Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE

International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation

August 5 - 8, 2007, Harbin, China

0RGHOLQJ DQG 6LPXODWLRQ DERXW DQ (OHFWULF

&DU¶V 5HJHQHUDWLYH %UDNLQJ 6\VWHP
=XRZX 'LQJ DQG 'RQJELDR =KDR =XRZX 'LQJ DQG -LDQPLQ =XR
&ROOHJH RI 0HFKDQLFDO(OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ -LDQJVX .H\ /DERUDWDU\ RI $GYDQFHG 1XPHULFDO
1DQMLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI $HURQDXWLFV DQG $VWURQDXWLFV &RQWURO 7HFKQRORJ\ 1DQMLQJ ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\
 <XGDR 6W1DQMLQJ &KLQD  0RIDQ]KRQJOX 6W 1DQMLQJ &KLQD
]GK[G]Z#QMLWHGXFQ ]GK[G]Z#QMLWHGXFQ

$EVWUDFW  $ NLQG RI UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP RI DQ
HOHFWULF FDU LV VWXGLHG LQ WKH SDSHU 7KH FDU
FDU¶¶V VSHHG DFFHOHUDWLRQ
DFFXPXODWRU¶¶V SUHVVXUH DQG YROXPH DUH VLPXODWHG
WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU
ZLWK 0DWODE ZKLOH WKH HOHFWULF FDU LV EUDNLQJ RU DFFHOHUDWLQJ IURP
VWRS 7KH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU FDQ DEVRUE DOO RI WKH EUDNLQJ
HQHUJ\ ZKHQ EUDNLQJ DQG WKH HQHUJ\ VWRUHG LQ WKH K\GUDXOLF
DFFXPXODWRU FDQ GULYH WKH HOHFWULF FDU WR D FHUWDLQ VSHHG VR DV WR
FXUUHQW
PDNH WKH GULYLQJ PRWRU VWDUW ZLWK ORZ FXUUHQW
,QGH[ 7HUPV  (OHFWULF &DU 5HJHQHUDWLYH %UDNLQJ +\GUDXOLF
$FFXPXODWRU 'ULYLQJ 0RWRU
0RWRU
, ,1752'8&7,21
,Q WKH XUEDQ RI PDMRU FLWLHV WRR PDQ\ WUDIILF OLJKWV
IRUFH HOHFWULF FDUV WR EUDNH DQG DFFHOHUDWH IUHTXHQWO\
$FFRUGLQJ WR VWDWLVWLFV DQ HOHFWULF FDU¶V EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ FDQ
DFFRXQW IRU  RI WKH WRWDO HQHUJ\ LQ LWV ZKROH SURFHVV
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ ZD\V WR EH XVHG LQ D EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\
UHJHQHUDWLYH V\VWHP 7KH EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ FDQ EH VWRUHG IRU D
ORQJ WLPH LQ WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU DQG WKH V\VWHP FDQ
SURYLGH KLJK SRZHU GHQVLW\ DQG KLJK WRUTXH VR LW LV WKH EHVW
ZD\ WR VWRUH WKH EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ ZLWK WKH K\GUDXOLF V\VWHP >@
:KHQ WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU DQG WKH SXPSPRWRU DUH
FHUWDLQ IRU WKH EUDNLQJ UHJHQHUDWLYH V\VWHP WKH SDUDPHWHUV RI
WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V VSHHG DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG RWKHU UHOHYDQW
SDUDPHWHUV FDQ EH VLPXODWHG )LJ LV D K\GUDXOLF UHJHQHUDWLYH
EUDNLQJ V\VWHP RI DQ HOHFWULF FDU >@ )URP )LJ ZH FDQ VHH
WKDW WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RI WKH RULJLQDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ V\VWHP DQG
WKH K\GUDXOLF UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP DUH SDUDOOHO
6RPH SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH HOHFWULF FDU VWXGLHG LQ WKH SDSHU
DUH VKRZQ LQ WDEOH 
ZKHHO
GULYLQJPRWRU

DX[LOLDU\JHDU

JHDUER[

UHDUD[OH
:KHQ UXQQLQJ LQ XUEDQ LI DQ HOHFWULF FDU KDYH QR UHJHQHUDWLYH
EUDNLQJ V\VWHP WKH EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ ZLOO EH ZDVWHG ZLWKRXW GULYLQJVKLIW
EHLQJ XVHG DQG LQ WKH DFFHOHUDWLQJ SURFHVV WKH EDWWHU\¶V FOXWFK
FXUUHQW PD\ UHDFK DV KLJK DV  DPSHUH >@ >@ 
7KHUH DUH UHSRUWV DERXW XVLQJ PRWRU WR FRQYHUW EXV¶
FRQWUROHU
HOHFWULF

EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ LQWR HOHFWULF DQG VWRUH WKH HOHFWULFLW\ LQ FRQVWDQWGHOLYHU\

SXPSPRWRU
EDWWHULHV >@ %XW WKHUH LV QR UHSRUW DERXW XVLQJ K\GUDXOLF
DFFXPXODWRU WR FROOHFW EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ LQ HOHFWULF FDUV >@ >@ K\GUDXOLF
5HJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP PDLQO\ FRQWDLQV K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU
SXPSPRWRU K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU HOHFWULF FRQWUROOHU DQG )LJ +\GUDXOLF UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP
RWKHU FRPSRQHQWV :KHQ DQ HOHFWULF FDU EUDNHV RU GHFHOHUDWHV
WUDQVPLVVLRQ VKDIW GULYHV K\GUDXOLF SXPS XQGHU WKH LQHUWLD WKH 7$%/( ,
HOHFWULF FDU¶V EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ LV VWRUHG DYRLGLQJ WKH ZDVWH RI 3$5$0(7(56 2) 7+( &$5
WKH EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\ :KHQ VWDUWLQJ WR DFFHOHUDWH WKH HOHFWULF 3RZHU
7LUH 0RGHO
0D[LPXP DXWKRUL]HG :LQG DUHD
FDU UHOHDVHV WKH VWRUHG HQHUJ\ DQG SURPRWHV WKH K\GUDXOLF N: WRWDO PDVV NJ P
PRWRU URWDWH 7KH K\GUDXOLF PRWRU FDQ GULYH WKH HOHFWULF FDU WR  5  îî
UXQ :KHQ WKH HOHFWULF FDU LV GULYHQ WR D FHUWDLQ VSHHG WKH
GULYLQJ PRWRU VWDUWV WR ZRUN :KHQ WKH HOHFWULF FDU LV VWDUWLQJ ,, ,'(17,)< 7+( +<'5$8/,& $&&808/$725
DW D KLJK VSHHG WKH GULYLQJ PRWRU QHHG YHU\ ORZ FXUUHQW WKHQ $1' 7+( 380302725¶6 3$5$0(7(56
WKH FXUUHQW RI WKH EDWWHULHV¶ FDQ EH YHU\ ORZ &RPSDULQJ ZLWK
+\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRUV DUH VWDQGDUG GHYLFH DQG KDYH
ODUJH YHKLFOHV DQ HOHFWULF FDU¶V TXDOLW\ LV PXFK VPDOOHU DQG
GLIIHUHQW YROXPHV $Q HOHFWULF FDU KDV QRW WRR PXFK VSDFH WR
WKH UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP FDQ EH PDGH PXFK VPDOOHU WR
EH XVHG IRU LQVWDOOLQJ K\GUDXOLF V\VWHP :H FKRVH D /
PHHW WKH QHHG
K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU 7KH LQLWLDO SUHVVXUH RI LW LV S 03D
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
$FNQRZOHJHPHQWV 7R DYRLG WKH SLVWRQ VWULNLQJ WKH FRYHU RI WKH K\GUDXOLF
, ZRXOG OLNH WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH ILQDQFLDO DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO VXSSRUW IURP DFFXPXODWRU DQG IRU WKH VDIHW\ RI WKH V\VWHP WKH ORZHVW
1DQMLQJ ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ RQ WKH IXQG WR VWXG\ WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V ZRUNLQJ SUHVVXUH RI WKH K\GUDXOLF V\VWHP LV VHW WR
UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP
&RUUHVSRQGLQJ DXWKRU 7HO  
S 03D +\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU KDV GLIIHUHQW PD[LPDO
(PDLO DGGUHVV]GK[G]Z#QMLWHGXFQ

1-4244-0828-8/07/$20.00 © 2007 IEEE. 1705

SUHVVXUH YDOXH ,Q WKH SDSHU WKH PD[LPDO SUHVVXUH RI WKH ZKHQ EUDNLQJ 1 )Z LV WKH ZLQG UHVLVWDQFH 1 ZKLOH ) I  
DFFXPXODWRU LV 0SD
) I  DUH WKH ZKHHOV¶ IULFWLRQ UHVLVWDQFH ZKHQ UROOLQJ RQ WKH
)URP WKHRUHWLFDO DQDO\VLV K\GUDXOLF UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ
V\VWHP UHTXLUHV YDULDEOH SXPSPRWRU %XW YDULDEOH JURXQG 1 DQG )E LV WKH K\GUDXOLF 3XPS¶V WRUTXH WUDQVIHUUHG
SXPSPRWRU¶V YROXPH LV WRR ODUJH DQG WKH VSHHG UHJXODU LV WR WKH ZKHHO 1
FRPSOLFDWHG ,W LV QRW EH ILWWHG WR EH XVHG DV WKH HQHUJ\  
FRQYHUWHU ,Q WKH SDSHU ZH XVH DQ DQJOH IL[HG GLVSODFHPHQW  6, Z  , I L J L K7
G   G  G     
SXPSPRWRU 7KH DQJOH IL[HG GLVSODFHPHQW SXPSPRWRU KDV P U P U
WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI FRPSDFW OLJKWZHLJKW DQG VR RQ ,W LV :LWK , Z  ZKHHO URWDWLRQDO LQHUWLD NJÂP , I  IO\ZKHHO
VXLWDEOH WR DFW DV UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP¶V HQHUJ\
FRQYHUWHU 7KH SXPSPRWRU¶V PRGHO LV $): DQG WKH
WKHRU\ RI GLVSODFHPHQW LV 9J î/U
,,,  02'(/,1* $1' 6,08/$7,1*
5(/(9$17 3$5$0(7(56 :+(1 %5$.,1*
:KHQ WKH SXPSPRWRU DQG WKH DFFXPXODWRU DUH FHUWDLQ
WKH K\GUDXOLF SXPSPRWRU¶V HPLVVLRQ LV IL[HG ,I WKH
URWDWLRQDO LQHUWLD NJÂP L  UHDU D[OH UHGXFWLRQ UDWLR L J 
UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH K\GUDXOLF V\VWHP DQG WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ
%HFDXVH UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP LV ZRUNLQJ XQGHU
QHXWUDO SRVLWLRQ WKH URWDWLRQDO LQHUWLD RI WKH IO\ZKHHO LV ]HUR
G   7KH H[DFW YDOXH RI , Z LV QRW NQRZQ 5HI >@ G 
G  
9J S
FRXQWHUSDUWV UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH SUHVVXUH RI WKH K\GUDXOLF 7  
KP
DQG WKH SXPS¶V RXWSXW WRUTXH LV NQRZQ WKHQ WKH FDU¶V HQHUJ\
UHFRYHU\ SURFHVV WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU¶V SDUDPHWHUV FDQ ZLWK K P  PHFKDQLFDO HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH SXPS S  DEVROXWH
EH VLPXODWHG ,Q WKH VWDWH RI VWRULQJ HQHUJ\ WKH SXPSPRWRU LV GLIIHUHQWLDO YDOXH EHWZHHQ WKH SXPS¶V LQWDNH DQG RXWOHW
XVHG DV SXPS )LJ VKRZV WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V IRUFH GLDJUDP SUHVVXUH 03D ,JQRUH WKH SUHVVXUH ORVV
ZKHQ EUDNLQJ RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO URDG 7KH FRPSRVLWH IRUFH RQ 3XW )RUPXOD  LQWR )RUPXOD  VR
WKH KRUL]RQWDO LV ]HUR  7 LK
GPD  & ' $U>Y   Y  DW   @  PJI   7  
6)[   U
Ÿ ) M  )Z  ) I   ) I   )E   ZKHUH
W
:KHUH
)M GPD 
Y ³
Y  DGW


ZLWK Y LQLWLDO VSHHG RI WKH HOHFWULF FDU ZKHQ EUDNLQJ PV

)Z & ' $UY    7KH SXPS¶V URWDU\ VSHHG LV Q 

YL
) I   ) I  PJI   Q  
SU
)E 7LK7  U  :LWK L  L L ˜ LJ 
7KH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU EDOORRQ¶V YROXPH LV 9 /
9 9  '9  
ZLWK 9  YROXPH RI WKH EDOORRQ / ZKHQ WKH
)M )Z
DFFXPXODWRU¶V EDOORRQ SUHVVXUH LV S 0SD '9  7KH
K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU EDOORRQ¶V UHGXFLQJ YROXPH /
* W
'9 ³ Q9 GW

J 
7KH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU EDOORRQ¶V SUHVVXUH LV S
) I
) I )E 0SD
 
N
)LJ 7KH FDU¶V IRUFH GLDJUDP ZKHQ EUDNLQJ RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO URDG 9
S S
 
ZLWK G  URWDWLQJ TXDOLW\ FRQYHUVLRQ IDFWRU >@ P  WKH 9
HOHFWULF FDU¶ V ORDG ZLWK TXDOLW\ NJ D  EUDNLQJ DFFHOHUDWLRQ ZLWK N  H[SRQHQW RI FKDQJLQJ VWDWH >@ 'XH WR WKH WLPH RI DLU
PV & '  DLU UHVLVWDQFH FRHIILFLHQW $  IURQW IDFH DUHD P LQIODWLQJ DQG GHIODWLQJ LV YHU\ VKRUW WKH FRQGLWLRQ RI DLU
U  DLU GHQVLW\  U  1ÂVP >@ Y  GULYLQJ VSHHG PV LQIODWLQJ DQG GHIODWLQJ LV VXSSRVHG WR EH LQ WKH SURFHVV RI KHDW
LQVXODWLRQ
I  UROOLQJUHVLVWDQFH FRHIILFLHQW %HFDXVH WKH HOHFWULF FDU
3XW  LQWR 
RIWHQ UXQ RQ FHPHQW SDYHPHQW RU DVSKDOW SDYHPHQW I  
GPD  & ' $U Y   DW    PJI 
7  WRUTXH RI WKH SXPS 1΢P L  GULYH UDWLR K7  WUDQVIHU 
HIILFLHQF\ U  ZKHHO UDGLXV  U P ) M  WKH LQHUWLDO IRUFH

1706
 9J LK7 9J L
N FRQVLGHUDEOH PRPHQW WKDW PD\ GULYH WKH HOHFWULF FDU ,Q WKLV
 
S9N ˜ 9   Y W  DW    FDVH WKH K\GUDXOLF RLO ZLOO IORZ EDFNZDUGV 7KLV FDVH PXVW EH
KP U SU  DYRLGHG VR ZH DGG FRQGLWLRQ '9 • LQWR )LJ
,Q  DFFHOHUDWLRQ YDOXH FKDQJHV ZLWK WKH SDUDPHWHU RI 7KH HOHFWULF FDU¶V HFRQRPLFDO LQGH[ LV SUHGLFWHG E\ WKH
WLPH %XW WLPH FRQWDLQV DFFHOHUDWLRQ SRZHU H[SRQHQW N  WKHRU\ RI  UXQQLQJ PRGHOV >@ )URP WKH  UXQQLQJ
VR WKH H[SUHVVLRQ RI DFFHOHUDWLRQ FDQ QRW EH ILJXUHG RXW E\ PRGHOV 5HI >@ DQ HOHFWULF FDU¶V PD[LPXP VSHHG LV NPK
WUDGLWLRQDO PHWKRG %\ DSSUR[LPDWH DQDO\VLV ZH FKDQJH  DQG LWV¶ DFFHOHUDWLRQ UDQJH LV EHWZHHQ PV DQG PV
LQWR DQRWKHU IRUP DV IROORZ 6XSSRVLQJ WKH UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP VWRSV ZRUNLQJ
 ZKHQ Y NPK WKHQ WKH NLQHWLF HQHUJ\ WKDW FDQ QRW EH
GPD  & ' $U Y   DW    PJI  UHF\FOHG RQO\ WDNHV XS  RI WKH NLQHWLF HQHUJ\ DW WKH

N EHJLQQLQJ RI EUDNLQJ ,I UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP ZRUNV
9J LK7 9J L   DIWHU WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V VSHHG LV EHORZ  NPK WKH UHF\FOH
S9N ˜ 9   Y W  DW  F 
KPU SU  HIILFLHQF\ ZLOO EH TXLWH ORZ ,Q RUGHU WR UHIOHFW WKH
UHSUHVHQWDWLYH EUDNLQJ FRXUVH RI HOHFWULF FDUV XQGHU XUEDQ
,Q  SDUDPHWHU WLPH LV GLYLGHG LQWR LQILQLWH SDUWV E\ WKH
ZRUNLQJ FRQGLWLRQ HQVXUH WKH VDIHW\ DQG VWDEOHQHVV D EUDNLQJ
VWHS OHQJWK GW  )LJ VKRZV WKH GHWDLOV IRU WKH VROXWLRQ RI
FRXUVH LV DQDO\VHG DV IROORZV
DFFHOHUDWLRQ YDOXH DQG RWKHU SDUDPHWHUV
7KH HOHFWULF FDU¶V LQLWLDO VSHHG LV Y NPK ZKHQ
6WDUW UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP VWDUWV WR ZRUN :KHQ WKH
UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP VWRSV ZRUNLQJ WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V
)LJXUH RXW 9 ZKHQ S 03D VSHHG LV NPK 7KH DYHUDJH DFFHOHUDWLRQ LV D PV
)LJ VKRZV WKH VLPXODWLQJ FKDUW RI WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V
,QLWLDOL]H Sˈ6 DQG GW DFFHOHUDWLRQ VSHHG DQG WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU¶V SUHVVXUH
YROXPH ZLWK WKH FKDQJH RI WLPH ZKHQ EUDNLQJ
1
¨9 •
<

,QLWLDOL]H WˈFˈD DQG 7

)LJXUH RXW S

1
F!

<
D DGD

)LJXUH RXW 7

)LJXUH RXW F

)LJ 6LPXODWLQJ FKDUW RI WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V DFFHOHUDWLRQ

)LJXUH RXW GYˈYˈQˈ VSHHG DQG WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU¶V SUHVVXUH
G9ˈ9ˈG6 DQG 6 YROXPH ZLWK WKH FKDQJH RI WLPH ZKHQ EUDNLQJ
$FFRUGLQJ WR )LJ ZH FDQ GUDZ WKH IROORZLQJ
'UDZ DˈYˈS DQG 9 FRQFOXVLRQV
DW WKH WLPH RI W ,W WDNHV  VHFRQGV IRU DQ HOHFWULF FDU WR GHFHOHUDWH IURP
NPK WR NPK 7KH DYHUDJH DFFHOHUDWLRQ YDOXH LV 
PV ZKLFK LV TXLWH FORVH WR WKH UHTXLUHG YDOXH D 
)LJXUH RXW 6 PV 7KH 0D[LPXP SUHVVXUH DW WKH HQG RI FRPSUHVVLQJ
FRXUVH LV SPD[ 03D ZKLFK LV DOVR FORVH WR WKH PD[LPDO
)LJXUH RXW DYHUDJH GHFHOHUDWLRQ YDOXH
YDOXH 03D 7KH EDOORRQ¶V YROXPH LV 9PLQ / $OO
SDUDPHWHUV PHHW WKH WHFKQLFDO UHTXLUHPHQW EHLQJ H[SHFWHG
(QG
,9 02'(/,1* $1' 6,08/$7,1* &255(/$7,9(
)LJ )ORZ FKDUW IRU FRPSXWLQJ SDUDPHWHUV LQ EUDNLQJ SKDV 3$5$0(7(56 2) 7+( &$5 :+(1 $&&(/(5$7,1*
:KHQ WKH SUHVVXUH RI WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU¶V EDOORRQ
UHDFKHV D FHUWDLQ YDOXH WKH DFFXPXODWRU FDQ SURYLGH D

1707
 %\ WHVWLQJ ZKHQ WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V VSHHG LV XS WR NPK ,W FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH K\GUDXOLF V\VWHP¶V JHQHUDO
WKH GULYLQJ PRWRU FDQ GULYH WKH HOHFWULF FDU ZLWK YHU\ ORZ SDUDPHWHUV FDQ PDNH WKH HOHFWULF FDU SHHG XS WR NPK
FXUUHQW 6XSSRVLQJ WKH GULYLQJ FDU GRHVQ¶W ZRUN DW WKH
EHJLQQLQJ RQO\ XVH WKH FRPSUHVVHG 1 LQ WKH K\GUDXOLF
DFFXPXODWRU WR PDNH LW VWDUW )LJ LV WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V IRUFH
GLDJUDP ZKHQ DFFHOHUDWLQJ RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO URDG

)M

) I )E ) I
1 1
)LJ 7KH HOHFWULF FDU¶V IRUFH GLDJUDP
ZKHQ DFFHOHUDWLQJ RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO URDG
'XULQJ WKH DFFHOHUDWLQJ SURFHVV WKH FRQWURO V\VWHP RI WKH )LJ 6LPXODWLQJ FKDUW RI WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V DFFHOHUDWLRQ
VSHHG DQG WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU¶V SUHVVXUH
UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP OLPLWV WKH PD[LPXP VSHHG RI WKH YROXPH ZLWK WKH FKDQJH RI WLPH ZKHQ DFFHOHUDWLQJ
HOHFWULF FDU DW NPK 7KH DLU IULFWLRQ LV QRW UHPDUNDEOH
GXULQJ WKLV FRXUVH VR LW FDQ EH LJQRUHG 9 &2175$67,1* 3$5$0(7(56 %(7:((1
7KH FRPSRVLWH IRUFH RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO LV ]HUR %5$.,1* $1' $&&(/(5$7,1* &2856(
6)[ 
)LJ LV WKH FRQWUDVW GLDJUDP RI WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V UXQQLQJ
Ÿ )E  ) M  ) I   ) I   GLVWDQFH UXQQLQJ VSHHG GXULQJ EUDNLQJ DQG DFFHOHUDWLQJ
7K7 L SKDVHV
ŸD  IJ   )URP )LJ ZH FDQ GUDZ WKH FRQFOXVLRQV
UP
7KH EUDNLQJ GLVWDQFH LV ORQJHU WKDQ WKH DFFHOHUDWLQJ
ZLWK 7 WKH GULYLQJ PRWRU¶V RXWSXW WRUTXH 1΢P
GLVWDQFH 7KH HOHFWULF FDU VWDUWV EUDNLQJ ZKHQ WKH VSHHG LV
7 9J SK P   NPK DQG WKH UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP FDQ VWRUH HQRXJK
W HQHUJ\ WKDW PD\ VWDUW XS WKH HOHFWULF FDU WR NPK
Y ³ DGW


YL
Q  
SU
W
'9 ³

Q9J GW 

9 9P  '9  
ZLWK 9P  WKH ILQDO YROXPH RI WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU¶V
EDOORRQ
5HODWHG SDUDPHWHU VLPXODWLRQ IRU WKH HOHFWULF FDU ZLWK
UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP LV LQ )LJ  )LJ 7KH FRQWUDVW RI WKH HOHFWULF FDU¶V UXQQLQJ GLVWDQFH
&RQFOXVLRQV FDQ EH GUDZQ IURP )LJ DV IROORZV UXQQLQJ VSHHG GXULQJ EUDNLQJ DQG DFFHOHUDWLQJ SKDVHV
,W WDNHV  VHFRQGV IRU WKH HOHFWULF FDU WR DFFHOHUDWH IURP
NPK WR NPK DQG DW WKH HQG RI  VHFRQG WKH VSHHG 9, &21&/86,216
UHDFKHV NPK $IWHU QXPHULFDO FDOFXODWLRQ WKH DYHUDJH 7KURXJK WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH EUDNLQJ FRXUVH LW LV SURYHG
DFFHOHUDWLRQ LV  PV ZKLFK PDWFK ZLWK WKH QDWLRQDO WKDW WKH K\GUDXOLF DFFXPXODWRU GUDZ XS WKH EUDNLQJ HQHUJ\
VWDQGDUG JHQHUDOO\ +\GUDXOLF SXPS0RWRU¶V WRS URWDWLRQ UDWH GXULQJ WKH EUDNLQJ FRXUVH ,Q WKH DFFHOHUDWLQJ IURP VWRS VWDJH
LV Q  UV 9  / :KHQ Y  NPK 9  / :KHQ WKH K\GUDXOLF V\VWHP FDQ DOVR GULYH WKH HOHFWULF FDU VSHHG XS WR
Y  NPK  9  /  ZKLFK LV VPDOOHU WKDQ WKH NPK
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ YROXPH RI WKH DFFXPXODWRU¶V PLQLPXP 7KH UHJHQHUDWLYH EUDNLQJ V\VWHP FDQ PHHW WKH QHHGV
ZRUNLQJ SUHVVXUH S  03D :KHQ Y  NPK
 S  03D ZKLFK LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH PLQLPXP ZRUNLQJ
SUHVVXUH
5()(5(1&(6

1708
>@ --(VSHULOOD -)HOH]  *5RPHUR $&DUUHWHUR ³$ IXOO PRGHO IRU
VLPXODWLRQ RI HOHFWURFKHPLFDO FHOOV LQFOXGLQJ FRPSOH[ EHKDYLRU´ -RXUQDO
RI 3RZHU 6RXUFHV QR  SS  
>@ 0LNKDLO *UDQRYVNLL ,EUDKLP 'LQFHU 0DUF $5RVHQ ³(FRQRPLF DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDO FRPSDULVRQ RI FRQYHQWLRQDOK\EULGHOHFWULF DQG
K\GURJHQIXHO FHOO YHKLFOHV´ -RXUQDO RI 3RZHU 6RXUFHV QR  SS

>@ -RVHSK 5RPP ³7KH FDU DQG IXHO RI WKH IXWXUH´ (QHUJ\ 3ROLF\ QR 
SS  
>@ - 9DQ 0LHUOR  * 0DJJHWWR 3K /DWDLUH ³:KLFK HQHUJ\ VRXUFH IRU URDG
WUDQVSRUW LQ WKH IXWXUH" $ FRPSDULVRQ RI EDWWHU\ K\EULG DQG IXHO FHOO
YHKLFOHV´ (QHUJ\ &RQYHUVLRQ DQG 0DQDJHPHQW QR  SS 

>@ 3 &RUER  )( &RUFLRQH ) 0LJOLDUGLQL 2 9HQHUL ³(QHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW
LQ IXHO FHOO SRZHU WUDLQV´ (QHUJ\ &RQYHUVLRQ DQG
0DQDJHPHQW QR  SS  
>@ )HQJ[LDQJ =KRX 6KLKXD <XDQ +XL /, ³%UDNLQJ HQHUJ\ UHJHQHUDWLRQ DQG
XWLOL]DWLRQ V\VWHP IRU FLW\ EXVHV´ (QHUJ\ 5HVHDUFK DQG ,QIRUPDWLRQ YRO
 QR  SS  
>@ 5HQ +H ³6WXG\ RQ 0HWKRGV RI 5HJHQHUDWLYH %UDNLQJ (QHUJ\ RI
$XWRPRELOH´ -RXUQDO RI -LDQJVX 8QLYHUVLW\1DWXUDO 6FLHQFH (GLWLRQ YRO
 QR  SS  
>@ =KLVKHQJ <X ³$XWRPRELOH WKHRU\´ &KLQD 0DFKLQH 3UHVV  SS 

>@ :HQFKXQ =KDQJ ³$XWRPRELOH WKHRU\´ &KLQD 0DFKLQH 3UHVV  SS

>@-LDQPLQJ =XR ³+\GUDXOLFV DQG DLU WUDQVODWLRQ´ &KLQD 0DFKLQH 3UHVV
 SS 
>@ %R /LX -LKRQJ 'X *XRJXDQJ 4L ³6WXG\ RQ 0HWKRGV RI 5HJHQHUDWLYH
%UDNLQJ (QHUJ\ RI HOHFWULF YHKLFOH´ $SSOLFDWLRQ RI (OHFWURQLF 7HFKQLTXH
QR  SS  

1709