or at higher position
Examples
He is a principal of our college.
These are the principal cities of our country.
PRINCIPLE
Rules or standards
Examples
You should have knowledge of the basic principles of justice.
He is a man of principles.
STATIONERY
Meaning: Writing and office material like notebooks, pens, paper etc.
Examples
Get me a notebook from the office stationery.
He is a stationery supplier.
STATIONARY
Meaning: Not moving, or not changing in quantity or condition
Examples
A stationary vehicle is the cause of an accident.
The population of the town is stationary.
AVERSE
Meaning: Strong dislike or opposition to something
Examples
He is averse to sugar and oily items.
She is averse to smoking and drinking.
ADVERSE:
Meaning: unfavourable or harmful
Examples
He performed well even under adverse conditions.
Weather conditions are adverse in the town.
ELICIT
Meaning: Evoke or draw out(reactions, answers, facts) from someone
Examples
I tried to elicit the secret from him.
The show elicits huge public interest.
ILLICIT
Meaning: Something illegal or not allowed
Examples
The government is trying to end the illicit drugs trade.
He is involved in illicit trade.
DIARY
Meaning: A book to keep written record
Examples
Keep a diary for recording important events.
I write in this diary every night.
DAIRY
Meaning: Relating to milk and milk products
Examples
Cheese is a dairy product.
Milk will be delivered at your doorstep from our dairy.
ADOPT:
Meaning: Making something legally your own or to follow something
Examples
They are planning to adopt a child.
A couple has adopted two children.
ADAPT
Meaning: Adjusting oneself to an environment or condition
Examples
Kangaroos have adapted themselves to dry and infertile climate.
You should adapt yourself to your company's policy.
AFFECT: (VERB)
Meaning: To make a difference or having effect on
Examples
He was affected by the incident.
He said that his health would not affect his performance.
EFFECT: (NOUN)
Meaning: Result or consequence of an action
Examples
This had a negative effect on their relationship.
Their attitude has a large effect on the results.
COMPLEMENT
Meaning: Complete something or someone or to make something perfect
Examples
Her footwear complement to her dress.
Accessories are an important complement to ladies attire.
COMPLIMENT
Meaning: Praising or admiration
Examples
She complimented my dress.
She looked so beautiful that's why she received so many compliments.
ADVICE: (NOUN)
Meaning: Guidance or recommendation offered, or opinion about what can be
done.
Examples
Many lawyers in the city offer free advice.
He should take advice from his doctor.
ADVISE: (VERB)
Meaning: to give advice, or to offer suggestions or counseling
Examples
I advised him to see a doctor.
He advised his mother.
LOSE:
Meaning: To suffer the loss of something
Examples
I don't want to lose the opportunity.
She was very upset about losing her job.
LOOSE
Meaning: opposite of tight
Examples
Her dress is loose.
The lid of the container is loose.
EXERCISE
Check your knowledge by answering these questions:
QUESTION OPTIONS CORRECT ANSWER
_____ are good for health. cereal/ serial Cereals
compliment/
A dessert is a ______ to a meal. complement
complement
CHAPTER 13
#1
Confirm: Verb:To make somebody believe something strongly
He confirmed his presence at the part.
Conform: Verb: To thing like others
The bishops were soon active against those who refused to conform to the doctrines
of the church.
#2
Difference: Noun: The way in which two things or people are not alike
Find the difference between two pictures.
Deference: Noun: Act that shows respect for someone
Taran bowed his head in deference to his teacher.
#3
Delusion: Noun: A false belief
The people of this village are under delusion.
Illusion: Noun: Something that does not exist, but it seems existing
Everything he said was mere illusion.
#4
Eligible: Adjective: Someone being able to perform a task
He is eligible to take IBPS exam.
Illegible: Adjective: Impossible or difficult to read
His handwriting is illegible.
#5
Envelop: Noun: Something to cover
Bring an envelop to pack the gift.
Envelope: Noun: A flat paper used to send letters
The put the letter in an envelope and posted it.
#6
Farther: Adjective: At a great distance
I have gone so much farther with hundreds of men.
Further: Adjective: In addition to what is already said
He further explained the topic with illustrations.
#7
Idle: Adjective: Not working hard
He has been idle for three months
Idol: Adjective: A statue to be worshiped
Idol worshiping is banned in Muslim religion.
#8
Merry: Verb: Happy and cheery
Eat, drink and be merry.
Marry: Verb: To become the husband/wife of someone
He want to marry his classmate.
#9
Moral: Noun: Standards or principles of good behavior.
John is a man of morals and ethics.
Morale: Noun: Confidence or enthusiasm at a particular time
Due to his low morale, he lost the match.
#10
Quiet: Calm and without noise
He was quiet and gentle.
Quite: Adverb: To some degree; fairly; entirely
He was quite happy with his wife
CHAPTER 14
#1
Accept: Verb: To agree
I accept your proposal.
Except: Preposition: Apart from
All except Geeta attended the party.
#2
Affect: Verb: Negative or unpleasant result
Smoking has affected his lungs.
Effect: Noun: A consequence of result.
The effects of smoking are evident on his body.
#3
Alter: Verb: To make changes
He gave his shirt to alter.
Altar: Noun: A holy or religious place
School is an altar of learning.
#4
Advice: Noun: An opinion for someone's benefit
His advice proved beneficial for my future.
Advise: Verb: To suggest
He advised me to take part in games.
#5
Accomplish: Verb: Achieve
We have accomplished our targets.
Accomplice: A partner in crime
The accomplice was also arrested.
#6
Beside: Preposition: Next to someone
He sat beside me.
Besides: Preposition: In addition to something
And besides these creatures, there are numerous carnivores animals.
#7
Breach: A hole, failure to do something
It was the gross breach of my trust.
Breech: A part of the gun
He loaded the breech of the gun and started firing.
#8
Canvas: Noun: A strong material used to make tents
The canvas was tore by wild dogs.
Canvass: Verb: To ask somebody to support
He was canvassing the voters.
#9
Cease: Verb: Stop
They ceased firing the bullets.
Seize: To take something forcefully
He seized the toy from his brother.
#10
Career: Noun : The future perspective of job
He want to make his career in Botanical science.
Carrier: Noun: A person or thing that carries something
The carrier was full of junk material.
CHAPTER 15
5. Today, the ______ of the industrial workers are much better than the
_________ of school teachers.
a. wages, salary
b. pay, emoluments
9. I have a firm _______in the essential goodness of all men and a deep-
rooted _______ that they would all come up to be law-abiding citizens.
a. faith, conviction
b. conviction, belief
10. According to some critics, Pope was not a poet, but a _________.
a. virtuous
b. cirtuoso
12. The dead body was taken to the cremation ground on a _______.
a. bier
b. bear
ANSWER
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. A
15.A
CHAPTER 16
Ques 1.
The teacher ........ her to appear for the paper Again.
(a) allowed
(b) permitted
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 2.
I ........... that you are innocent,but I am helpless.
(a) admit
(b) confer
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 3.
My brother ........ his right to the family property.
(a) waved
(b) waived
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 4.
The ...... carry blood in our body.
(a) veins
(b) vanes
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 5.
What ....... will you pursue in your life ?
(a) vacation
(b) Vocation
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 6.
This lake ...... with fish
(a) teems
(b) teams
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 7.
Do not ...... at pretty girls.
(a) stair
(b) stare
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 8.
Akbar was a man of deep ....... .
(a) insight
(b) incite
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
ques 9.
There is a big ...... in our school.
(a) haul
(b) hall
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these'
Ques 10.
We should be determined to achieve our ......... .
(a) goal
(b) gaol
(c)Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 11.
I always ....... what I say.
(a) mean
(b) mien
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 12.
The ......... is the prettiest of all the flowers.
(a) rose
(b) rows
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 13.
\The ..... of democracy in India is not little.
(a) roll
(b) role
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 14.
This is not a ....... line
(a) straight
(b) strait
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
Ques 15.
To ....... is a crime.
(a) gambol
(b) gamble
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
ANSWER
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. B
CHAPTER 17
ANSWER
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. A
14. A
15. B
CHAPTER 18
DIRECTION:-
1. The world is fast losing all ______.
a. principals
b. principles
2. The boy _______ at the woman whenever she comes near him.
a. stairs
b. stares
9. The commander should always try to boost the ______ of the soldiers.
a. moral
b. morale
ANSWER
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. B
CHAPTER 19
#1
Hoard - The smuggler hoards his goods in a secret place.
#2
Eligible - Young, handsome and successful, I think at the age of 25, he is the most
eligible bachelor.
Illegible - Her handwriting is so illegible that one can hardly make out a couple of
lines.
#3
Rite - His funeral rites would last a week.
Write - Please write your name and address on this paper.
Right - You have no right to interfere.
#4
Adapt - He has adapted himself wonderfully to the new environment.
Adopt - I have to adopt some stern measures to handle him.
Adept - Sanjeev Kapoor is adept in every type of cooking.
#5
President - He was unanimously elected the president of the organisation.
Precedent - I am afraid this would create a bad precedent.
#6
Idle - We should not sit idle when work is at hand.
Idol - The famous idol of Lord Shiva was stolen from the temple yesterday.
#7
Dissent - The chairman of the meeting dissented from the proposal and it was
dropped.
Descent - He claims descent from an aristocratic family.
#8
In - I was in the office at that time.
Inn - The weary traveller went to the nearest inn for a short stay.
#9
Dying - His dying words were "Hey Ram".
Dyeing - He is employed in the Capital Dyeing factory.
#10
Deny - He denied that he had copied.
Refuse - Why do you refuse to help me?
#11
Medal - P.T. Usha won 4 gold medals in the Xth Asiad at Seoul.
Meddle - She has no business to meddle with my personal life.
#12
Wet - She loves to get wet in the rain during the monsoons.
Whet - The sight of the juicy oranges seems to have whetted my appetite.
#13
Deadly - He got a deadly blow from his enemy.
Deathly - He became deathly pale.
#14
Rob - She was robbed of her gold bangles by a miscreant.
Steal - Those who steal are seldom caught easily.
#15
Martial - Martial law was enforced in the territory as a last resort.
Marshal - He was ranked Field Marshal in view of his outstanding achievements.
#16
License - This company has been licensed to deal in imported goods.
Licence - You will undergo a test before getting a license.
#17
Waste - You should not waste so much money on luxury items.
Waist - You will have to reduce a lot of fat from your waist line.
#18
Cite - Our teacher always cites passages from Shakespeare.
Site - Everyone has agreed upon the site of our new house.
Sight - The sight is becoming lovelier day by day.
#19
Flour - There are not many flour mills in this city.
Flower - Of all the flowers, I like the daffodils.
Floor - The floor of the dining room is covered with carpets.
#20
Loath - He is loath to accompany me.
Loathe - I loathe hypocritical people.
#21
Patrol - The policemen are patrolling the riot-affected area.
Petrol - Petrol prices are rising almost every year.
#22
Pour - Pour my tea into this cup.
Pore - The human skin has many pores.
#23
Quite - I was quite happy to get a first division.
Quiet - The teacher asked the students to keep quiet.
#24
Pray - I will pray to God for your success.
Prey - The lion at last found its prey in a rabbit.
#25
Cattle - The cattle are grazing at the field.
Kettle - The water is boiling in the kettle.
#26
Accept - The Prime Minister accepted the suggestion of the opposition parties.
Except- All ministers except the Railway Minister were present in the meeting.
#27
Envelope-The fire will envelop the whole village if not controlled now.
Envelope- Send this encelope by registered post.
#28.
Gate- The main gate of the school was closed today, so, I presented it was a
holiday.
Gait- I can recognize him by his gate.
#29.
Fain- My friend would fain have helped me.
Feign- He feigned madness in order to escape.
#30.
Naughty- Your son is always upto some naughty tricks at school.
Knotty- A knotty problem that appeared in the Geometry paper puzzled me.
#31.
Yoke- Put the bullocks to the yoke.
The farmer yokes a pair of horses.
Yolk- Separate the yolk from the while of the egg.
#32.
Gamble- Recently, he has started gambling besides drinking.
Gambol- The rabbits are known for their gambol.
#33.
Latter- The shopkeeper showed a red sari and a pink sari, I preferred the latter.
Later- She came later than Sangeeta for the party.
Letter- It is a month since I received a letter from my sister.
#34.
Angle- All the angles of this triangle are equal.
Angel- A known devil is better than an unknown angel.
#35.
Deny- He denied that he had copied.
Refuse- Why do you refuse to help me?
#36.
Alien- Their ideas are Quite alien to my way of thicking.
Align- We must align Ourselves with the nation-builders.
#37.
Eminent- Ravi Shanker is an eminent sitarist.
Imminent- A feud between the two brothers is imminent after their father‘s death.
#38.
Team- The performance of our hockey team is getting better.
Teem- The book teams with beautiful illustrations.
#39.
Abstain- You will have to abstain from fatty foods till your liver starts functioning
normally.
Refrain- I hope he will refrain from speaking ill of others.
#40.
Continual- I cannot do any work at home because of the continual disturbances.
Continuous- His name was struck off the rolls because of his continuous absence.
#41.
Recover- The patient will take some time to recover from this setback.
Re-cover- The dead body of the patriot was re-covered with the tri-coloured flag.
#42.
Sickness- Her sickness will not last long.
Sickliness- Her sickliness may prove to be a life-long malady.
#43.
Pair- I like this pair of trousers very much.
Pare- Will you kindly pare off the apple?
#44.
Stationary- The earth is not stationary. It moves round the sun.
Stationery – Children went to purchases their stationery at the beginning of the
year.
#45.
Physics- He is doing his doctorate in Physics.
Physique- He maintains a strong physique.
#46.
Led- Pundit Nehru led the Indians during the freedom Struggle.
Lead- Lead is a metal used for printing.
#47.
Disease- He is suffering from a chronic disease.
Decease- The child was rendered helpless on the decease of his parents.
#48.
Meet- Brahmins are not supposed to eat meat.
Mete- We were very unhappy about the treatment metal out to us at the wedding
party.
Mete- We were very unhappy about the treatment meted out to us at the wedding
party.
#49.
Quite- I was quite happy to get a first division.
Quiet-The teacher asked the students to keep quiet.
#50.
Obvious- It is obvious from his behavior that he is selfish.
Oblivious- The sitarist was so immersed In his sitar that he seemed oblivious of all
the people watching him.
#51.
Dose-The doctor has asked me to take a dose of this medicine twice a day.
Doze-having sat late at night, he was dozing in the examination hall.
#52.
Story- The child wanted his mother to tell him a story.
Storey- On which storey of this building do you live?
#53.
Scene- Rakesh made quite a scene at the college today.
Seen- Have you seen the Ajanta and Ellora caves?
#54.
Alter- We make offerings to the Gods at the altar.
Alter- Once I take a decision. I am not likely to alter it.
#55.
Dear- She is very dear to me.
Petrol has becomes a dear commodity of life.
Deer- This jungle abounds in deer.
#56.
Former- Saurav Ganguly is the former capitan of the Indian Cricket team.
Farmer- Farmer is ploughing the field.
#57.
Mail- Will you mail this letter immediately?
I would be travelling by Frontier mail.
Male- No male member is allowed to stay with the patient.
#58.
Root- The root gives strength to the tree.
Rout- The Mughal army was badly routed.
Rcute – I took a different route to reach here today.
#59.
Fair- (i) The bride is of fair complecion.
(ii) We expect the Judge to be fair in his judgement.
Fare- The railway fares have gone up with effect from 1st of April.
#60.
Pain- It is easy to beat physical pain rather than mental agony.
Pane- The boys while playing cricket broke the window pane.
#61.
Main- What is the main cause for inflation?
Mane- The lion seemed to be proud of his mane.
#62.
Read- It is important to read one‘s lesson many times.
Reed- He writes with a reed pen.
#63.
Way- Can you tell me the way to the nearest petrol pump?
Weigh- The oranges weigh 4 kilograms.
#64.
Air- A ballon filled with hot air goes up the sky.
Heir- The king‘s eldest son is heir to the throne.
#65.
Corporal- I am against corporal punishment to children.
Corporeal- Heavenly beings are not corporeal.
#66.
Liar- Do not believe him, he is a liar.
Lawyer- My uncle is an eminent lawyer.
#67.
Metal- Silver is a precious metal.
Mettle- Gandhiji was a man of mettle and so was respected by everyone.
#68.
Sore- His eyes are sore.Sour- The grapes are sour.
#69.
Corps- My brother has joined in the National Cadet Corps.
Corpse- His corpse was carried to the cremation ground with military honours.
#70.
Differ- I have to differ with you on this matter.
Defer- he has deferred his decision to resign for some time.
#71.
Affect- Smoking affects the lungs badly.
He affects to be innocent.
Effect- The old man‘s advice had no effect on the boy.
The convict effected his escape from jail at midnight.
#72.
Minor- He has no voting right because he is still a minor.
Miner- In the bomb explosion, at least twelve miners lost their lives.
#73.
Blue – Blue is his favourite colour.
Blew- The referee blew his whistle and the game was up.
#74.
Bore- The teacher bored the students.
Boar- A boar is a wild animal.
#75.
Moral- The moral of the story is --- Look before you leap.
Morale- His inspired performance boosted up the morale of the team.
#76.
Stairs- I fractured my leg when I slipped while climbing the stairs.
Stare- He has got a habit of staring a people.
#77.
Dual- There re forty dual in this classroom.
Duel- It was a matter of Prestige. So, they decided to settle it with a duel.
#78.
Check- You must check your expenses before it is too late.
Cheque- He signed a blank cheque and asked me to fill the amount.
#79.
Assay- This ore assays high in gold.
Essay- His essays on ― trends in Modern Society‘ won the first prize.
#80.
Advice- I asked the doctor for his advice.
Advise- The doctor advised me to take proper rest.
#81.
Ail- What ails thee, gentle lord?
Ale- Ale houses have been closed in Pakistan.
#82.
Aspire- All aspire after wordly pleasure.
Expire- His father expired only last month.
#83.
Avocation - Writing articles for magazines is her avocation.
Vocation- His vocations is teachings.
#84.
Allay- Your present statement has allayed my fears.
Alley- There are many alleys in old Delhi.
Alloy- An alloy is a metal made by mixing two or more different metals.
#85.
Amiable- His amiable manners win him respect everywhere.
Amicable- India and Pakistan have been trying for an amicable settlement on the
border issue.
#86.
Beneficial- His holiday has had a beneficial effect.
Beneficent-He is a beneficent patron of our organisation.
#87.
Childish- His childish behavior has annoyed many people.
Childlike- An honest man usually has a childlike qualities.
#88.
Complement- His honesty complements his simplicity.
Compliment- Mohan presented a book to his friend with compliments.
#89.
Official- According to official sources, there is am increase in this year‘s food
production.
Officious- His officious attitude towards his subordinates has made him unpopular.
#90.
Roll- Many years have rolled by since I joined the organization.
Role- She played the role of Maria in ‗Sound of Music‘.
#91.
Sail- Let us go for a sail this afternoon.
Sell- Bad news sells newspaper.
Sale- Every company organizes an off-season sale in September and October.
#92.
Suite- Please reserve a suite for me in the Taj.
Suit- If you don‘t make payment tomorrow, I will file a suit against you.
The climate of India does not suit me.
His woolen suit is imported from Canada.
#93.
Steal- One who steals my money steals a trash; one who steals my name steals
everything.
Steel- steel is an alloy.
Still – The room was a still at the end of the speech. I have still to find out the
truth.
#94.
Tenor- I understand the tenor of his speech but not the details.
Tenure- During his tenure, he introduced many reformative measures.
#95.
Tell- I will tell a tale about a tail.
Tale- Life is a tale told by an idiot.
Tail- The comet of 1841 A.D grew a tail which went 198,000,000 miles in space.
#96.
Umpire- The players refused to obey the umpire.
Empire- Mahatma Gandhi rang the death- knell of the British empire.
#97.
Veil- The thief escaped under the veil of the darkness.
Vale- The vale of Kashmir is a paradise on earth.
#98.
Access- Students need easy access to books.
Accession- His accessions to the throne, marked the beginnings of a new era.
Excess- Excess of anything is bad.
#99.
Accident- He met with a serious accident.
Incident- In a recent incident, two bombs exploded.
#100.
Addicted- he is addicted to grugs.
Devoted- She is devoted to her studies.
#101.
Allusion- her writhing is full of obscure literary allusions.
Illusion- Life is an illusion.
#102.
Artist- A painter is an artist.
Artisan- A carpenter is an artisan.
Artiste- She is being trained for singing by a professional srtiste.
#103.
Apposite- His remarks on that occasion were not very apposite.
Opposite- Black and white are opposites.
#104.
Battle- I can‘t always white are opposites.
War- During World War II, many battles were fought.
Fight- One should always fight for one‘s right.
#105.
Major- The play is a major success.
Measure- An hour is a measure of time.
#106.
Confess- I must confess , I hated their attitude.
Admit- The facts admit no other explanation.
#107.
Conscious – I am conscious of my weakness.
Conscientious- he is a conscientious worker.
#108.
Crime- It is the job of the police to prevent crime.
Vice- In spite of the presence of the police, there‘s always a certain amount of vice
in all big cities.
#109.
Discover- Columbus discovered America.
Invent- Watt invented the steam engine.
#110.
Disinterested- She seems completely disinterested in her work.
Uninterested- One should not be uninterested in one‘s work.
#111.
Drown- He drowned himself in work.
Sink- His voice sank to a whisper.
#112.
Elicit- By cross- examination, he elicited the truth at last.
Illicit- He is involved in an illicit trade of drugs.
#113.
Eminent- He is an eminent scientist.
Imminent- War is imminent.
#114.
Eruption- That volcano is in a state of eruption.
Irruption- That violent irruption of soldiers into the building was condemned by all.
#115.
Fetch- Please, fetch me a clean handkerchief from my bedroom.
Bring- Please, bring me the book.
#116.
Formalism- I have no love for official formalism.
Formality- In Delhi, people are more after formality rather than developing
genuine relationship.
#117.
Jealous- A jealous man can never be happy.
Zealous- He is a zealous intellectual.
#118.
Liberty- French revolution was for liberty, fraternity and equality of all people.
Freedom- In my bondage, is my freedom.
#119.
Loose- The animals broke loose and left the field.
Lose- He often loses his temper.
#120.
Lovable- He is a man of a lovable nature.
Lovely- Aishwarya Roy is a lovely actress.
#121.
Memorable- No one can ever forget her memorable beauty.
Memorial- Shah Jahan erected a memorial in the memory of his wife.
#122.
Popular- This design has always been popular.
Populous- Kolkata is a populous city.
#123.
Principal- He is the principal of the college.
Principle- One should stick to one‘s principles.
#124.
Sensitive- A sensitive person is one whose feelings are easily hurt.
Sensible- A sensible person is one who possesses commonsense or intelligence.
#125.
Vacant- A mind vacant is a mind distresses.
Empty- Empty vessels sound much.
#126.
Spirituous- One should abstain from spirituous liquors.
Spiritual- I believe in a spiritual life.
#127.
Breath- His breath smelt of garlic.
Breathe- The team breathed confidence before the match.
#128.
Species- It is a rare specify of beetle.
Specify- The regulations specify that calculators may not be used in the
examination.
#129.
Noble- He died for a noble cause.
Novel- He loves reading romantic novels.
#130.
Weak- her eyesight is rather weak.
Week- He comes to see us once a week.
#131.
Wicked- That was a wicked thing to do.
Wicked- Pakistan lost the match by five wickets.
CHAPTER 20
5. Burglary is a ___________.
(a) crime
(b) sin
12. Naresh was trying his best to get __________ with the girls.
(a) popular
(b) populous
ANSWERS
1. beside
2. beneficial
3. artistic
4. contagious
5. crime
6. addicted
7. defaces
8. pardon
9. innocent
10. memorable
11. imperial
12. popular
13. sensuous
14. willingly
15. coarse
CHAPTER 21
Directions : Select the right word between option A and B to fill in the blank. If
both words seem right to you, select 'C' and if None of them is right, select 'D'.
14. The ___________ drops on the petals of the rose looked beautiful.
(a) due
(b) dew
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
ANSWERS
1. childish
2. censured
3. ascent
4. apposite
5. artist
6. refrain
7. industrial
8. ideal
9. heart
10. pray
11. faint
12. ought
13. canvass
14. dew
15. plain
CHAPTER 22
Directions : Select the right word between option A and B to fill in the
blank. If both words seem right to you, select 'C' and if None of them is
right, select 'D'.
8. Might is ___________.
(a) right
(b) write
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
12. Arvind has purchased a new ____________ of shoes for two hundred rupees.
(a) pare
(b) pair
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
15. About thirty __________ lost their lives in an accident at Raniganj colliery.
(a) minors
(b) miners
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
ANSWERS
1. shade
2. sore
3. spacious
4. story
5. reply
6. very
7. steal
8. right
9. plan
10. pare
11. knotty
12. pair
13. naughty
14. momentary
15. miners
CHAPTER 23
Directions: Select the right word between option A and B to fill in the blank. If
both words seem right to you, select 'C' and if None of them is right, select 'D'.
8. I have not received any ___________ from my father for the past two
months.
(a) latter
(b) letter
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
15. A _________ man like Mr. Malhotra should not have used such words.
(a) sensible
(b) sensitive
(c) Any one of these
(d) None of these
ANSWERS
1. character
2. casual
3. mistake
4. war
5. memorial
6. main
7. medal
8. letter
9. Lightning
10. lane
11. prosecuted
12. practical
13. remember
14. roots
15. sensible
CHAPTER 24
Directions: Select the right word between option A and B to fill in the blank. If
both words seem right to you, select 'C' and if None of them is right, select 'D'.
ANSWERS
1. censor
2. exile
3. precedents
4. prescribed
5. precedes
6. sanguine
7. addicted
8. sole
9. razed
10. martial
11. Orders
12. ardour
13. metal
14. discovered
15. error
CAHPTER 25
Some words sound same but have different meaning. These words often confuse us
in error finding questions. Here given most important words which confuse &
misuse us. Kindly have a look.
2. Expect · To hope
Suspect · To apprehend
3. Adopt · To accept/ to take another person‘s child legally
Adept · Proficient
Adapt · To change accordingly
4. Allude · Refer to
Elude · To escape
5. Alternate · One after another
Alternative · Available instead/ substitute
6. Aural · Of ear
Oral · Verbal
7. Access · Approach
Excess · More than due
8. Averse · To dislike
Adverse · Unfavourable
9. Advice (N) · An opinion
Advise (V) · To offer an opinion
10. Affect (V) · To influence
Effect (N) · Result
11. Apposite · Proper
Opposite · In front of/ contrary
12. Amend · To improve
Emend · To remove the mistakes
13. Amoral · Having no moral sense
Immoral · Not conforming to moral standards
14. Antics · Tricks
Antiques · Ancient pieces of art
15. Appraise · Assess the quality/ values of
Apprise · Inform
16. Allusion · Indirect reference
Illusion · Deception
17. Beside · By the side of
Besides · Apart from
18. Bridle · Headgear of horse
Besides · Related to bride/ bridegroom
19. Beneficial · Useful
Beneficiary · One who receives benefit
20. Boar · A pig
Bore · To tolerate or to produce (V2 of bear)
21. Bought · V2 and V3 of buy
Brought · V2 and V3 of bring
22. Catch · To take hold of something when it is moving
Hold · To take hold of something when it is static
23. Childish · Foolish
Childlike · Innocent
24. Continual · Happening repeatedly
Continuous · Without break
25. Credible · Believable
Creditable · Praiseworthy, honourable
26. Censure · To criticize
Censor · Official licensing of films etc.
27. Canon · Rule
Cannon · A powerful gun fixed to wheels
28. Canvas · Coarse cloth
Canvass · Visit houses to get political support
29. Cemetery · A burial place
Symmetry · Harmony
30. Casual · Not formal, not taking much interest
Causal · Relating to cause
31. Climactic · Relating to climax
Climatic · Relating to climate
32. Coarse · Rough
Course · A line of action
33. Confidant · A person who is entrusted with secrets. Sure and
Confident certain.
· Sure and certain
34. Contagious · A disease that spreads by contact
Contiguous · Near
Infectious · A disease that spreads by air or water
35. Corps · A division of army
Corpse · A dead body
Carcass · The dead body of a large animal
36. Conscious · To know
Conscientious· With a sense of duty
37. Complain (V) · To say that something is wrong or not satisfactory
Complaint (N)· A report of a problem
38/. Complacent · Self-satisfied
Complaisant · Obedient and complaint
39. Complement · N-a thing that completes or improves. V-add to
something in a way that it improves
Compliment · A remark of admiration
40. Custom · Social usage
Comprise · Personal usage
41. Compose · Make up the whole
Comprise · Consist of
42. Career · Course through life
Carrier · That which carries
43. Credible · Believable
Credulous · Too ready to believe
44. Discreet · Careful not to cause offence by speech or behaviour
Discrete · Separate, distinct
45. Disease · Ailment or illness
Decease · Death
46. Decent · Nice, respectable
Descent · Downward motion
Dissent · Difference of opinion
47. Dual · With two parts
Duel · A fight between two persons using guns or swords.
48. Deface · Disfigure
Efface · Wipeout
49. Deny · To declare untrue
Decline · Refuse to accept an offer.
Refuse · Show unwillingness towards
Refute · Prove wrong
50. Defy · To break the law
Deify · To make someone or something a god
51. Defuse · Remove the tension
Diffuse · Spread out; not clear or concise
52. Desert · N- An area where there is little rain
· V- To leave someone
Dessert · Sweet dish eaten at the end of a meal
53. Depression · Hollow/ A mental state of despair.
Depreciation · Undervalue
54. Disinterested· Impartial
Uninterested · Not interested
55. Delightful · Very pleasant
Delicious · Pleasing to taste
56. Deprecate · To hate
Depreciate · To reduce in value
57. Defective · Having a certain imperfection
Deficient · Lacking something
58. Decided · Clear and definite
Decisive · Deciding
59. Effective · Producing effect
Efficacious · Able to produce the desired result
Efficient · Competent
60. Elicit · To get or produce something
Illicit · Illegal or disapproved of by society
61. Economical · Involving less expenditure
Economic · Relating to economy
62. Enduring · Existing for a long time
Endurable · Bearable
63. Gate · An entrance
Gait · A particular way of walking
64. Intense · Extreme and forceful
Intensive · Involving a lot of effort
65. Metre · A unit of length
Meter · A device used to measure the amount of something that
is used
66. Vain · Not successful/ arrogant
Vein · Tube the carries blood to the heart in our body
67. Vocation · Profession
Vacation · Holidays
68. Violence · Force
Violation · Infringement of law
69. Wither · To fade
Whither · Where
Weather · Atmospheric condition (of a short period)
Whether · ‗Whether…..or‘ is a co-relative
70. Wave · Raised mass of water in sea/ to move
Waive · To give up
IDIOMS & PHRASES
CHAPTER 1
7: MAKE A SPLASH
Meaning: to get a lot of public attention
Example: Now she's made a splash in the American television show 'Civil Wars'.
8: SPRUCED UP
Meaning: to improve the appearance of someone or something, Make neat and
trim,
Example: The Karnataka Golf Association has undergone much work to be ready
for this week‘s TAKE SOLUTIONS MASTERS, the first Asian Tour event at the venue
since the Indian open in 2012.‗KGA has always been good, but for this event, we‘ve
really spruced it up ‗‘ He said.
9: SHUNTED OUT
Meaning: to move (someone or something) to a different and usually less
important or noticeable place or position.
Example: Daniel Ricciardo blasted Red Bull teammate Max Verstappen for
‗amateur‘ diving on Sunday after the Dutch teenager shunted him out of the
Hungarian GP on the opening lap.
CHAPTER 2
Example: DMK working president M.K.Stalin warned on Sunday that his party
would not hesitate to put an end to the AIADMK government, which, according to
him, had turned the clock back 20 years and destroyed administration and
governance in TN.
4) DRAW FLAK :
is to draw criticism
Example: A.P.J.M.Sheik Saleem , the grand nephew of Kalam , placed a copy of
the Koran and the bible at the statue podium near the Bhagavad Gita on Sunday,
only to draw flak from the HMK
5) TOOK ON :
to begin to perform or deal with
Example: Union Finance minister Arun Jaitely took on detractors of the GST
on Sunday , saying the regime was an integral part of the government‘s efforts to
mobilizemore fundss for the armed forces.
6) FLAGGED OFF
to inaugurate, to induct
Example: Earlier this month , the ministry of Housing flagged off a new index – the
NHB Residex – designed to track housing price trends I n50 cities across India.
8) HIVE OFF :
To set something apart from a group
Example: An expression of interest from India‘s oldest private sector MRO service
provider , Air works, has come as a shot in the arm for the centre that is
considering an option to split Air India‘s different businesses and hive them off
separately.
CHAPTER 3
3. Call the tune : To be in control. the government has been able to call the tune
in the riot hit areas.
5. Clean slate : a new start : especially to make a new start by clearing the
record. It was a clean slate for the minister once he was exonerated of the
corruption charges brought against an action.
8. from pillar to post : from one place or thing to another in rapid succession.
He couldn't stick to one project and was always dashing from pillar to post.
9. Green Thumb : A knack fro growing plants and keeping them healthy.
All my plants are in a sorry state; it's clear I don't have a green thumb.
11. As the crow flies :The most direct route between two places.
From here to the hill station.It's only ten miles as the crow files, but twenty miles
by the winding mountain road.
13.Break the ice : To remove the tension at a first meeting, at the opening of
party , etc,
That joke really broke the ice at the conference; we all relaxed afterwards.
15. Castles in the air : extravagant hopes and plans that will never be carried
out.
I told him he should stop building castles in the air and train for a sensible
profession.
16. Chip of the old block : An expression used of people who closley resemble
their perents in some way. Mark just won the same sailboat race his father won
twenty years ago; he's chip off the old block.
CHAPTER 4
DIRECTION:-
The following idioms have four responses (a),(b),(c) and (d). Tick mark
the response which gives the correct meaning of the idiom.
3. In the air
a. prevalent
b. lacking
c. flying
d. hovering
4. End in smoke
a. catch fire
b. come to nothing
c. become smoky
d. fruitful
5. Take to task
a. remind
b. reprove
c. reject
d. avoid
6. Smell a rat
a. to suspect
b. to chase
c. inspire
d. inhale foul smell
ANSWER
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. B
CAHPTER 5
DIRECTION:-
Each of the following idioms/ phrases has four responses (a), (b), (c),
and (d). Tick mark the response which gives the correct meaning of the
idiom/phrase.
2. To serve put
a. to shock
b. to retaliate
c. to capture
d. to defeat
5. Talking to heart
a. feeling lost
b. grieving
c. retaining in memory
d. being hurt
6. Keeping up appearances
a. looking tidy
b. maintaining ties
c. keeping an outward show
d. behaving friendly
8. To a nicety
a. exactly
b. beautifully
c. properly
d. homely
CAHPTER 6
DIRECTIONS :-
Each of the following idioms/phrases has four responses (a),(b),(c) and
(d).Tick mark the response which gives the correct meaning of the
idioms/phrase.
4. To bank straw
(a) to hope
(b) to depend
(c) to evolve
(d) to harness
9.Boot licking
(a) requesting
(b) shameless flattery
(c)emulating
(d) influencing
ANSWER
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. D
CHAPTER 7
DIRECTION :-
Each of the following idioms/phrases has four responses (a),(b),(c), and
(d)., Indicate the response which gives the correct meaning of the idiom
phrase.
1. To cast aspersions
a. to express doubt
b. to express false and malicious accusation
c. to suspect
d. to restore
4. To cave in
a. to dig in
b. to make a hole
c. to yield
d. to change tune
9. Poetic justice
a. justice meted out by natural process
b. justice done by poets
c. true justice
d. fair play
ANSWER
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. C
6.D
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. C
15. A
CHAPTER 8
DIRECTIONS
Each of the following idioms has four responses Mark the responses
which give the correct meaning of the idioms.
2. To break off
(a) To end a relationship
(b) To cut into pieces
(c) to disappear
(d) to appear suddenly
3. Brush up
(a) To renew
(b) To remove the dust
(c) To wash with soap
(d) To destroy
4. To dig at
(a) To dig the ground deep
(b) to praise
(c) to exaggerate
(d) to remark against
5. Join Battle
(A) to join the army
(b) to report for duty in the army camp after leave
(c) to begin fighting
(d) to clasp hands
8. To lend an ear
(a) to ignore
(b) to criticize
(c) to watch carefully
(d) to hear
9.Man of letters
(a) who writes too many letters
(b) an important person
(c) a politician
(d) a literary person
ANSWER
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. D
CHAPTER 9
DIRECTIONS
Each of the following idioms has four responses (a), (b) , (c) and (d). Mark
the response which gives the correct meaning of the idiom.
3. At a loose end
(a) to wear loose garments
(b) having weak character
(c) without employment
(d) to get rid of
4. To grapple with
(a) to fight
(b) to struggle hard for survival
(c) about to die
(d) to tackle
6. To hold in contempt
(a) to hold firmly
(b) to show anger
(c) to hate
(d) to go together
8. Lapped in luxury
(a) to live in luxury
(b) having too much wealth
(c) Unclaimed property
(d) brought up in luxury
ANSWER
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. A
CAHPTER 10
DIRECTIONS
Tick mark the choice that correctly explain the idiom.
1. To rest on one's laurels
(a) to depend on one's fame
(b) to be a parasite
(c) to retire from active life
(d) to crave for popularity
3. Yeoman's service
(a) lip-service
(b) to serve like a slave
(c) to play godfather
(d) to help in need
4. A blue stocking
(a) stocking which is blue in colour
(b) a clean-cheat
(c) an unreliable person
(d) a woman having literary tastes and learning
5. A wet blanket
(a) a blanket which is wet
(b) a serious man
(c) one who discourages others
(d) one who interferes in other's affairs
9. Half baked
(a) Not gully cooked
(b) to receive half salary
(c) important features
(d) inexperienced
15. In a whirl
(a) to dive deep
(b) to face boldly
(c) to cross the river in a storm
(d) confusion
ANSWER
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. D
10. D
11. C
12. D
13. C
14. A
15. D
CAHPTER 11
Directions : Pick out from the given alternatives the one that gives the correct
meaning of the idiom/phrase/proverb..
3. Chicken hearted
(a) coward
(b) brave
(c) kind
(d) mortal
(e) None of these
4. To come round
(a) to agree with another's point of view
(b) to come back to the point of origin
(c) a circular movement
(d) to wander
(e) None of these
13. To do up
(a) to finish off
(b) to mend
(c) to improve
(d) to make tidy
(e) None of these
15. To egg on
(a) just a beginning
(b) to urge on
(c) to develop something
(d) an initial stage
(e) None of these
ANSWERS
1. to clean something which has not been cleaned for a long time
2. to live within one's means
3. coward
4. to agree with another's point of view
5. to be too ready to anticipate
6. to cease to struggle
7. to disclose a secret
8. to get oneself into trouble
9. to assume in the premises something which is to be proved
10. to do a thing stealthily, without drawing attention to it
11. to be past one's prime
12. to be victorious
13. to make tidy
14. to be interested in
15. to urge on
CHAPTER 12
1. To blow hot and cold in the same breath
(a) to condemn and criticize
(b) a hot discussion
(c) to consider all the aspects
(d) to be imperious and amiable by terms
3. To make no bones
(a) to make no excuse
(b) not to hesitate
(c) to make no commitments
(d) to make no monetary gains
(e) None of these
5. Cats' paw
(a) a person who is used as a tool by another person
(b) very slowly and quietly
(c) very cleverly
(d) to share a responsibility
(e) None of these
6. To catch a tartar
(a) to overcome a serious problem
(b) to attack one who turns out to be stronger than is expected
(c) to achieve the goal
(d) to struggle hard
(e) None of these
8. A cry in wilderness
(a) The cry of the poors
(b) a warning that goes unheeded
(c) A speech made by a less important leader
(d) A cry out of deep sorrow
(e) None of these
ANSWERS
1. to be imperious and amiable by terms
2. subject to a double attack
3. not to hesitate
4. to bestow a gift which is not really necessary
5. a person who is used as a tool by another person
6. to attack one who turns out to be stronger than is expected
7. to be kept waiting
8. a warning that goes unheeded
9. to carefully hide all traces of one's actions
10. to surpass everything
11. something which is null and void
12. to die in office
13. without delay
14. to spend lavishly
15. in a bad mood
CHAPTER 13
1. Apple-pie order
(a) handling two work simultaneously
(b) extremely neat and tidy
(c) two persons handling the same work
(d) in a haphazard way
2. All the sundry
(a) all except one
(b) only intellectuals
(c) the whole elite class
(d) everyone without distinction
(e) None of these
3. Bad blood
(a) active hostility
(b) retribution
(c) very ill
(d) retaliation
(e) None of these
4. Beat a retreat
(a) grand and pompous
(b) to withdraw
(c) to warn
(d) not to come straight to the point
(e) None of these
ANSWERS
1. extremely neat and tidy
2. everyone without distinction
3. active hostility
4. to withdraw
5. to be obsessed with one idea
6. try to render a common enemy harmless
7. between two dangers
8. to indulge in self-praise
9. an unexpected event
10. to forget past quarrels and animosity
11. hard labour
12. pass off
13. orally
14. very quickly
15. to solve a difficulty
CAHPTER 14
Directions : Pick out from the given alternatives the one that gives the
correct meaning of the idiom/phrase/proverb.
1. Above board
(a) A voyage
(b) Beyond doubt
(c) Uncertainty
(d) Honest and frank
(e) None of these
2. Add fuel to the fire
(a) to activate the flames of an existing controversy
(b) to spread a rumour
(c) to increase the differences
(d) to speed up the work
(e) None of these
4. At arm's length
(a) one arm distance
(b) to keep one at distance
(c) to be indifferent
(d) an intimate relationship
(e) None of these
6. A black sheep
(a) scoundrel
(b) ruthless
(c) vagabond
(d) a traitorous person
(e) None of these
8. At the mercy of
(a) totally in the power of
(b) to leave everything on God
(c) to surrender
(d) the supremacy of God's will
(e) None of these
9. At the bottom of
(a) secret cause of
(b) at another's support
(c) to find a base
(d) a heavy loss
(e) None of these
ANSWERS
1. Honest and frank
2. to activate the flames of an existing controversy
3. a difficult problem
4. to keep one at distance
5. to be in a state of utter perplexity
6. scoundrel
7. an unexpected and calamitous blow
8. totally in the power of
9. secret cause of
10. at enmity
11. a trustworthy person
12. fighting openly
13. improper influence
14. influencing events secretly
15. to be victorious
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 16
7) EGG SOMEONE ON
To encourage someone to do something, esp, something unwise or bad
Usage: Shewta was egging him on to fight.
CHAPTER 17
Phrases Meaning
1. Achilles‟ heels - A small but fatal weakness
2. Add fuel on fire - To make a matter worse
3. An axe to grind - Something done for selfish reasons
4. An old flame - A person, one had a romantic relationship relationship
with, in the past
5. Bad blood - Enmity/ bitter relations
6. Bear the brunt of - To bear the main part of something unpleasant
7. Big gun - An influential person
8. Bird of passage - One who comes occasionally
9. Castles in the air - Day dream/ a hope or desire unlikely to be realized
10. Chicken hearted - Lacking courage/ cowardly
11. Cry for the moon -To desire the unattainable
12. Cut a sorry figure- To give a poor show
13. Dance to one‟s tune - Obeying one‘s order
14. Dark horse - One who wins unexpectedly
15. Democle‟s sword - Constant threat
16. Dead letter - A law or ordinance that is no longer enforced
17. Eat humble pie - To apologize
18. Eats one‟s words - Take a statement back
19. Elbow room - Sufficient scope to move or function
20. Escape one‟s lips - Speak unintentionally or unexpectedly
21. Fair and square - In an honest way
22. Fair sex - Women
23. Feather in the cap - Additional success
24. Fish out of water- Out of one‘s usual and comfortable place
25. Get away with- To escape
26. Get down to- To attend to work seriously
27. Get into hot water- Get into trouble
28. Green room- A lounge in a theatre or studio for the performers to get
ready
29. Hang by a thread- Be in a risky situation
30. Hard nut to crack- A difficult problem to solve/ A person difficult to
understand
31. Have one‟s way- The way one wants
32. Have several irons in the fire - To be involved in many projects or
activities at the same time
33. High living - Living with comfort and ease
34. Hit the jackpot - Gaining a big/ great success (specially by luck)
35. In full swing - At the height of activity
36. In the long run- Ultimately
37. Iron hand/ Iron fist - Rigorous control
38. Jump to a conclusion - To come to a conclusion prematurely
39. Kangaroo court - An illegal court
40. Keep one‟s finger crosses - To wait expectantly
41. Keep the ball rollin g- To maintain the progress of a project or plan
42. Kith and kin- Blood relations
43. Lady‟s man- A man who is fond of the company of women
44. Left-handed compliment- An insult disguised as a compliment
45. Look off colours- Look ill or unhealthy
46. Lump in the throat- A tight or uncomfortable feeling in throat due to
emotions
47. Maiden speech- First speech
48. Make a hash- To mess up
49. Make the best of both the worlds- Getting benefited from both the
sides
50. Make up one‟s mind- To decide
51. Narrow escape/ Close shave - To escape by a little margin
52. Nine day‟s wonder- Something that arouses great interest but for a
very short period
53. Nip in the bud - To put on end to something in its initial stage
54. Null and void- Ineffective
55. Oily tongue- Flattering words
56. On one‟s guard- Vigilant
57. Once for all- For the last time/ conclusively
58. Open question- A question which may have more than one answer
59. Pandora‟s box- A source of extensive but unforeseen troubles
60. Past master- An expert
61. Play ducks and drakes- To waste money
62. Play second fiddle- To be at a subordinate position
63. Queer fish- Strange person
64. Rainy day- Future time of need, especially financial need
65. Read between the lines- To understand the hidden meaning
66. Red handed- Exactly while committing a crime or doing something
wrong
67. Red tapism- Strict adherence to excessive paper work and official
formalities
68. Royal road- An easy or direct way of achieving a desired result
69. See through- Comprehend/ understand
70. Set one‟s face against- To oppose with determination
71. Set one‟s heart on- To have as one‘s ambition to obtain something
72. Shoulder to shoulder- With united effort
73. Take away one‟s breath- To overwhelm with surprise
74. Take by storm- To surprise unexpectedly
75. Take into account- To consider
76. Tooth and nail- Violently
77. Under the nose of- Right in front of someone
78. Under the thumbof- Under the power or influence of
79. Up and doing- Active in work
80. Up one‟s sleeves- An item kept hidden and used whenever required
81. Uphill task- Difficult task
82. Ups and downs- Good and bad times
83. Weather the storm- Survive by coming out of difficulties
84. Wet blanket- One who spoils the enjoyment
85. White elephant- Expensive but of no use
86. Word for word- In exactly the same word
87. Yeomen‟s service- Excellent work
CAHPTER 18
Idioms are phrases or combination of words which have a certain meaning as per
common use. Idioms are muhavras, only in English!
Here are some popular ones for some light reading.
Adding insult to injury
Or, ‗jale pe namak‘! Means to add to a person‘s loss or misery.
Back to the drawing board
To start all over again when an initial plan fails.
Cut corners
Anything not up to the mark in quality because cost saving was the main motive.
‗The dining table had one leg balanced on a piece of wood, because dad was cutting
corners!‘
Donkey‟s years
Doing something for many years without any considerable progress.
Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched
Basically means not to be too optimistic! i.e., not to take decisions or make plans
without a considerable certainty of the future.
Last straw
The very last problem which usually ends up making people lose their patience.
Let the cat out of the bag
To reveal any information which was asked or considered to be kept a secret.
Make a long story short
To bring out the main points leaving all the unimportant things out.
Method to madness
Although things may seem haphazard and cluttered and confused – but there is
actually some method or structure to it. ‗My room may seem untidy and smell of
stale pizzas, but there is method to my madness – I find it relaxing to my hyper
active nerves!‘
Piece of cake
Or, Cake walk – means very easy. Who thought the IBPS PO exam was cake walk?
Or, ‗I thing this article is going to be a piece of cake for me‘!
CHAPTER 19
1: ZERO IN ON
Meaning: to direct all your attention to one thing , If you zero in a weapon, you
aim it directly at something you want to hit:
Example: ‗This was not the first time . he had come to meet his wife on two
occasions earlier, and he followed the same pattern and time .It was easy for the
police to zero in on him.‘ Said the official.
2: HOLED UP
Meaning: to take shelter somewhere , to hide somewhere.
Example: Soldiers seen at the house at Hakripora in Pluwara district ,where the
militants were holed up, on Tuesday.
The robbers were holed up in a deserted warehouse.
6: WOUND UP
Meaning: brought to a state of great tension
Example: A former India captain ,who served the squad as its team director just
a year bach , Shastri steps into the shoes of Anil kumble , whose manner of exit
showed the BCCI and Skipper Virat Kohli in poor light .Shastri spoke to the media
at the Sinhalese sports club on Tuesday and just as he wound up, it was time for
him to bond with Sri lankan‘s eternal fan.
8: SERVED UP
Meaning: to offer something
Example: Serena Williams served up a rallying cry for equal pay for black women ,
decrying that they would have to work on average eight months longer to earn the
same as male counterparts in one year
CAHPTER 20
1: BUCK THE ODDS
Meaning: To buck the odds means to go against the odds. Despite the odds not
being in your favour, you still won.
Example: Given the manner she has been bucking the odds, nothing seems
impossible for the brave Jyotika far far away from the glitz-laden metros.
2: BREAK THROUGH
Meaning: If you break through, you achieve success even though there are
difficulties and obstacles.
Example: Indeed , the shy Jyothika has a heart larger than her small frame.Given
her background and modest means, she has been breaking through barriers.
4: RULE OUT
Meaning: to stop considering something as a possibility
Example: Mr.Tillerson did not rule out a military strike against North Korea in
remarks that were overall not strident at the state department
6: SCRAPE THROUGH
Meaning: to move through something, scraping or rubbing the sides, to get by
something just barely; to pass a test just barely.
Example: The car, going at a very high speed, scraped through the tunnel. It just
managed to scrape through
Alice passed the test, but she just scraped through it. I just scraped through my
calculus test.
7: KNOCK ON THE DOOR OF
Meaning: to be very close to achieving
Example: The Income – tax raids on the premises of Energy Minister
D.K.Shivakumar and his close aides have sent shock waves among leaders of the
ruling congress in Karnataka, with apprehensions of taxmen soon knocking on their
doors.
8: PULLED OUT
Meaning: withdraw from an undertaking.
Example:: While the Jaiprakash Associates led consortium, including IBM and
Israel‘s tower semiconductor, had pulled out in March last year, things were not
moving ahead for the consortium led by HSMC Technologies, according to the
sources
9: ON A KNIFE‟S EDGE
Meaning: if a person or organization is on a knife-edge, they are in a difficult
situation and are worried about what will happen in the future
Example: She's been living on a knife-edge since her ex-husband was released
from prison last month. The theatre is on a financial knife-edge and must sell 75%
of its seats every night to survive.
10: HINGED ON
Meaning: to depend on someone or something; to depend on what someone or
something does
Example: The Monetary Policy Committee‘s majority decision hinged on the
observation that some ―upside risks to inflation have either reduced or not
materialized ―
CAHPTER 21
1: HUSH UP
Meaning: to keep something a secret; to try to stop a rumour from spreading.
Example: Centre attempting to hush up incident , alleges Congress
There was some financial scandal involving one of the ministers but it was all
hushed up.
3: IN THE DOCK
Meaning: On trial or under intense scrutiny.
Example : Under attack fro diluting the case of alleged stalking and attempted
kidnap of a young woman on Friday night by Vikas Barala , son of the Haryana
state BJP president Subahsh barala and his Ashish , the Chandigarh police on
Monday fount itself again in the dock after it was reported that CCTV footage from
at least five locations was missing as the cameras were non-functional.
4: HOVER OVER
Meaning: to stay close to someone or something, waiting, ready to advise or
interfere.
Example :Please don't hover over me, watching what I am doing. I have to hover
over this project or someone will mess it up.
5: BROUGHT UP
Meaning: to start discussing a subject
Example: Mr. Sonowal brought up the idea when he called on the president on
Saturday.
6: CALL ON SOMEONE
Meaning: to visit someone, usually for a short time ,
Example: Mr. Sonowal brought up the idea when he called on the president on
Saturday
CAHPTER 22
3: CRY DOWN
Meaning: to belittle; disparage, to silence by making a greater noise
Example: Men of dissolute lives cry down religion because they would not be under
the restraints
4: TAKE ON
Meaning: become very upset, fight against someone
Example: After a delay in counting, the Election commission announced the names
of the winners, while the fourth candidate Balwantsinh Rajput of the BJP, who
resigned as Congress leader to take on Mr.patel lost the contest that became a
tightrope walk for Congress president Sonia Gandhi
5: TIGHTROPE WALK
Meaning: to be in a situation where one must be very cautious.
Example: After a delay in counting, the Election commission announced the names
of the winners, while the fourth candidate Balwantsinh Rajput of the BJP, who
resigned as Congress leader to take on Mr.patel lost the contest that became a
tightrope walk for Congress president Sonia Gandhi
9: RAMP UP
Meaning: to increase the amount or size of something
Example: The maker of iconic products like the iPhone and the Mac is looking at a
multi pronged strategy to ramp up its presence in one of the fastest growing
markets in the world.
10: SCALING UP
Meaning: to make something larger in size, amount etc than it used to be
Example: This includes scaling up its manufacturing, developing localized features
on its OS, setting up self-owned retail outlets and creating an ecosystem for
developers to shift from android to the ios platform
12: ROPED IN
Meaning: to persuade to take part in some activity or to trick or entice into some
activity
Example: Despite the smashing success of the show elsewhere, and actor Kamal
Haasan being roped in, there were doubts over whether a show that depends on
surveillance and an intrusion on privacy would work in Tamil.
13: NOTCHED UP
Meaning: to win something, or to achieve something
Example: Jones, who notched up 3631 runs in 52 Tests at 46.55, said ―A couple of
law firms approached me later for suing Cricket Australia for ‗dismissal from
service.
CAHPTER 23
3: A CLARION CALL
Meaning: a strong and clear request for people to do something
Example: In 1942, the clarion call was ‗ Karenge ya marenge ‘ (Do or Die) — today
it is ‗ Karenge aur kar ke rahenge ‘ (We will do and accomplish). These five years
are about Sankalp se siddhi (commitment to fulfilment),‖Modi said
6: TEEMING DOWN
Meaning: to rain very heavily
Example: It‘s been teeming down all day.
8: RUN INTO
Meaning: collide with, reach a level
Example: Fourth seed Sindhu could face Hong Kong‘s Ngan Yi Cheung, seeded 13,
for a place in the quarterfinals where she could run into fifth seed Sun Yu.
9: TEES OFF
Meaning: to start the first hole in a game of golf, to begin [doing anything]; to be
the first one to start something, (to tee someone off )
Example: Jordan Spieth and Rory McIlroy make their bids for golfing history when
the 99th PGA Championship tees off Thursday at Quail Hollow with heavy rain and
storms forecast.
12: TUNE UP
Meaning: to prepare for something
Example: Croatia‘s Vekic powered to a 6-3, 6-4 victory, to the disappointment of a
partisan crowd whose support couldn‘t lift Bouchard. She was broken six times by
Vekic, 21, who is in the main draw of this US Open tune-up for the first time.
15: CRUNCH UP
Meaning: to break someone or something up into piece
Example: Yet he gave an assurance that the huge IT back end that is designed to
crunch up to 3 billion invoices a month and calculate companies‘ taxes would be
stable, even if there is a last-minute rush to file.