Introduction To Matlab: Dr. Norhazwani MD Yunos

Lecture 6
Introduction to Matlab
Dr. Norhazwani Md Yunos
Department of Intelligent Computing & Analytics

Faculty of Information & Communication Technology
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 1 / 34

Lecture Contents
Lecture Contents:
1 MATLAB Introduction and Working Environment

Introduction
MATLAB Working Environment
2 Numerical Computation with MATLAB

Variables and Operators
Matrix Variables
Matrix Operations
Elementary Row Operation
Vector
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

MATLAB Introduction and Working Environment
Lecture Contents:

Introduction

Matrix Variables
Matrix Operations
Vector

MATLAB Introduction and Working Environment Introduction
MATLAB Introduction
MATLAB started as an interactive program for doing matrix calculations

(the name MATLAB is short for “Matrix Laboratory”).
Now, it has grown to a high level mathematical language that can solve
integrals and differential equations numerically and plot a wide variety
of two and three dimensional graphs.

MATLAB Introduction and Working Environment MATLAB Working Environment
The MATLAB Working Environment
The following table summarizes the main components of the MATLAB

working environment.
Tool Description
Command Window This is the window in which you execute MATLAB
commands.
Command History This presents a history of the functions introduced in the
Command Window and allows you to copy and execute
them.
Workspace This shows the present contents of the workspace and
allows you to make changes to it.
Help This allows you to search and read the documentation for
the complete family of MATLAB products.


The MATLAB Prompt >>
Look at the command window and you will see the cursor flickering
after the prompt ‘>>’.
This means that MATLAB is waiting for further instructions.

Just type the command
>> demo (and then press Enter or Return key)
and you will be directed to the following page as shown in slide no 8.
This briefly shows you some of the things that MATLAB can do.


Help in MATLAB
You can find help for MATLAB via the help button in the toolbar,
and you will be directed to the following page as shown in slide no. 10



In addition, support can also be obtained via MATLAB commands.

The command ‘help general’ provides help on general
information on MATLAB commands, as shown in figure in slide no. 13.
By clicking on any of them, you can get more specific help.
This is also applied to other help commands, such as
Command Topic
help ops - Operators and special characters.
help lang - Programming language constructs.
help elmat - Elementary matrices and matrix multiplication.
help elfun - Elementary math functions.
help specfun - Specialized math functions.
help matfun - Matrix function, numerical linear algebra.



Operators and Precedence
There are many operators in MATLAB which can be used in expressions.

Some of arithmetic operators include:
+ addition
− subtraction, negation
∗ multiplication
/ division (divide by)
\ division (divide into, e.g., 3\ is 4)
∧ exponentiation
Putting a semicolon, ; at the end of a statement will suppress the output
from that statement. This means that the command will be carried out,
but MATLAB will not show the result yet.

Clear Command Window and Workspace
Use ‘clc’ to clear the command window.

Use ‘clear’ to clear the workspace window - clear all the declared
variables.

Numerical Computation with MATLAB
Lecture Contents:

Introduction

Matrix Variables
Matrix Operations
Vector

Numerical Computation with MATLAB Variables and Operators
Basic Numerical Computation
You can use MATLAB as a powerful numerical computer.

While most calculators handle numbers only to a preset degree of
precision, MATLAB performs exact calculations to any desired degree of
precision.
In addition, unlike calculators, we can perform operations not only with
individual numbers, but also with objects such as arrays.
Here are some examples of numerical calculations with MATLAB.
(As we know, to obtain the results it is necessary to press Enter once the
desired command has been entered after the prompt ‘>>’.

For example, we simply calculate 4 + 7 to obtain the result 11. To do

this, just type 4 + 7, and then Enter.
>> 4 + 7
ans =
11
To find the value of 3100 :
>> 3∧ 100
ans =
5.1538e+47
We can use the command ‘format long e’ to obtain results to 16
decimal figures more than the power of 10 required.
>> format long e
>> 3∧ 100
ans =
5.153775207320113e+47
We can also work with complex number.

To find the result of the operation (2 + 3i)10 :
>> (2 + 3i)∧ 10
ans =
-3.415250000000000e+05 -
1.456680000000000e+05i
The previous result is also available in short format, using the ‘format
short’ command1 .
>> format short
>> (2 + 3i)∧ 10
ans =
-3.4153e+05 - 1.4567e+05i
1
1. format short = Delivers results to 4 decimal places, 2. format long = Delivers
results to 16 significant decimal figures
Variables and Assignment Statements
MATLAB does not require a command to declare variables.

A variable is created simply by directly allocating a value to it.
An assignment statement takes the form:
variable = expression
where the name of the variable is on the left-hand side, while the
expression is on the right-hand side, and the assignment operator is =.
Defined variables can be seen in the workspace window.
For examples,
>> mynum = 20 + 30 >> x = 201 + 101
mynum = x =
50 302

Numerical Computation with MATLAB Matrix Variables
Matrix Variables
MATLAB defines arrays by inserting in brackets all its row elements
separated by a semicolon.
Elements in a row can be entered by separating each element by spaces
or by commas, and a semi-colon indicates the end of each row.
The entire list of elements has to be surrounded by square brackets [ ].
For example, a 3 × 3 matrix variable can be entered in the following two
ways:
>> M = [a11 a12 a13 ; a21 a22 a23 ; a31 a32 a33 ]
>> M = [a11 , a12 , a13 ; a21 , a22 , a23 ; a31 , a32 , a33 ]
MATLAB displays the matrix:

M = a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

Similarly we can define an array of variable dimension (m × n).

Once a matrix variable has been defined, MATLAB enables many ways
to insert, extract, renumber and generally manipulate its elements.
For example,
zeros(m, n) - Creates the zero matrix of order m × n.
>> A = zeros(4, 2)
A =
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

eye(n) - Creates the identity matrix of order n.

>> A = eye(4)
A =
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
ones(n) - Creates the matrix of order m × n with all its elemets

equal to 1.
>> A = ones(4)
A =
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
rand(n) - Creates a uniform random matrix of order n.

>> A = rand(3)
A =
0.8147 0.9134 0.2785
0.9058 0.6324 0.5469
0.1270 0.0975 0.9575
Some examples for other matrix variables:

A(i,:) - Defines the i-th row of the matrix A.
A(:,j) - Defines the j-th column of the matrix A.
A’ - Returns the transpose of the matrix A.
tril(A) - Returns the lower triangular part of the matrix A.
triu(A) - Returns the upper triangular part of the matrix A.
Det(A) - Returns the determinant of the matrix A.
Inv(A) - Returns the inverse of the matrix A.
[A,B,C,. . .] - Defines the matrix formed by the matrices A, B, C, . . .
Numerical Computation with MATLAB Matrix Operations
Matrix Operations
Sum of matrices A and B: Difference of matrices A and B:

Product of matrices A and B: Product of a scalar with matrix A:

Determinant of matrix F: Inverse of matrix F:

Numerical Computation with MATLAB Elementary Row Operation
Recall, the following 3 × 3 system of linear equations:
3x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 8
2x1 − x2 + 4x3 = 5
4x1 − 2x2 + 2x3 = 10
can be written in matrix form:

    
3 2 1 x1 8
2 −1 4 x2  =  5 
4 −2 2 x3 10
To solve for x, we start with the augmented matrix [A b] and perform

forward elimination by finding EROs to get it to rref.

Numerical Computation with MATLAB Elementary Row Operation
In MATLAB, to solve Ax = b, we begin by augmenting [A b]:
MATLAB has a function rref to

reduce:
The answer is x1 = 2.5714,

x2 = 0.1429, and x3 = 0.

Numerical Computation with MATLAB Vector
Vector
A vector variable on n elements can be defines in MATLAB in the

following ways:
>> V = [v1 v2 v3 . . . vn ]
>> V = [v1 , v2 , v3 , . . ., vn ]
Once a vector variable has been

defined, MATLAB enables
many ways to insert, extract,
renumber and generally
manipulate its elements.
For example, to calculate the
norm of a vector:

Numerical Computation with MATLAB Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Returns the diagonal matrix D of

eigenvalues of A, and a matrix V
whose columns are the
corresponding eigenvectors, so
that A ∗ V = V ∗ D.

Numerical Computation with MATLAB Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Returns the diagonal matrix D of

eigenvalues of A, and a matrix V
whose columns are the
corresponding eigenvectors, so
that A ∗ V = V ∗ D.
 
−0.2320
λ1 = 16.1168, v1 = −0.5253
−0.8187
 
−0.7858
λ2 = −1.1168, v2 = −0.0868
0.6123
 
0.4082
λ3 = −0.0000, v3 = −0.8165
0.4082
We have covered:

Introduction

Matrix Variables
Matrix Operations
Vector

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Introduction to Logic I

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Lecture 6

Department of Intelligent Computing & Analytics

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 1 / 34

1 MATLAB Introduction and Working Environment

2 Numerical Computation with MATLAB

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 2 / 34

1 MATLAB Introduction and Working Environment

2 Numerical Computation with MATLAB

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 3 / 34

MATLAB started as an interactive program for doing matrix calculations

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 4 / 34

The MATLAB Working Environment

The following table summarizes the main components of the MATLAB

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 5 / 34

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 6 / 34

The MATLAB Prompt >>

This means that MATLAB is waiting for further instructions.

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 7 / 34

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 8 / 34

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 9 / 34

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 10 / 34

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 11 / 34

In addition, support can also be obtained via MATLAB commands.

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 12 / 34

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 13 / 34

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 14 / 34

Operators and Precedence

There are many operators in MATLAB which can be used in expressions.

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 15 / 34

Clear Command Window and Workspace

Use ‘clc’ to clear the command window.

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 16 / 34

1 MATLAB Introduction and Working Environment

2 Numerical Computation with MATLAB

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 17 / 34

Basic Numerical Computation

You can use MATLAB as a powerful numerical computer.

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 18 / 34

For example, we simply calculate 4 + 7 to obtain the result 11. To do

We can also work with complex number.

Variables and Assignment Statements

MATLAB does not require a command to declare variables.

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 21 / 34

MATLAB displays the matrix:

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 22 / 34

Similarly we can define an array of variable dimension (m × n).

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 23 / 34

eye(n) - Creates the identity matrix of order n.

ones(n) - Creates the matrix of order m × n with all its elemets

rand(n) - Creates a uniform random matrix of order n.

Some examples for other matrix variables:

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 26 / 34

Product of matrices A and B: Product of a scalar with matrix A:

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 27 / 34

Determinant of matrix F: Inverse of matrix F:

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 28 / 34

Elementary Row Operation

Recall, the following 3 × 3 system of linear equations:

can be written in matrix form:

To solve for x, we start with the augmented matrix [A b] and perform

Dr. Wanie MY BITI 1213 L06: Intro to Matlab 29 / 34

In MATLAB, to solve Ax = b, we begin by augmenting [A b]: