VI.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Boiler and Inlet Steam Conditions

Conditions Boiler Inlet steam
Trial 1 Trial 2
Temperature(oC) 200 120 140
Pressure (psig) 47 20 34
Flow Cannot be determined Cannot be determined Cannot be determined

DISCUSSION:
In order to determine the relationship of pressure, temperature and and the steam utilized in the bare
and lagged pipes, two trials were done for the process. For the first trial, 20 psig was set at a
temperature of 120 degree Celsius. For maximization of the capacity, the pressure was then set to 34
psig at 140 degree Celsius. It was concluded that the steam was superheated when compared to
saturation temperature. Meanwhile, due to lack and unavailability of necessary equipment, the flow
of the material cannot be determined.

Table 2: Temperatures of the inlet and oulet of bare and lagged pipes
Pipe Inlet temperature (oC) Outlet Temperature (oC) Average Temperature(oC)
44 48 46
48 53 50.5
54 59 56.5
59 64 61.5
Bare Pipe 64 69 66.5
69 75 72
74 79 76.5
79 83 81
83 87 85
87 93 90
30 28 29
31 28 29.5
33 28 30.5
34 29 31.5
Insulated Pipe 36 29 32.5
 38 30 34
39 31 35
40 31 35.5
42 32 37
43 33 38

DISCUSSION:
In this table, the inlet and outlet temperature from the insulated pipes were measured. The average
temperature was computed afterwards. It can be seen that the inlet and outlet temperature increased as time
passed.

Table 3: Inlet and Outlet temperature for Bare + Lagged Pipes

Outlet Temperature Average Temperature
Pipe Inlet temperature (oC)
(oC) (oC)
44 28 36
48 28 38
54 28 41
59 29 44
Bare and 64 29 46.5
Lagged pipes 69 30 49.5
74 31 52.5
79 31 55
83 32 57.5
87 33 60

DISCUSSION:
In this table, the inlet and outlet temperature from the bare and lagged pipes were measured . The average
temperature was computed afterwards. It can be seen that the gap between the inlet and outlet temperature
was high. Meanwhile, there is still a direct relationship between the inlet and outlet temperature.

Table 3: Surface Temperature of Pipes

Pipe Surface Temperature
Inlet Outlet Average Difference
Bare Pipe 82.7 78.9 80.8 3.8
 Painted Pipe 72.85 69.6 71.225 3.25
Insulated Pipe 1 35.95 33.7 34.825 2.25
Insulated Pipe 2 35.80 32.9 34.35 2.9

DISCUSSION
Digital thermometers were utilized in order to measure the surface temperature of each pipe. The
digital thermometers were placed on the designated locations of the pipe. Before collecting the
condensate, each inlet surface temperature was measured while the outlet surface temperatures
were measured after collecting a certain amount of condensate from the pipes. The surface
temperature indicates the amount of heat that has been lost by the superheated steam as it
traverses the length of the pipe. This heat is often the consequence of the natural movement of
heat as governed the Laws of Thermodynamics and quantized by the principles in Heat Transfer.
Among the pipes being measured, the Bare pipe accumulated the highest surface temperature
while the insulated pipe 1 garnered the lowest temperature.

Table 3: Temperature and volume of condensate during the ten trials and was taken 1 minute in
each trial for Bare pipe
Trial Temperature of Volume of
no. Condensate (oC) Condensate (mL)
1 44 92
2 48 93
 3 54 95
4 59 102
5 69 129
6 69 150
7 74 168
8 79 185
9 83 198
10 87 223

Interpretation:
From this graph, it can be seen that there is a direct relationship between the two parameters. Every
succeeding one minute, temperature and volume of the condesate were being measured. As the
temperature increasead, the volume of the condesate also increased.

Table 4: Temperature and volume of condensate during the ten trials and was taken 1 minute in each
trial for Insulated pipe
Trial Temperature of Volume of
no. Condensate (oC) Condensate (mL)
1 30 40
2 31 40
3 33 40
4 34 40
5 36 41
6 38 38
7 39 39
 8 40 40
9 42 42
10 43 43

Intepretation:
At the first four minutes of the experiment, it can be seen from the graph that when the temperature
increased, the volume of the condensate remained constant. The volume increased a little at the fifth
minute but decreased at the succeeding minute. Meanwhile after the sixth minute, the volume increased
linearly with the temperature.

Pipe Specifications:
Bare Pipe:
Pipe inside Diameter: 0.41m
Pipe outside Diameter: 0.4395m
Pipe Thickness: 0.03m
Name of Insulator: N/A
Thermal Conductivity of Insulator: N/A
Insulation Thickness: N/A
Length of Pipe: 2.657m
Insulated Pipe :
Pipe inside Diameter: 0.41m
Pipe outside Diameter: 0.4395m
Pipe Thickness: 0.03m
Name of Insulator: N/A
Thermal Conductivity of Insulator: N/A
Insulation Thickness: N/A
Length of Pipe: 2.657m
For trial 1,
Q/m = 2243.8744 kJ/kg

k insulator = 1.338

Lagging efficiency = 56.52%

The Bare pipe has a lagging efficiency equivalent to zero since the said pipe does not possess any form
of insulation and it is the point of reference for the efficiency.

7. Calculations:
a. Insulated Pipe
For Trial 1:

At Steam: Ts = 120 ºC = 393.15K

Ps = 20 psi ~ 137.86 kPa
Cp = 1.897 kJ/kg-K
Tsaturation = 108.8 ºC = 381.95 K
Ts > Tsaturation
Therefore, steam is in superheated state

At Tsaturation = 381.95 K
Hvap = 2678.852 kJ/kg
Hliq = 456.224 kJ/kg

Heat flow rate:

Q/m = 2243.8744 kJ/kg

From Table 2,
Tave of pipe = 36ºC = 309.1 K
 k insulator = 1.338

Lagging Efficiency

Where Vb = volume of condensate in bare pipe

Vl = volume of condensate in lagged pipe (on this case, insulated pipe 1)

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