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FACTS is defined by the IEEE as “A power electronic based system and other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.
TSSC (Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor), which permits a discrete control of the
capacitive reactance.
Series controllers inject voltage in series with the line and the shunt controllers inject
current into the system at the point of connection.
5. What are the objectives of FACTS? (May/June 2007), (May/June 2013) (April 2014)
FACTS technologies allow for improved transmission system operation with minimal
infrastructure investment, environmental impact, and implementation time compared to the
construction of new transmission lines.
8. What are the applications of FACTS devices? (Nov/Dec 2007) (Nov/Dec 2014)
i) Power Transmission.
9. What are the different power electronic switching devices? (May/June 2010)
Reactive power control for a line is often called reactive power compensation.
11. What is compensator?
External devices or subsystems that control reactive power on transmission lines are
known as compensators.
a) Shunt compensation
b) Series compensation
If the effective reactance of a line is controlled by inserting a series capacitor, and if the
line terminal voltages are held unchanged.
A shunt capacitor is connected at the midpoint of the line so this is called shunt
compensation.
A power electronics-based system and other static equipment that provide control of one
or more ac transmission system parameters.
20. What are the different types of compensation schemes? (May/June 2010)
a) Load compensation
b) System compensation
It is possible to compensate for the reactive current Ix of the load by adding a parallel
capacitive load so that Ic = - Ix . Doing so causes the effective power factor of the combination to
become unity. This condition is called load compensation.
To regulate the receiving-end voltage at the rated value, a power utility may install a
reactive power compensator.
The voltage magnitudes at the ends of a line are equal, that is V s = Vr =V, the line is said
to be symmetrical.
24. What is SIL?
Fixed inductor and capacitor are employed to absorb or generate reactive power is called
passive control.
An active var control is produced when its reactive power is changed irrespective of the
terminal voltage to which the var controller is connected.
3. Explain the objective of FACTS controllers in the power system netwotk. (May/June 2007)
4. Derive the expression for active as well as reactive power flow in a lossless transmission line
and draw its necessary phasor diagram.
12. Give the complete analysis of lossless distributed parameter transmission lines and derived
power equations for symmetrical case. (April 2014)
UNIT-II
SVC AND APPLICATIONS
TWO MARKS Q & A
1. Define the term Static Var Compensators SVC (May/June 2008, Nov/Dec.2008)
What is the Objective of SVC? (Nov/Dec 2014)
A shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange
capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical
power system.
2. What is linear range of SVC control?
This is the control range over which svc terminal voltage varies linearly with SVC
current or reactive power, as the latter is varied over its entire capacitive to inductive range.
It is the ratio of voltage magnitude change to current magnitude change over the linear
controlled range of the compensator.
i) Substantially reduces the reactive-power rating of the svc for achieving nearly the same
control objectives.
ii) Prevents the SVC from reaching its reactive-power limits too frequently
iii) Facilitates the sharing of reactive power among multiple compensators operating in
parallel.
The SVC traverses outside the linear controllable range on inductive side, the SVC enters
the overload Zone. It behaves like a fixed inductor.
To prevent the thyristor valves from being subjected to excessive thermal stress, the
maximum inductive current in the overload range is constrained to a constant value by an
additional control action.
It has been proven that the midpoint of transmission line is the optimal location of SVC.
This proof is based on the linear load which is not valid practically. For non-linear load model it
was found that the best location for advanced static var compensator close to the receiving end
where a wide range of reactive power could be controlled.
2. Higher Capacity.
* Generation Rescheduling.
15. What are symptoms of voltage collapse?
The main symptoms of voltage collapse are low voltage profiles, heavy reactive power
flows, inadequate reactive support, and heavily loaded systems.
16. Draw the power angle curve of SMIB system with midpoint SVC. (May/June 2013)
(Nov/Dec 2014)
17. Draw the block diagram of SVC voltage regulator in integrated current droop form.
(May/June 2013)
Bus voltage,
Line current,
Reactance
Susceptance
Unit 2
SVC AND APPLICATIONS
Sixteen Marks Q & A
5. Discuss the role of SVC in the enhancement of power system damping. (May/June 2008)
9. Explain how SVC can be used to enhance the power transfer capacity of a transmission line
(Nov/Dec 2012)
10. Explain the different applications of SVC. (Nov/Dec 2008)
11. Explain the design of voltage regulator in detail. (May/June 2008) (Nov/Dec 2008)
12. Derive the voltage and power expression in SVC. (Nov/Dec 2014)
13. Explain the Prevention of Voltage instability. (Nov/Dec 2014)
14. Explain how an SVC can be used to enhance the steady state power transfer capacity of a
transmission line. (April 2014)
15. Using Power angle curves, explain how SVC enhances transient stability of a power system.
(April 2014)
UNIT-III
TCSC & APPLICATIONS
Two Marks Q & A
1. Draw the V-I capability cures for single module TCSC (May 2007, 2008)
2. What are the indications of voltage collapse points? (May/June 2012)
The main indications of voltage collapse are low voltage profiles, heavy reactive power
flows, inadequate reactive support, and heavily loaded systems.
4. What are the two basic approaches for controllable series compensation? (Nov/Dec
2012)
TSSC (Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor), which permits a discrete control of the
capacitive reactance.
TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) Which offers a continuous control of
capacitive or inductive reactance.
5. What are the modes of operation in TCSC? (May/June 2008) (Nov/Dec 2012)
In this mode, the thyristors are made to fully conduct with an conduction angle of 180
degree.
10. How is the variation of capacitive reactance is achieved in TCSC? (Nov/Dec 2008)
By varying the firing angle of the anti-parallel thyristors that are connected in series with
a reactor in the TCR, the fundamental frequency inductive reactance of the TCR can be changed.
This affects a change in the reactance of the TCSC and it can be controlled to produce either
inductive or capacitive reactance.
11. How is voltge instability identified in the power system? (May 2007)
Insufficient reactive capacity of power system during disturbance like line outage
contingencies.
This mode allows the TCSC to behave either as a continuously controllable capacitive
reactance or as a continuously controllable inductive reactance. It is achieved by varying the
thyristor pair firing angle in an appropriate range.
In this mode, also known as waiting mode, the firing pulses to the thyristor valves are
blocked.
A TCSC involves continuous time dynamics, relating to voltages and currents in the
capacitor and reactor, and nonlinear, discrete switching behavior of thyristor.
ii) Additional losses in the compensated line from the enhanced power flow..
iii) Increased responsiveness of power flow in the series compensated line from the
outage of other lines in the system.
22. Mention the disadvantages of fixed series compensation of the transmission line.
(April 2014)
The reactive power increases as the square of line current.
Cost of series capacitors is almost twice as costly as shunt capacitors because of their
high operating voltage.
Unit 3
TCSC and its APPLICATIONS
Sixteen Marks
3. What are the advantages of TCSC. Explain the modes of operation in TCSC.
(April 2014) (May/June 2007)
4. Explain with a neat sketch and waveforms the TCSC type of series controller.
5. Enumerate the modeling of TCSC to enhance the system stability (May/June 2007)
9. Discuss the modeling of TCSC for various power system studies in detail (Nov/Dec 2012)
10. Describe the capability of TCSC in improving transient stability, power oscillation damping
and voltage stability applications. (Nov/Dec 2012)
12. Explain the expression of TCSC for the time interval (-ß˂wt˂ß) (Nov/Dec 2014)
13. with a neat block diagram, explain the variable reactance model of the TCSC and derive the
transient stability and long term stability model. (April 2014)
UNIT-IV
iv) Ability control not only reactive power but if needed control active power also.
3. How the reactive power compensation is done using STATCOM. (Nov/Dec 2008)
By controlling the magnitude of the STATCOM voltage, the reactive power exchange
between the STATCOM and transmission line and hence the amount of shunt compensation can
be controlled.
5. State the salient features of UPFC? (May/June 2012) (May/June 2008) (Nov/Dec 2008)
The UPFC is representative of the last generation of FACTS devices which can control
simultaneously all three parameters of line power flow (line impedance, voltage and phase
angle)
STATCOM SVC
It acts as a voltage source behind a reactance. It acts as a variable susceptance.
It is insensitive to transmission system Harmonic resonance.
harmonics.
Large dynamics range Smaller dynamic range
IPFC: Equalize both active and reactive power flow between the lines
Compensate against resistive line voltage drops and the corresponding reactive power
demand.
The real power is supplied from or absorbed by, the DC energy storage device called dc
link.
15. State the basic UPFC Power flow control function. (April 2014)
VAR Control Mode: The reference input is an inductive or capacitive VAR request.
Automatic Voltage Control Mode: The goal is to maintain the transmission line voltage at
the connection point to a reference value.
AC electrical loads where the voltage and current waveforms are sinusoidal. The current
at any time is proportional to voltage. Linear Loads are:
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT CAPACITORS, INDESCENT LAMPS, HEATERS
Unit 4
EMERGING FACTS CONTROLLERS
10. Explain the working of STATCOM. Compare its performance with SVC. (May/June 2013)
11. Explain in detail about the modeling procedure of UPFC in power flow studies
(May/June 2007) (May/June 2013)
12. Explain the protection of UPFC. (Nov/Dec 2014)
13. Derive the Expression of UPFC Connected at midpoint. (Nov/Dec 2014)
14. Draw the configuration of UPFC implementation using two back to back connected VSC
with a common DC Link. (April 2014)
15. Explain the steady state UPFC model for power flow studies. (April 2014)
UNIT-V
FACTS controllers interact unfavorably with one another. Controller interactions can
occur in the following combination