Distribution Planning Manual - EPD-M1

EPD – M1
DISTRIBUTION PLANNING
MANUAL
Issue : 0 29-02-2016 unclassified Page I

Distribution Planning Manual EPD-M1
Document Control
Department Document Type Document Title
Distribution Planning
EP Manual
Manual
Issue Approval
Prepared By Reviewed By Approved By

Nawshad Abdul Azeez
EPD Engineer
Anowar Chowdhury
Manal Hassan Al-Mousawi Manager, Electricity Network
EPD Engineer
Head of EPD Planning
Hisham Wahib
EPD Engineer
Signature: Signed Signature: Signed original filed Signature: Signed original

original filed separately separately filed separately
Issue Record
Issue No. Date Reason for issuing the manual
0.0 29-02-2016 First issue of the manual
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Review Frequency : As required

Issue : 0 29-02-2016 unclassified Page II
Table of Contents
Main Contents Page
Title Page I
Document Control & Issue Record Page II
Table of Contents |||
1. Introduction 1
2. Distribution System Design 3
3. Distribution Substation Design 29
4. Voltage Drop Calculations 66

5. Fault Level Calculations 79
6. Large Electrical Motor Loads 94
7. Protection of Underground Distribution Networks 103
8. Protection of Over Head Line Distribution Networks 120
9. Amendments 137
10. Appendices 138
Issue : 0 29-02-2016 unclassified Page III

QATAR GENERAL
ELECTRICITY & WATER CORPORATION
ELECTRICITY NETWORK AFFAIRS
PART - 1
INTRODUCTION
Issue :0 29-02-2016 unclassified Page 1

PART 1
INTRODUCTION
The Distribution Planning Manual is designed as a reference document to give the Planning
Engineers information to effectively plan Electricity Distribution Systems in Qatar.
Its contents cover Distribution System Design with worked examples on 33kV, 11kV and LV
voltage drop calculations.
Distribution substation design includes indoor and outdoors types of substations showing the
size of plot required for these substations. Protection requirements for the underground and
overhead systems are outlined and their operating principles explained.
Two appendices are included; one for tables of Electrical characteristics of cables and OHL
and the other for a copy of Engineering Recommendations P – 28.

QATAR GENERAL
PART - 2
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN

PART 2
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6

2.0 33kV Underground Cable System Design .................................................................................... 6
2.1 General Construction ..................................................................................................6
2.2 Fault Duration & Fault Withstand Capacity of Cu/XLPE Cables .........................6
2.3 Fault W/stand Capacity (approximate) of Cu/XLPE Cables For 1 sec. ..............6
2.4 Continuous Thermal Rating Considerations.............................................................7
2.5 Fault Rating of Cable Screens ...................................................................................7
2.6 Cable Size Selection ....................................................................................................8
3.0 33kV Overhead Line System Design ............................................................................................. 8
3.1 Fault level magnitudes at the source and along the 33kV OHL ..............................8
3.1.1 3-Phase fault levels .......................................................................9
3.1.2 1-Phase fault levels .........................................................................9
4.0 11kV Underground Cable System Design ............................................................................... 100
4.1 Cabling .....................................................................................................................122
4.2 Indoor Type Substation ..........................................................................................122
4.3 Open Interconnected Rings ...................................................................................122
4.4 RMU, Extensible RMU & Package Unit..............................................................122
4.5 Security of Supply ....................................................................................................133
4.6 11kV Ring System ...................................................................................................133
4.7 Operational ..............................................................................................................133
4.8 11kV Load Flows.....................................................................................................133
4.9 Fault Detection ........................................................................................................133
4.10 System Reinforcement ..........................................................................................144
4.11 Connection of Additional Substations.................................................................144
4.12 Radial Circuits ......................................................................................................144
4.13 Remote Transformers ............................................................................................144
5.0 11kV Overhead Line System Design ........................................................................................ 155
5.1 Security of Supply ...................................................................................................177
5.2 Air Break Switches .................................................................................................177
5.3 Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF)......................................................................177
5.3.1 Pole Mounted Substations ..........................................................177
5.3.2 Ground Mounted Substations .....................................................177
5.3.3 Radial 11kV Teed Circuits.........................................................177
5.3.4 Location ......................................................................................188
5.4 Lightning Arresters ..............................................................................................188
5.5 11kV Pole Mounted Auto Reclosers .......................................................................19
5.6 11kV Automatic Voltage Regulator ........................................................................19
5.7 Clip on Fault Indicators for 11kV Overhead Line ..............................................19
6.0 Low Voltage Underground Cable System Design ..................................................................... 19
6.1 Low Voltage Cables ...............................................................................................222
6.1.1 Multi-core Cables........................................................................222
6.1.2 Single Core Cables ......................................................................222
6.2 LV Mains Cables .....................................................................................................222

6.3 Cable Joints and Terminations .............................................................................233

6.4 Services from Kahramaa Low Voltage Network. ...............................................233
6.4.1 LV Services up to 200 Amps. .....................................................233
6.4.2 LV Services above 200 Amps to 400 Amps. ..............................244
6.4.3 LV Services from 400 Amps to 800 Amps. ................................244
7.1 LV supply more than 500 KVA and above. ..........................................................244
7.2 LV Supply to multi story buildings and small industrial consumers using more than
one Transformer. ....................................................................................................244
7.3 LV Supply to the private compounds. ................................................................255
8.0 Low Voltage Overhead Line System Design............................................................................ 266
8.1 General ........................................................................................................................26
8.2 Relative Cost ..............................................................................................................26
8.3 Available clearances from buildings and Boundary Walls ...................................27
8.4 The Short Term Need To Meet Commitments To Provide Supplies To Consumers. ...27
8.5 Conductor Sizes ........................................................................................................27
8.6 Services........................................................................................................................27
8.7 Consents .....................................................................................................................27
8.8 Design .........................................................................................................................28

1.0 Introduction
This part of the manual describes the technical aspects involved in the selection of 33kV,
11kV and LV underground cables and overhead line feeders used in Qatar’s Distribution
Network.
2.0 33kV Underground Cable System Design
2.1 General Construction

The cable construction shall be 3 core / single core compacted stranded copper conductors,
XLPE insulated, screened and PVC sheathed.
2.2 Fault Duration & Fault Withstand Capacity of Cu/XLPE Cables

General practice for the main protection of 33kV overhead lines is distance protection which
provides fault clearance within about 0.2 seconds. However for Qatar 33kV OHL
Distribution Networks this type of protection is considered to be too sophisticated and costly
and the system should be designed with may be over current and earth-fault relays. With a
fault clearance time of 50ms (Vacuum) to 100ms (Oil) adding relay operating times to this of
around 50ms and grading time of 300ms gives a total operating time of about 0.5 seconds.
However, if the relevant feeder breaker fails to trip for any reason (such as mechanical
problems in the operating mechanism) then the next upstream circuit breaker (either the bus-
section or the main incomer) has to operate to trip and isolate the fault. This, could be
probably more than 0.5 sec even for close-up faults. Hence it is recommended that the cables
used on the 33kV OHL Distribution Network (without fuses) are rated for one (1) second
fault withstand capacity.
2.3 Fault W/stand Capacity (approximate) of Cu/XLPE Cables For 1 sec.
(Reference BICC cables handbook – fig 9.5).
1C x 50 mm2 : 7kA 3C x 50 mm2 : 7kA
1C x 70 mm2 : 10kA 3C x 70 mm2 : 10kA
1C x 95 mm2 : 13kA 3C x 95 mm2 : 13kA
1C x 120 mm2 : 18kA 3C x 120 mm2 : 18kA
1C x 185 mm2 : 27kA 3C x 185 mm2 : 27kA
1C x 240 mm2 : 33kA 3C x 240 mm2 : 33kA

2.4 Continuous Thermal Rating Considerations

Based on thermal rating considerations, the minimum available size of 3 x 1C – 50 sq.mm
could be loaded to about 172Amps, (which is equivalent to about 9.8 MVA) with derating
factors as considered below:
Depth of burial (1m) : 0.98
Ground Temp. (35ºC) : 0.85
Soil Thermal Resistivity

(2 k-m/w) : 0.84
Therefore the overall derating factor is = 0.98 x 0.85 x 0.84  0.7
Standard Rating of 3 x 1C – 50 sq.mm Cu/XLPE cable laid in trefoil = 245 A per phase
Reference BICC cables hand book Table A14.14
Thus, the site continuous rating of 3 x 1C – 50 sq.mm Cu/XLPE cable is 245 x 0.7 = 172A
per phase
Hence based on thermal rating considerations the minimum size of 50 sq.mm would be
sufficient for all the 33kV cable connections (such as from 132/33kV station to the 33kV
OHL, road – crossings, transformer 33kV connections…etc). Site continuous rating for
minimum sizes of 3 core cables are given below:
3C x 70mm2 180A
3C x 95mm2 209A
(Please refer Appendix 1, Table 1 for further particulars)
2.5 Fault Rating of Cable Screens

As explained above, the 33kV cable screens could be rated for a minimum of 3kA/1.0 sec (or
as a general practice being followed for 11kV cables, this could be rated for a nominal value
of 4.5kA/1 sec). The 33kV cable screens could be rated at the nominal value of 4.5kA, the
value used by Kahramaa. This should satisfy the requirement even with the package
substation transformer neutrals solidly earthed.

2.6 Cable Size Selection

Based on the above analysis, and in order to optimise the cable sizes, the following are
suggested:
a) From 132/33kV substation to the OHL tapping point: 3 x 1C x 240 mm2
b) The 33kV single core cables will be laid in trefoil ‘touching’ configuration.
c) 3 C x 95mm2 cable rated at 209Amps. in dune sand is to be used matching the

100mm2 ACSR conductor Hyena.
d) 3 C x 185mm2 cable rated at 294A in dune sand is to be used to match with

200mm2 ACSR OH Jaguar Conductor.
3.0 33kV Overhead Line System Design

Aluminium conductor, steel reinforced, shall be used as standard for general use in standard
size of 100mm² (Hyena). The basis of the design is for the three phase conductors in
horizontal formation supported on steel cross arms on tubular steel poles. Below the phase
conductors shall be a continuous earth conductor 100mm² (Hyena). The earth conductor shall
be grounded at terminations, at intervals along the route and at each position where 33kV
plant is installed on the supports.
Refer to 33kV Overhead Lines Code of Practice for more details.
3.1 Fault level magnitudes at the source and along the 33kV OHL
The following are the 3-phase and 1-phase (earth) fault current values at the source end and
at various locations along the 33kV OHL route (with ACSR 'R' type conductor) from the
source location (for two different source fault level magnitudes).

3.1.1 3-Phase fault levels
Scenario: For 1750MVA Source Fault Level For 700MVA Source Fault Level
Location Fault Level along Fault Level along

the OHL the OHL
(Distance in km MVA kA MVA kA
from the source)
At Source 1750 30.6 700 12.2
1km 1120 19.6 573 10.0
2km 817 14.3 483 8.5
3km 641 11.2 417 7.3
4km 527 9.2 366 6.4
5km 447 7.8 326 5.7
10km 254 4.5 210 3.7
15km 177 3.1 155 2.7
20km 136 2.4 123 2.2
37km 76 1.3 71 1.2
64km 44 0.8 43 0.8
3.1.2 1-Phase fault levels

As the source transformer is earthed with an earthing transformer at the main 132/33kV
substation, the single – phase to earth fault levels are approximately the same irrespective of
the differences in 3-phase fault levels at different substations.
Scenario: Two (2) Transformers in Parallel Four (4) Transformers in Parallel
Location Fault Level along Fault Level along

the OHL the OHL
(Distance in km MVA kA MVA kA
from the source)
At Source 86 1.50 171 3.00
1km 82 1.43 157 2.75
2km 79 1.38 146 2.55
3km 76 1.33 135 2.36
4km 73 1.28 126 2.20
5km 70 1.22 118 2.06
10km 59 1.03 90 1.57
15km 51 0.89 72 1.26
20km 45 0.79 60 1.05
37km 32 0.56 38 0.66
64km 21 0.37 24 0.42

4.0 11kV Underground Cable System Design

The 11kV system has three Phases and Earth. Earth is through the cable sheath or screen
wires combined with cable armour.
Nominal Voltage 11kV

Maximum Voltage 12kV
Basic Insulation Level 75kV
Maximum Symmetrical Fault Level 25kA
Maximum Earth Fault Current 4.5kA/1.5kA
Frequency 50Hz
The 11kV underground system is supplied from a number of 66/11kV primary substations
situated throughout the State of Qatar.
The typical design of the primary substations includes;

- two transformers 66/11kV, each with installed capacity 10 MVA to 60MVA.
- Older primaries have 11 kV oil-filled circuit breakers with Bus Section and 12 outgoing
feeders.
- New primaries have 11 kV vacuum circuit breakers with Bus Section and 14 outgoing
feeders.
The 11kV circuits are generally connected in open ring configuration such that a faulty
section of cable can be isolated and supply restored via a normal open point on the 11kV
system.
Refer Figure 2.1 Page 12: 11kV Underground Distribution System Schematic

VIP consumers are sometimes connected on closed rings for security of supply with pilot
wire protection.

The 11kV cables are connected to 11000/433 volt distribution substation of the type
described in Section 3
The connection of the 11000/433 volt distribution substations to form a reliable electricity
supply is an important part of the Planning Engineer's work.
The following criteria are given as a guide to the general principals of 11kV network design.
4.1 Cabling
The first cable section out of the primary substation should be 3C x 240mm² XLPE cable.
4.2 Indoor Type Substation

The first 11000/433 volt distribution substation will be of the indoor type equipped with
11kV circuit breakers. In particular the incoming and outgoing circuit breaker will be
equipped with Pilot wire and IDMT O/C & E/F relays for protection of the circuits. The
transformer circuit breaker will be equipped with EIDMT O/C & E/F with instantaneous
relays for transformer protection.
4.3 Open Interconnected Rings

Where 11kV circuits are configured to run as open interconnected rings, the design shall
allow for a failure of an 11kV cable on the ring such that all consumer supplies can be
restored by switching operations.
The number of switching operations required should be as low as possible, consistent with as
high utilisation of cables as possible.
A design loading of 66% of the cable rating with three (3) switching operations to restore
supply is considered desirable.
Number of switching operations to restore supply is defined as the number of operations that
have to be carried out after the fault has been isolated and the tripped feeder is reclosed at the
source substation.
4.4 RMU, Extensible RMU & Package Unit

RMU, Extensible RMU & Package Units are installed in outdoor type distribution substation
to extend 11kV supplies to adjacent area and also to reinforce the open ring from an adjacent
primary.
RMU’s can be either SF6 insulated or oil filled and have 2 Nos. feeder switches and one
transformer control switch.
The transformer control switch may be either switch and HRC fuse combination or circuit
breaker (SF6 / vacuum).

Extensible RMU will be RMU extended by feeder switch or transformer control switch. The
feeder switch is either oil filled or SF6 filled. The transformer control switch is a
combination of HRC fuse and switch or circuit breaker with SF6 or vacuum medium.
Package Unit is incorporated with RMU, Transformer & LV Feeder Pillar inside a metallic
enclosure. RMU & LV feeder are bolted with Transformer. Available Package Unit sizes are
500, 1000 & 1600 KVA with 4 & 6 ways Feeder Pillars.
4.5 Security of Supply

This is a very important aspect of the planning function and security of supply must be built
into 11kV designs. A general criteria adopted for 11kV underground network is that for loads
in excess of 1 MW the network must be designed such that alternative supplies can be
restored by manual switching within three operations.
Under 1 MW - repair time.

Security of supply can be improved by :-
Connecting alternate ends of the ring system to separate bus-section of the same primary
substation or any other primary.
4.6 11kV Ring System

The 11kV ring system of design achieves most of the criteria for design as described below.
4.7 Operational
An alternative supply can be manually switched with in a reasonable time of generally three
hours by isolating the fault section of network and restoring supplies by NOP.
4.8 11kV Load Flows

The worst condition of fault on the first cable length from the primary must be considered, to
ensure that alternative 11kV supplies can support the connected load. This consideration will
also influence the number of distribution substations to be connected to each ring system.
4.9 Fault Detection

1. HRC Fuse or IDMT Relay &TLF tripping for Transformer circuit.
2. Pilot wire or IDMT Relay tripping for feeder circuit.
3. Earth fault indicators manual reset/self reset type is connected on the outgoing
cable at each RMU for through fault indication.
4. DOC/DEF Protection on First leg incomer circuits from primary.

4.10 System Reinforcement

The 11kV ring system design enables provision to be made for system reinforcement at some
time in the future. The 11kV design must make provision for future substation sites that will
not be equipped at the present but the site will be available and considered as part of the
overall design.
The initial design of 11kV system must anticipate as far as possible the load requirements for
the next five years at the projected load growth of the area.
Load growth is difficult to anticipate and load readings will be a good guide.
4.11 Connection of Additional Substations

Despite the most detailed planning, previously unforeseen load requests requiring substation
will have to be studied and connected into the ring system. The obvious first consideration is
to connect a new substation into the nearest ring system supply. Before this decision is made
the following consideration must be made;
1. Can the existing load flows support an additional substation?
2. What is the future load requirement for the ring circuit?
3. Is the ring circuit capable of being reinforced from an adjacent primary
substation?
4. Can the additional load be connected to an adjacent ring circuit? Cable length
would obviously be a major consideration in this case.
4.12 Radial Circuits

Connecting one or two substations as part of an 11kV ring may not be economical and a
radial circuit may be considered.
The number of substations on any one radial circuit is to be limited to a maximum of two
substations. This is to limit the number of standby generators required in the event of a cable
fault. If a third substation is required, then every effort should be made to provide an
alternative supply.
4.13 Remote Transformers

This is a transformer controlled by a transformer control switch or circuit breaker located in
an existing outdoor / indoor Substation. However this is not a preferred arrangement unless
circumstances arises i.e. Single Ownership supply, Security Reason, Cubical Panel
Locations.
It is preferred that the 11 kV cable length between transformer and feeding substation shall
not be more than 250 meters.

5.0 11kV Overhead Line System Design

11kV Overhead Line Network design is based on Aluminium conductor steel reinforced in
standard sizes of 100mm² (Hyena) and 200mm2 (Jaguar).
The basis of the design is for the three phase conductors in horizontal formation supported on
steel cross arms on tubular steel poles. Below the phase conductors is a continuous earth
conductor, which is grounded at terminations and at intervals of every ten spans along the
route and at each position where 11kV plant is installed on the supports. Cable sections are
inserted along the network for diversions, road crossings and connections to equipment.
The plant/equipment generally installed on the network is as follows:

 Three phase Pole Mounted Transformers size 50/100/200kVA.
 Three phase Ground Mounted Transformers size 315/500kVA.
 Three phase Automatic Voltage Regulators size 5MVA.
 Air Break Switch with interrupter heads for isolating and sectionalising the
11kV Overhead Line Network.
 Drop Out Expulsion Fuses to protect plant and equipment.
 Auto Reclosers, Lightning Arresters and Flashing Fault Indicators.
The 11kV OHL circuits are generally radial feeders with teed connections as required along
the feeder, although some 11kV feeders are connected to operate in parallel to compensate
for voltage regulation and some 11kV feeders may be configured to operate on the open ring
principle where security of supply is important.
Refer to Drawing Fig. 2.2 on Page 18
“11kV Overhead Line Distribution System Schematic”


5.1 Security of Supply

With 11kV radial OHL networks, a fault on the 11kV line will cause an outage to the
complete 11kV line, and the length of outage will depend on the repair time. Generators may
be connected if repair time is extended.
However, certain actions can be taken to improve the security of supply on OHL network as
follows.
5.2 Air Break Switches

The faulty section of OHL network can be isolated by opening the nearest ABS or
disconnecting jumpers at a section pole and thus restoring supply to the consumers
immediately before the faulty section of OHL.
The planning engineer when reviewing the design of OHL network should study the OHL
network and install ABS to limit the outage due to faults. Normally ABS should be installed;
1. At the mid point of an overhead line ring system.
2. At the first pole out from a tee off position if the tee is longer than 1 km.
3. At intervals along the main OHL where there are three or more tee off OHL.
(Refer to Part 8 of this manual – "Protection of Overhead Line Distribution Network")
5.3 Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF)

The Planning Engineer in designing the OHL network should consider the installation of
11kV Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF) on the 11kV rural system as follows :-
5.3.1 Pole Mounted Substations

11kV DOEF with a nominal rating of 20 Amps for 100kVA PMT and 30 Amps for 200kVA
PMT will be installed to protect pole mounted transformers. This provides satisfactory
discrimination with the fuses on the outgoing LV circuits.
5.3.2 Ground Mounted Substations

11kV DOEF with nominal ratings of 30 Amps for 315kVA S/S and 65Amps for 500kVA
will be installed to protect the GMT. The connection from the DOEF will by 11kV 70mm 2 3
core cables.
5.3.3 Radial 11kV Teed Circuits

11kV DOEF shall be installed on Radial Teed Circuits where:-
i) The teed circuit has an installed pole mounted transformer capacity of more
than 500kVA and at least three pole mounted transformers installed on the
circuit.

ii) Irrespective of the installed capacity on the 11kV teed circuit the overhead
line is more than 3km in length.
iii) The teed circuit has a history of poor operational performance resulting in
considerable loss of consumer hours.
iv) 11kV DOEF with a slow blowing characteristic and a nominal rating of
100/80/65 Amps will be installed on Teed Radial Circuits.
Group fusing is a design principle where a suitable fuse, normally 80A or 65A slow blowing
characteristic is installed on a teed radial circuit and protects a number of other teed circuits.
Refer to Part 8 of this manual – "Protection of Overhead Line Distribution Network".
11kV drop out expulsion fuses SHALL NOT be installed on the following teed circuits:-
i. 11kV radial teed circuits which may be used to form an operational ring with
an adjacent 11kV circuit in such cases an air break disconnector switch shall
be initially installed.
ii. 11kV drop out expulsion fuses shall not be installed on radial teed circuits
which are controlled by auto reclosers which for operational reasons have had
their recloser features rendered inoperative. Such arrangements will not give
satisfactory discrimination.
5.3.4 Location
11kV DOEF shall be installed on the first pole out from the main line teed position which
will normally be a section pole.
Refer to Part 8 of this manual – "Protection of Overhead Line Distribution Network".
5.4 Lightning Arresters

The design of 11kV OHL networks should incorporate Lightning Arresters which shall be
installed on the 11kV OHL network at the following positions:
i. At a position where the 11kV OHL is undergrounded such as a road crossing

and EHV line crossing, one set of Lightning Arresters shall be fitted at each
cable termination.
ii. One set of Lightning Arresters shall be fitted at pole mounted transformer
installations.
iii. One set of Lightning Arresters shall be fitted at the terminal pole of an
overhead line supplying a ground mounted transformer.

5.5 11kV Pole Mounted Auto Reclosers

The design of 11kV OHL network should incorporate the installation of 11kV pole mounted
auto reclosers for use in sectionalising the 11kV OHL network.
Old Pole mounted auto reclosers are operated on a single shot no reclose mode with a
minimum earth fault current trip setting of 20 Amps. New Pole mounted Auto-reclosers are
available with different settings of O/C , E/F & SEF protection.
The old auto recloser is normally situated at positions on long overhead rural feeders
approximately 3 kms distance from the 11kV source at a point where the existing fault level
is below 100MVA. New auto-reclosers can be installed in 11 kV OHL where existing fault
level is less than 12.5kA.
The auto recloser will operate and lock out for faults down stream.
5.6 11kV Automatic Voltage Regulator

The Planning Engineers can consider the use of 11kV Automatic Voltage Regulator to
improve voltage regulation where 11kV OHL are extended and voltage regulation is
unsatisfactory. The ground mounted 11kV Automatic Voltage Regulator in auto mode will
respond to an input voltage of 11kV +5% to -10% and produce an output of 11kV 1%
irrespective of load and power factor.
Before considering to use a voltage regulator, the Planning Engineer should investigate
means of permanent reinforcement from adjacent 11kV OHL networks. However as a
temporary means the voltage regulator is a cost efficient method of improving poor voltage
regulation.
5.7 Clip on Fault Indicators for 11kV Overhead Line

The Planning Engineer when designing new networks or extending existing network should
consider installing clip on fault indicator for detecting OHL faults on multi-teed networks.
Refer to Section 3.22 of the 11kV Overhead Line Code of Practice.
6.0 Low Voltage Underground Cable System Design

The low voltage underground system is supplied by Dyn11 vector group transformers with a
no load nominal ratio of 11000/433-250 volts and is adjusted by off load tap changes in steps
of +2.5% and +5%.
The star point is solidly earthed to the combined HV and steelwork earth. Continuity of
earthing between substations is maintained by means of HV cable sheaths and earth
electrodes at each substations or by the under running earth wire on an 11kV overhead line.

The LV system has 5 wires, ie. 3 Phases + Neutral + Earth. Neutral and earth connections are
directly shorted at distribution substation end. A consumer earth terminal is provided.
The system is non Protective Multiple Earthed, that is the neutral conductor is earthed at one
point only. The consumers installation is protected by a MCCB of appropriate rating.
System design must be such as to maintain at the consumers terminal a voltage of 415/240
with a variation not exceeding +6%.
The nominal frequency is 50Hz.
Refer to Drawing Fig.2.3 on Page 23
“LV Underground Distribution System Schematic”


6.1 Low Voltage Cables

Low voltage cables shall be in conformity with specification ED-03-040 of cables and are of
the following generic type.
6.1.1 Multi-core Cables

4 shaped cores of stranded compacted copper, comprising 3 phase conductors, and a neutral
conductor.
The neutral conductor shall be of the same size as the phase conductors.
Core insulated of XLPE, coloured to identify cores.
Cores laid up and bound, and with a non-hygroscopic filler.
Galvanised steel wire armour, interspersed with tinned copper wires.
PVC oversheath.
Standard cable sizes: 4C x 300mm2, 4C x 185mm2, 4C x 120mm2, 4C x 70mm2, 4C x

35mm2, 4C x 16mm2 and 2C x 16mm2. 4Cx16 mm ² and 2Cx16mm² LV cables will not be
used in future.
6.1.2 Single Core Cables

- A circular core of stranded compacted copper.
- XLPE insulation.
- An inner cover or bed for the armour.
- PVC oversheath.
Standard cable sizes: 1C x 800mm2 and 1C x 630mm2 . 1Cx300 mm² LV cables will not be
used in future.
6.2 LV Mains Cables

In a typical network several LV feeders are marshalled into a free standing feeder pillar
(FSFP) or a bolt on feeder pillar (BOFP) at the 11,000/433-250 secondary substation.
Generally there are no interconnections at LV between adjacent substations that is the LV

feeders are radial.
Protection of LV feeders is by means of HRC fuse links in the FSFP or BOFP.
Because of the radial nature of LV mains, tapering of feeders should be designed where it
can be economically justified.

The following sets of rules are intended to guide the planning engineer in deciding on the
configuration of the LV feeder:
 Practically without exception the mains leaving the feeder pillar should be
4 core 300mm² even if not justified initially by the anticipated load.
 Reduction of cable size from 4 core 300mm² to 4 core 185 mm² may take place at
the point at which the load drops to 75% , and the end length of 4 core 185 mm² is
in excess of 60 metres.
 In reducing the size of the distribution cable the planning engineer should bear in
mind the possibility of future substations taking up part of the load of the feeder
and thus affecting his decision on whether to reduce cable size. Experience
suggests that unless a feeder passes very close to the locality of a known future
site for a substation then no consideration may be taken of this future event.
 The maximum feeder length should be of the order of 250-300m, the maximum
length is in any case usually dictated by the load picked up by the cable, than by
voltage drop considerations.
6.3 Cable Joints and Terminations

The following types of joints and terminations are used on the LV system:
1. Heat shrink straight joints
2. Heat shrink terminations
3. Resin filled Branch joints
The jointing and termination procedures and safety requirements are highlighted in Section 3
of the Distribution Construction Manual.
6.4 Services from Kahramaa Low Voltage Network.

Low voltage underground services are mostly three phase connections and are connected by
one tee joint per three phase service. Where single phase services are connected separately to
the distribution cable, the planning engineer should plan to balance the connection of services
over the three phases.
Typical sizes of MCCB’s used are 35A SPN, 50A SPN and the remainder are 35A, 50A,
75A, 100A, 150A, 200A, 250A, 300A, 350A and 400A TP&N.
6.4.1 LV Services up to 200 Amps.

LV Service cables to general residential, small commercial and small industrial premises
shall be provided to an approved design of service cabinet at the boundry of the property
concerned with a single meter installed inside the service cabinet( service cabinet
specification details are available in the installation regulation book issued by Customers
Services Department).
LV service cable to the consumer requiring multi meters will be connected directly to the
main switchboard placed in a suitable location in side the premises.

6.4.2 LV Services above 200 Amps to 400 Amps.

LV Service cable will be connected directly to main switchboard with single meter or multi
meters which will be installed inside the consumer premise(Main switchboard specification
is available in the installation regulation book).
Note applicable to items 6.4.1 & 6.4.2

Two points of supply can be given in case of one of the following:-
1. Two separate buildings are located in one boundary.
2. One building with clear separation of wall, having independent sections, independent entry
and no electrical connection between sections.
6.4.3 LV Services from 400 Amps to 800 Amps.

LV service cables will be connected to two MSB (main switch board) inside the consumer
premise directly from distribution substation feeder pillar subjected to the following
conditions.
1. Multi story buildings having independent electrical installation provided load is more than
one LV feeder load.
2. Both LV service cables should be originated from the same substation and same feeder
pillar.
3. LV network availability from the load point of view.
4 Proposal of two LV service cables to a consumer premise should be approved by Section
Head or his deputy.
Otherwise, the owner should allocate a substation site in his land and construct a substation at
his own cost.
7.1 LV supply more than 500 KVA and above.

Kahramaa will provide 11 kV network to consumer substation and connect 11/0.433 kV
consumer supplied Transformer. LV single core cables will be connected between consumer
LV cubical Panel(Details of cubical panels are available in the Installation Regulation Book)
and transformer. Transformer will be installed as per KM specification as mentioned in Part
3 section 4 of this manual.
7.2 LV Supply to multi story buildings and small industrial consumers using more
than one Transformer.
The following procedure will be applicable when planning engineer will study the building
permit application to the above consumers.
1. Planning engineer will allocate the site of the substation as required in the consumer
building or externally to the consumer building.

2. Design of the substation will include numbers of transformers required by the consumer
matching with the load required by consumer, numbers of switchgears and as per substation
specification shown in this manual.
3. Consumer will be responsible to provide all the transformers required to supply the load.
Consumer will provide a letter of guarantee to supply all transformers before building permit
approval.
4. Planning engineer will follow procedures and duties of issuing the building permit
application as cleared in part 3 section 4 of this manual.
5. Oil transformers or cast resin dry type transformers can be used depends on the location of
the transformers. In case of basement below the transformer room, cast resin dry type
transformers can be approved for installation. Customer shall be responsible to replace cast
resin transformers in case it is needed.
7.3 LV Supply to the private compounds.

Construction inside the boundary of the same owner in his private land will be treated as
private compound. Planning will consider following:
1. Client consultant should allocate substations required matching with load required as
per our specification. Planning engineers design approval following building permit
application stage has been mentioned in this manual part 3 section 4.
2. Client consultant will design the LV distribution inside the compound using either
consumer cubical panel system or feeder pillar using mini pillars.
3. Planning engineer will check and approve the LV design in case of using the mini
pillar system. Building permit office in customers services department will check and
approve the design in using the cubical panel system.
4. The transformers required will be provided by the owner with an under taking letter.
5. The owner must appoint an ENA approved contractor to carry out excavation, cable
laying and jointing of HV distribution cables inside the compound. This will also
include the cable loops between HV switchgear and transformer and transformer to
consumers panel.
6. The contractor will be required to prepare SIV`s, collect these materials from ENA
stores and deliver to the site.
7. The contractor will be responsible for backfilling, reinstatement, provision of cable

tile/tapes and approved backfilling material and all road-crossing ducts.

8. The contractor will be required to prepare 'as laid' drawings and transfer these to our
main records prior to our cables being 'live'.
9. ENA will be responsible for plant delivery and installation including the earth bore
and substation earthing.
10. The owner will be responsible for substation site allocation and for all substation civil
works including arrangement of local supply to the substation.
11. HV distribution materials including 11 kV cables, joints, high voltage switchgear, but
excluding the transformers, will be issued by Kahramaa.
12. All works should be carried out under the supervision and instructions of ENA.
13. Despite the above requirements the owner still be obliged to pay the connection fees
in accordance with the law.
14. Reinstatement within the compound which may be required after HV cable
maintenance / repair by ENA, will be done by the owner.
8.0 Low Voltage Overhead Line System Design
8.1 General
The LV overhead network consists of four wire bare aluminium conductors plus earth wire in
vertical formation supported on steel poles. The earth wire is continuous and under-running
and the same size as the conductor.
Reference may be made to the 11kV Overhead Line Code of Practice - Section 5 for specific
detail on design and construction.
The use of LV overhead networks is now largely confined to rural areas and to situations
where an underground cable is not practicable in the short term, i.e. the lack of adequately
defined utility reserves.
The criteria which determine the choice between an overhead line and an underground cable
system may be defined as follows :-
8.2 Relative Cost

In rural areas it is almost invariably found that the low load density and the relatively high
cost of transporting materials and labour to remote areas result in an overhead line system
being the most economic.

8.3 Available clearances from buildings and Boundary Walls

In some situations it may be impractical to erect an overhead line because of restricted space
available. The permitted separation between LV overhead lines and buildings or boundary
walls is defined in the 11kV Overhead Line Code of Practice.
8.4 The Short Term Need To Meet Commitments To Provide Supplies To Consumers.
In some cases where a development requires a supply but the prevailing conditions make an
underground system impractical then the Planning Engineer may give consideration to the
temporary use of an LV overhead line. Since, in the long term the overhead line would most
probably have to be removed this represents an expensive solution to a short term problem
and the engineer must therefore exercise judgement as to whether in any particular case it is a
reasonable solution.
Within the older urban areas, particularly in Doha, there are LV Overhead networks. The
Planning Engineer, when working in such an area should give consideration to replacement
by underground cable where the cost of doing so is reasonable and particularly where
clearances are less than apply to present practice.
8.5 Conductor Sizes

The standard conductor sizes are 200mm² AA and 100mm² AA with 16mm² single phase or
three phase services.
In general tapering should not be used on overhead lines because of the practical difficulties
of staying etc. However, where a short radial feeder is teed off the main line this may be of
an appropriate smaller size conductor.
In an extensive LV network a main line may run physically between two substations, being
broken electrically by a section point on a pole. This facility may be of use in some cases for
temporary back-feeding provided that the main is of adequate capacity.
8.6 Services
The standard overhead service is cross-linked polyethylene XLPE insulated and sheathed to
Standard ED-03-048 three phase and single phase sized 16mm² Spans of suspended cable are
supported on pre-formed helical 'dead ends' attached to LV insulators.
8.7 Consents
Low voltage overhead lines are generally installed on municipal land and it is important that
the Planning Engineer initiates/obtains the necessary permission. Note also that this includes
any requirement for stays.

8.8 Design
When planning a new Overhead Line network, the first section of OHL from the PMT would
normally be constructed using 3 200mm AA. Spurs or tees from the
main line would normally be 3100mm AA.
Low voltage networks from adjacent pole mounted stations will not be interconnected or run
in parallel.
When connecting additional load to an overhead line network check the existing loads to
ensure the existing pole mounted transformer will not be overloaded. Load readings are not
available for PMT, however an assessment can be made by estimating the existing consumer
loads connected to the PMT network and allowing a margin for diversity.

QATAR GENERAL
PART - 3
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION DESIGN

PART 3
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION DESIGN
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 311

2.0 33kV Indoor Substation ........................................................................................................... 311
3.0 33kV Outdoor Substation......................................................................................................... 311
3.1 33kV/LV Ground Mounted Transformers ..........................................................311
3.2 33kV/LV Pole Mounted Transformers ..............................................................344
3.3 33/11kV Prefabricated Package Substations ........................................................344
3.3.1 Main 33/11kV Power Transformer .............................................388
3.3.2 Circuit Breaker Technical Data .................................................411
3.3.3 Instrument Transformers ............................................................411
3.3.4 Control Voltage/Signaling Circuit Voltage ..............................422
3.3.5 Wiring ........................................................................................422
3.3.6 Auxiliary System ......................................................................422
3.3.7 Relay And Control Equipment...................................................433
4.1 Public Indoor Substations with Two Transformers .............................................444
4.2 11kV Indoor Private Consumer Substation ..........................................................488
4.3 Civil Requirements ..................................................................................................488
4.3.1 Substation in the Ground Level (I/D) ..........................................488
4.3.2 Substation above the Ground Level(I/D) ...................................4949
4.3.3 Substation in the Basement Level (only in West Bay Towers
Area)(I/D) ...............................................................................................50
4.3.4 General Civil Requirements .........................................................522
5.0 11kV Outdoor Substation............................................................................................................. 53
5.1 Public Outdoor 11kV / LV Substation ...................................................................533
5.1.1 Public Outdoor Substations with Two Transformers ..................533
5.1.2 Public Outdoor Substation with One Transformer ......................533
5.1.3 Distribution Package Substation (DPS) .......................................544
5.2 Civil Requirements of O/D Substations: ................................................................544
5.2.1 O/D Substations – Case 1: ...........................................................544
5.2.2 O/D Substations – Case 2: ...........................................................555
6.0 Remote Outdoor Transformer Substation Sites....................................................................... 577

1.0 Introduction
The various distribution substations in the Qatar network can be primarily categorised into
33kV and 11kV substations. This can be further divided into indoor and outdoor type
installations.
2.0 33kV Indoor Substation

The 33/11kV indoor substation consists of:-
 33/11kV power transformers with on load tap changer

 33kV and 11kV vacuum circuit breakers
 Associated protection panels and switchgears
 AC auxiliary supplies, DC battery and battery charger
 Station auxiliary transformer
 Remote control and monitoring facilities.
The 11kV and 33kV switchgear with their control and protection panels will be installed on
separate pre-prepared foundations. The power transformer will be suitably located on its own
foundation for connection to 11kV and 33kV switchgear by external cabling.
The 33/11kV indoor substation should be located as close as possible to the load centre or
area of reinforcement. Refer to Section 14 of the Distribution Construction Manual for more
detailed installation procedures.
3.0 33kV Outdoor Substation

This category of substations can be divided into Ground Mounted Transformers, Pole
Mounted Transformers and Package Units.
3.1 33kV/LV Ground Mounted Transformers

The 33kV/LV Ground Mounted Transformer (GMT) shall be supplied in sizes of 500kVA,
1000kVA and 1600kVA.
They are ground mounted on a prepared concrete pad and are totally enclosed units with
cable box connections for high voltage and low voltage cable connections. The low voltage
connections will be suitable for single core cable connections (2 per phase) for direct
connection to a single consumer or 6 way feeder pillar. Refer to Fig 3.1 page 36.
The substation will be located in a secure area at the load centre for a group of consumers
and also near to the 33kV overhead line.
The substation when supplying an individual consumer will be constructed as near as

possible to the consumer switchroom. The route of the low voltage single core cables from
the substation to the consumers main switch should be as short as possible to avoid voltage
drop. Normally the single core LV route should be of the order of 10-15 metres.

Also, where possible, the 33kV/LV GMT Substation and the consumers switchroom shall be
located near to the 33kV OHL to avoid installing long lengths of 33kV cables.
The 33kV three core cable connections will be from the 33kV overhead line via 33kV DOEF
and surge diverters. Refer to Section 13 of the Distribution Construction Manual for more
detailed installation procedures.


3.2 33kV/LV Pole Mounted Transformers

Typical ratings for the 33kV/LV PMT are 50kVA, 100kVA and 200kVA. This type of
transformer is used to supply new consumers on the route of 33kV lines.
The specification details of the pole and transformer are provided in Distribution Equipment
Specification .
3.3 33/11kV Prefabricated Package Substations

The 33/11kV Prefabricated Package Substation consists of:-
 33/11kV Power transformer with on load tap changer.

 33kV and 11kV vacuum circuit breakers.
 Associated protection, relay and control panels.
 AC Auxiliary supplies and DC battery and charger.
 Station Auxiliary supplies.
Refer to Fig 3.2 Fig 3.3 Fig 3.4 . in pages 38. 39, 40 for typical substation design.




3.3.1 Main 33/11kV Power Transformer
3.3.1.1 Ratings
The two sizes that could be considered for the package substation main transformer rating are
i. 2.5 MVA
ii. 5.0 MVA
For an anticipated maximum load of about 2MW, the 2.5MVA rating could be utilised,
where as for an anticipated load growth of about 3 to 4MW, the 5MVA rating could be used.
For major load centres that require higher ratings than the above, it is considered that such
load centres would justify an indoor 33/11kV Substation.
However, for the Qatar OHL distribution network it is anticipated that the ratings of 2.5MVA
and 5.0MVA would be sufficient to meet the loads required of the 33/11kV OHL distribution
network.
3.3.1.2 Voltage Ratio and Impedance Levels

In line with the general philosophy adopted for such 33/11kV distribution system, the
nominal voltage ratio (at principal tap and no-load) is selected as 33/11kV with an on-load
tap changer limit of +5% to -15% in 1.25% steps (total 17 taps). The impedance voltages
could be selected at 6.25% for the 2.5MVA transformer and 7.15% for the 5MVA rated
transformer, which are typical values recommended in the relevant IEC standard for such
ratings.
3.3.1.3 Vector Group

Qatar's main 11kV distribution is derived from the main 220kV transmission network with
transformer Vector Groups as below:
220/66kV with a Vector Group of YN yno (d)

66/11kV with a Vector Group of YN d1
Qatar's 33kV system is derived from the main 220kV transmission network with transformer
Vector Groups as below:
220/132kV with a Vector Group of YN yno (d)

132/33kV with a Vector Group of YN d1
Hence, in order to derive the 11kV system from the above 33kV system, the recommended
vector group for the package substation 33/11kV transformer is YN yno (d1).
The above vector group would produce an 11kV voltage vector identical in phase to that
derived from the existing 66/11kV system.
Therefore 11kV supplies from 33/11kV package substations can be connected directly to
existing 11kV network as a means of reinforcement or operated in parallel connection if
required for operational reasons.

3.3.1.4 Existing 33kV and 11kV System Neutral Earthing Philosophy

As the main 66/11kV (and 132/33kV) transformers are 'delta' connected at the 11kV systems,
are earthed through zig zag type earthing transformers, generally limiting the earth fault
current to approximately 1.5kA (in some instance to about 4.5kA as in Doha Industrial - B
substation). These values are taken from the relevant pages of short-circuit levels provided by
KAHRA MAA for information.
3.3.1.5 Neutral Earthing for the 33/11kV Package Substation 11kV System
Considering single unit operation only and in line with the general philosophy of limiting the
11kV system earth - fault current value to a theoretical maximum value of 750A/main
transformer, it could be considered that a 'Neutral Earthing Resister' (metal grid type) is used
with a resistance value of about 8.5 ohms. This will limit the earth - fault current to a value of
about 750A. The resister could be short-time rated for 30 sec.
However, if the 11kV neutral is solidly earthed, even with 5MVA transformer having an
impedance value of 7.15% (and a zero-sequence impedance value of approx. 80% of the
positive sequence impedance value), the maximum earth-fault current value is not expected
to be more than 4kA. With source impedance values considered, however, the earth-fault
current values could be even lower than the above 4kA level. Hence, with the 11kV cable
screens designed for an earth-fault current value of 4.5kA (1 sec.), in line with the KAHRA
MAA standard practice, the use of Resistor for the 11kV neutral earthing of the package
substation transformer could be avoided, thus making the installation simpler and
more economical.
3.3.1.6 Typical Technical Particulars for Neutral Earthing Resistor (if used)
Rated Voltage 6.35kV
Earth fault current 750 A
Earth fault duration 30 sec.
Type Metal Grid
3.3.1.7 Typical Technical Particulars for the 33/11kV Package S/S Main Transformer
These typical parameters are used to develop the general specification for the design of the
33/11kV Power transformer within the overall specification for the 33/11kV Package
Substation.

Particular 2.5MVA 5MVA
Rating 2.5MVA 5MVA
Type Outdoor conservator type Outdoor conservator type
Cooling ONAN ONAN
No-load Voltage Ratio at

principal tap 33/11kV 33/11kV
Vector Group YN yno (d1) YN yno (d1)
Impedance Voltage 6.25% approx. 7.15% approx.
Tap - changer ON - LOAD ON - LOAD
Tap - Range (HV Side) +5% to -15% +5% to –15%
Tap - Step 1.25% 1.25%
Insulation Levels
Lightning Impulse / Power Freq. Withstand)
HV 170kVp/70kV (r.m.s) 170kVp/70kV (r.m.s)
HVN 170kVp/70kV (r.m.s) 170kVp/70kV (r.m.s)
LV 75kVp.28kV (r.m.s) 75kVP/28kV (r.m.s)
LVN 75kVp.28kV (r.m.s) 75kVp/28kV (r.m.s)
Temperature Rise 50/55°C 50/55°C

(oil / wdg)
(Ambient : 50°C)
Connections - HV/LV Cable box/cable box Cable box/cable box
Applicable Standard IEC-60076 IEC-60076

3.3.2 Circuit Breaker Technical Data

33kV Vacuum Circuit breaker shall be of 3 pole type ambient temperature 50°C and
in compliance to IEC 60056 standard with the following main technical data:
- System Nominal Voltage : 33kV

- System Maximum Voltage : 36kV
- Basic Impulse Level (BIL) : 170 kV
- Power Frequency Withstand : 70kV
- Frequency : 50 Hz.
- Rated Normal Current : 400 A
- Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current : 25 kA
- Rated Peak Withstand Current : 63 kA Min.
- Control Voltage : 30 Vdc
- Motor Spring Charge Voltage : 30 Vdc
- Rated short circuit withstand : 3 secs.
11kV Vacuum Circuit breaker shall be of 3 pole type ambient temperature 50°C and
in compliance to IEC 60056 standard with the following main technical data:
- System Nominal Voltage : 11kV

- System Maximum Voltage : 12kV
- Basic Impulse Level (BIL) : 75 kV
- Power Frequency Withstand : 28kV
- Frequency : 50 Hz.
- Rated Normal Current : 400 A
- Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current : 25 kA.
- Rated Peak Withstand Current : 63 kA Min.
- Control Voltage : 30 V dc
- Motor Spring Charge Voltage : 30 V dc
- Rated short circuit withstand : 3 secs.
3.3.3 Instrument Transformers

All the instrument transformers installed in the switchgear shall be of electromagnetic epoxy
encapsulated dry type design, and shall be capable of withstanding the effects of the severest
short circuit fault currents within the breaking capacity rating of the switchgear for 1 second.
Current transformers will have rated burden sufficient for static type relays and meters.
- Potential transformer shall have the following ratings and comply to IEC 60186
Standards.
Vector Group : YY (Primary winding neutral earthed)
Rated voltage Factor : 1.x x Un continuous / 1.9 x Un for 8 hrs.
Primary voltage : 33 kV, 3 Phase, 50 Hz.
Secondary Voltage : 110 V, 3 Phase, 50 Hz.
(Secondary winding neutral earthed)

Burden : 100 VA
Secondary Fuses/MCB : 5A
Each individual supply to a panel shall be sub-fused from the main bus wiring
(2A fuses).
- Current transformers rated primary current shall be adequate for the circuit rating
under the specified conditions. The rated extended primary current shall be 120%.
The rated secondary current shall be 1A or 5A.
Accuracy class for metering CT's shall be 0.5 where as for protection CT's shall be 3P.
Instrument security for metering CT shall not be greater than 5 and accuracy limit factor for
protection CT shall be 20 for Incoming circuits and 10 for outgoing circuits depending upon
the requirement. Current transformers are type tested and shall comply with IEC 60044-1.
3.3.4 Control Voltage/Signaling Circuit Voltage

The 30V DC coils in the circuit breakers, main protection and auxiliary relays shall be
suitable for permanent operation within a range of 0.85 to 1.15 Un.
The control circuits shall be protected with MCB’s and shall be graded selectively up to the
circuit main protection device.
3.3.5 Wiring
Common control voltage lines to more than one cubicle terminal and current transformer
wiring must have a minimum cross section at least of 2.5mm².
The minimum cross section for the control wiring and voltage circuits within a panel must be
with at least 1.5mm².
PVC Flexible wires for control wiring shall be used.
3.3.6 Auxiliary System

The auxiliary system shall consist of a low voltage AC system and a DC system.
The AC system shall feed the station requirement for three-phase 433V, 50 Hz.
The AC distribution board consists of three-phase and single-phase groups controlled by an
incoming main circuit breaker and fed from the auxiliary transformer terminal box on the
power transformer tank. The AC distribution board will be mounted in the Control and
Protection Cubicle described in the next section.
The 30 V DC system will be a battery-backed independent power system.
The station battery will be of nickel cadmium type intended for stationary use. It is rated at
30 V DC and 45 Ah/10 hrs. at 20°C, consisting of appropriate cells, mounted inside a
transparent polypropylene cell container. The blocks will be placed on a two step polyamide
plastic coated steel rack.
The connection between battery and DC distribution board would consist of single
conductors laid separated from each other. The DC distribution board shall be wall mounted
type unit.

The Charger/rectifier with the battery shall have the following specifications:
Input Voltage 240V, 1-phase, + 10%

Input Frequency 50 Hz, +6%
Mains Fuse Recommended 10 A slow blow
Output Voltage
Nominal 30V
Floating 36V, adj. 80% to approx. 135% of nominal
voltage.
3.3.7 Relay And Control Equipment

Control and Protection / AC and DC Distribution Cubicle
Contains the control, protection and metering part of the 33kV equipment and power
transformer, and the AC and DC auxiliary distribution part.
The control, protection and metering part consist of the following :
 Mimic diagram
 Voltmeter and selector switch
 Control switch for the HV circuit breaker
 Position indicators for circuit breaker
 Overcurrent, Earth Fault and Sensitive Earth Fault relays
 Transformer differential relay
 Transformer restricted earth fault relay
 Tap position indicator for OLTC
 Operating switches for OLTC shall consist of pushbuttons for raise and lower
functions, and selector switches for automatic/manual and local/remote functions.
 Automatic voltage regulator relay.
 Alarm annunciator panel with indications.
 Necessary auxiliary relays for intertripping of HV and Transformer protections,
such as differential protection, Buchholz, temperature, oil level, etc., and
interlocking etc.
All instruments to be flush mounted and have a front dimensions of 96 x 96 mm, class 1.5.
Minimum angular deflection of the pointer will be 90°.
Centralized on the panel are the pushbuttons for acknowledging the alarm, lamp test, alarm
reset.
Alarm System
The alarm annunciator unit is a self-contained micro-processor-base with 16 binary channels
for operation from making or breaking field contacts. The fault signals shall be displayed by
means of a long-life light-emitting diodes for visual alarm indication.
The alarm is activated at the same time as the annunciator indication. The indication would
continue to indicate the fault until the fault has been cleared and the reset button has been
pressed. A new alarm shall be given if a second fault occurs before the first fault has been
cleared.

4.0 11kV Indoor Substation

These types of substations can be divided into: -
 11kV Public Indoor Substations - these giving general supplies to the public.
 11kV Indoor Private Consumer Substations - these giving supplies to private large
consumers. These substations are sized according to their requirements and
switchgear type.
4.1 Public Indoor Substations with Two Transformers

The Indoor substation equipment for this type of substation consists of: -
 2 Nos. 11kV / LV transformers.
 6 Nos. 11kV Vacuum circuit breakers.
 2 Nos. LV Feeder pillars (6 way free standing)
A typical layout of the type of indoor substation is shown in Fig. 3.5 page 48.
For detailed design of this type of indoor substation refer to the civil engineer.
The following drawings can be used for reference:
 STD/SUB/ID/OD-01, 02 -Civil design.
 STD/SUB/ID/OD-03 -Power / Lighting Design.
The building is 10.8m x 6.5m and approximately 3.65m high. Sometimes the indoor
substation starts as a temporary outdoor substation until the Indoor substation is constructed.
Therefore the area of the required substation should be suitable for outdoor substation plus
the area required to construct the permanent indoor substation.
The land required for a substation depends on civil advice.




4.2 11kV Indoor Private Consumer Substation

An 11kV Indoor substation for a private consumer may be erected externally to the
consumers building or may be incorporated in the consumers building. This type of
substation will be designed to meet the specific requirements of the consumer and its
dimensions will depend on the number of 11kV / LV transformers and circuit breakers.
4.3 Civil Requirements
4.3.1 Substation in the Ground Level (I/D)

Load requires more than 1 TX,
• The required S/STN consists of :

6 High Voltage vacuum circuit breakers + 2 TX's
High Voltage Room:

• HV room size is (6.2m long * 5.8m deep), for 6 VCBs and in case of any additional
VCB's add (0.8 M) per VCB to the length.
• HV room height is (3.65m).
• HV room Trench size (0.8m width * 1.5m depth) along the 6m (Length of the H.V.
room).
• Setback of the HV trench is (0.4m to 1.0m), depends on number of VCBs.
• HV room floor level is (+0.4m) from the facing road level.
• Two doors must be provided for the HV room (aluminum sandwich panel door).
The main door size is (1.4m width * 2.6m high). The 2nd door (escape door) size is
(1.2m width * 2.2m high). Both doors must lead to an open area.
• Natural ventilation opening size is (0.5m * 1.2m) aluminum louver with sand trap at
high level, and it could be provided with cooling system.
Transformer Room:
• TX room size depends on number of transformers.
• TX plinth size is (0.8m*2.1m).
• TX plinth top level is (+0.4m) and the bottom level is (-0.9m) from the road level.
• Setback from the both side of the TX plinth to the nearest wall in parallel with the TX
plinth should be not less than (1.5m).
• Setback from the nearest wall (opposite to the TX plinth) should not be less than (0.8m).
• Distance between the two transformer plinths is (1.0m) if they are in one line.
• Distance between the two transformer plinths is (2.6m) if they are in parallel.
• TX room could be open to sky or ceiled in the ceiled case the clear height shall be (3.65m).
• The floor of TX room could be back-filled area, or concrete where a trench must be
provided with size (0.8m width *1.2m depth).
• Two doors must be provided for the TX room. The main door size is (1.0m * 2.2m)
aluminum louver for (open to sky case) or (2.4m * 2.6m high) for ceiled case for each TX.
The 2nd door must open to the MV room; the size is (1.0m * 2.2m) aluminum sandwich
panel door. In case of any additional TX/s, a separate door for each TX should be provided.

General Notes:
• Crane and cable access to be available always.
• No services inside the substation
• HV room floor finish to be epoxy coated.
• Finished floor level to be very smooth and the tolerance not to be more than (±3mm)
maximum.
• Contact Kahramaa’s Civil Unit before starting the construction of substation, work without
stage-wise inspection and approval will be rejected.
• Substation rooms’ height is (3.65m) minimum.
• Under taking of responsibility of the Structural design is to be submitted to KM at building
Permit stage. Please refer to (Appendix 8)
• Elevation drawings to be submitted to KM before starting the construction of the substation
• Substation levels based on the front road level = +/-0.00.
• MV room details to be designed & checked by the consultant.
• TX room details to be designed & checked by the consultant (if the TX is dry type).
• Elevation of the substation must be matching with that of the main building (design, colour,
etc.).
4.3.2 Substation above the Ground Level(I/D)

High Voltage Room

• HV room Trench size (0.8m width * 1.5m depth) along the 6m (Length of the H.V. room).
• HV room floor level is (+0.2m) from the outside area facing to the HV room.
• Two doors must be provided for the HV room (aluminum sandwich panel doors). The main
door size is (1.4m width * 2.6m high). The 2nd door (escape door) size is (1.2m width *
2.2m high). Both doors must lead to an open area.
• HV room must be air-conditioned.
Transformer Room:
• As per Kahramaa rules and regulations, any TX to be installed above the Ground level must
be a Dry Type. It is the responsibility of the consultant to design the TX room while
respecting the following:
- Provide one separate door for each Transformer (2.4m * 2.6m), aluminium
sandwich panel .
- Provide one door from TX Room to MV Room (1.00m *2.2m), aluminium
sandwich panel door.
- TX room floor level to be +(0.20 M) from outside area facing the TX room.

- Trench size to be (0.8m * 1.2m) in the TX room.

- Clear height to be (3.65m).
• The design of the Transformer Room shall comply with Kahramaa design rules and
regulations.
General Notes:
• Crane, equipment and cable access to the substation to be always available.
• No services inside substation.
maximum.
• Contact Kahramaa’s Civil Unit before starting the construction of substation, work without
stage-wise inspection and approval will be rejected.
• TX room details to be designed & checked by the consultant.
• Under taking of responsibility of the Structural design is to be submitted to KM at building
Permit stage. Please refer to (Appendix 8)
• Substation levels based on the level of the area in front of the substation = +/-0.00.
• Substation and transformer rooms must be provided with a cooling system and equipped
with all necessary handling tools (i.e. cranes, forklift, trolleys, etc.).
• A complete fire hazards study shall be done by consultant whereby the consultant shall
propose a suitable fire fighting system for the electrical substation and transformers rooms.
• Consultant shall provide “method statement” with the building permit application with a
clear drawing showing method of delivery and replacement of the electric equipments in the
substation i.e. transformers and HV switch gears.
• All works should be carried out under the supervision and instructions of Kahramaa.
4.3.3 Substation in the Basement Level (only in West Bay Towers Area)(I/D)
High Voltage Room:
• HV room Trench size (0.8m width * 1.5m depth) along the 6m (Length of the H.V.
room).
• HV room floor level is (+0.2m) from the outside area facing to the HV room.
• Two doors must be provided for the HV room (aluminium sandwich panel doors).
The main door size is (1.4m width * 2.6m high). The 2nd door (escape door) size is
(1.2m width * 2.2m high). Both doors must lead to an open area.
• Natural ventilation opening size is (0.5m * 1.2m), aluminium louver with sand trap at
high level, and it could be provided with cooling system.

Transformer Room:
• As per Kahramaa rules and regulations, any TX to be installed below the Ground
level must be Dry Type. It is the responsibility of the consultant to design the TX
room while respecting the following:
- Provide one separate door for each Transformer (2.4m * 2.6m), aluminium
(sandwich panel /louver) door.
- Provide one door from TX room to MV room (1.00m * 2.2m), aluminium
sandwich panel door.
- TX room floor level to be (+0.20m) from outside area facing the TX room.
- Trench size to be (0.8m * 1.2m) in the TX room.
- Clear height to be (3.65m).
• The design of the Transformer Room shall comply with Kahramaa design rules and
regulations.
General Notes:
• Crane, equipment and cable access to the substation must be available always.
maximum.
• Contact Kahramaa’s Civil Unit before starting the construction of substation, work
without stage-wise inspection and approval will be rejected.
• TX room details to be designed & checked by the consultant.
• Under taking of responsibility of the Structural design is to be submitted to KM at
building Permit stage. Please refer to (Appendix 8)
• Substation levels based on the level of the area in front of the substation = +/- 0.00.
Substation location should not be below basement level 1.
• Consultant shall provide “method statement” with the building permit application with
a clear drawing showing method of delivery and replacement of the electric
equipments in the substation (i.e. transformers and HV switchgear).
• Provide direct access to the HV room from the ground floor through door and
staircase with KM locks.
• If natural ventilation is not available substation must be provided with a cooling
system.
• All S/STN should be equipped with all necessary handling tools (i.e. cranes, forklift,
trolleys, etc.).
• A complete fire hazards study shall be done by consultant whereby the consultant
shall propose a suitable fire fighting system for the electrical substation and
transformers rooms.
• Consultant shall provide design concept and statement along with clear drawings for
the drainage system design showing effective and complete protection for the
substation from water flood.

• All works should be carried out under the supervision and instructions of Kahramaa.
4.3.4 General Civil Requirements

In case of the substation being located inside the building (above, in or below ground level)
the Consultant has to undertake the Structural Design responsibility of the substation and to
make sure that this design is complying with the approved Architectural drawings, please
refer to Appendix 8.
In case of construction of substation without Kahramaa supervision, an undertaking letter is

to be represented to Kahramaa, please refer to appendix 10.
In case of construction of substation with consultant supervision, an undertaking letter is to
be represented to Kahramaa, please refer to appendix 11.
Cable Trays:
• Cable trays shall comply with the following
o Made of galvanized steel.
o Suitable strength and rigidity.
o Side rails or equivalent structural members.
• Cable trays should not have any sharp edges, burrs or projections that could
damage the cables.
• Cable trays shall be corrosion resistance but if not the system should be protected
from corrosion.
• Cable trays shall include fitting for changes in direction and election of runs.
• Cable trays should be protected from any physical damage and additional protection
should be provided wherever required.
Cable trays specifications should be in compliance with QCS.

5.0 11kV Outdoor Substation

These types of substations can be divided into: -
1. Public outdoor substation – These giving general supplies to the public.
2. Consumer outdoor substations – these giving supplies to private large
consumers.
5.1 Public Outdoor 11kV / LV Substation
These substations cab be divided in to: -

1. Public outdoor substations with two transformers.
2. Public outdoor substations with one transformer.
3. Distribution Package substations. (DPS)
5.1.1 Public Outdoor Substations with Two Transformers

The outdoor equipment for this type of substation consists of:
• 2 Nos. 11kV / LV Transformer.
•Extensible RMU + Transformer Switch
•2 Nos. 6 way free standing feeder pillars.
Detailed design of this type of outdoor substation depends on switch make and transformer
size, refer to the civil engineer for further details.
The RMU could be replaced with Feeder & Transformer switches as shown in STD-
SUBOD- 07.
5.1.2 Public Outdoor Substation with One Transformer

The outdoor equipment for this type of substation consists of:-
• 1 No. 11kV / LV Transformer.
• Extensible (with additional Feeder Switch)/ Non Extensible RMU + 6 way free
standing pillars.
A typical layout of this type of outdoor substation is shown in STD-SUB-OD-03.

Detailed design depends on switch make and transformer size, refer to the civil engineer for
further details.
The RMU could be replaced with Feeder & Transformer switches as shown in STD-
SUBOD-07.

5.1.3 Distribution Package Substation (DPS)

This type of outdoor substation is described in Specification ED-02-91 with 500kVA,
800kVA, 1000 kVA, 1250kVA and 1600kVA transformer with attached 6 way bolt on feeder
pillar with outgoing ways each rated at 630A and the SF6 RMU. The unit is integral without
any cable connections.
This type of outdoor substation is useful where space is restricted although it may be
installed in other situations.
The civil works for the unit substation are simple and consist mainly of a rectangular plinth
with cut out for cable entry. Each manufacturer has a different design and a civil construction
drawing is supplied with the equipment.
The location of the outdoor unit substation is important and the following notes apply.
Avoid locations where the unit substation may be damaged by vehicular traffic - if the area is
congested protective concrete stanchion may be erected around the unit substation.
Ensure that sufficient space is available to use a crane to install/remove the unit substation.
Generally a corner position near to the building is most suitable with regard to the free
circulation of air around the unit substation in order to provide sufficient ventilation for the
transformer.
Unit substation should not be located in buildings.
5.2 Civil Requirements of O/D Substations:
5.2.1 O/D Substations – Case 1:

in case where the plot total size is less than 1000 SQ meters and the substation is inside the
proposed building where the proposed TX is an oil type TX where the S/STN are located in
the Ground floor (no basement beneath), the specifications should be as follows:
• The required S/STN consists of : RMU + Oil Type TX.
• Set back of the RMU Plinth from the nearest wall should be not less than (0.80 M).
• Width of the RMU plinth should be (0.75 M).
• Distance between the RMU plinth and TX plinth should not be less than (1.5 M).
• The width of the TX plinth should be (0.8 M).
• The set back of the TX plinth to the nearest wall should not be less than (1.5 M).
• All the plinths top levels should be (+0.40 M from the Road facing the S/STN which is
assumed 0 level).
• The bottom level of all of the plinths should be at (-0.90 M) minimum from the
assumed road 0 level.
• The total length of the plinth should not be less than (3.0 M) for RMU and (3.2 M) for
TX plinth, with front setback not less than (0.80 M).

• The floor of S/STN room could be back-filled area, or concrete where a trench must be
provided with size (0.8m width *1.5m depth).
• The height should not be less than (3.65 M) from the top of the Plinth.
• A separate door for the RMU beside the designated door for the TX is required.
• The doors dimensions should be :
o RMU door dimensions should be (1.5 M X 2.6 M)
o TX door dimensions should be (2.4 M x 2.6 M)
o All the doors should be facing the main road.
General Notes:
• In case of an M.V. room the finished floor level to be very smooth and the tolerance
not to be more than (±3mm) maximum.
• Elevation drawings to be submitted to KM before starting the construction of the
substation.
• M.V. room details to be designed & checked by the consultant.
• TX Plinth details to be designed & checked by the consultant (if the TX is dry type).
• Elevation of the substation must be matching with that of the main building (design,
colour, etc.).
5.2.2 O/D Substations – Case 2:

in case where the plot total size is equal to or more than 1000 SQ meters and
the substation is inside the proposed building where the proposed TX is an oil
type TX, where the S/STN are located in the Ground floor (no basement
beneath), the specifications should be as follows:
• The required S/STN consists of : RMU +Feeder Switch + Oil Type TX
• Set back of the RMU plinth from the nearest wall should be not less than (0.80 M).
• Width of the RMU plinth should be (0.75 M).
• Distance between the RMU plinth and the Feeder Switch plinth should be (0.30 M).
• The width of the Feeders Switch plinth/s should be (0.65 M).
• Distance between the Feeder Switch plinth and TX plinth should not be less than
(1.5 M).
• The width of the TX plinth should be (0.8 M).
• The set back of the TX plinth to the nearest wall should not be less than (1.5 M).
• All the plinths top levels should be (+0.40 M from the Road facing the S/STN which is
assumed 0 level).
• The bottom level of all of the plinths should be at (-0.90 M) minimum from the

assumed road 0 level.

• The total length of the plinth should not be less than (3.0 M) for RMU plinth+ Feeder
Switch plinth, and (3.2 M) for TX plinth, with front set back not less than (0.80 M).
• The floor of S/STN room could be back-filled area, or concrete where a trench must
be provided with size (0.8m width *1.5m depth).
• The height of the S/STN should not be less than (3.65 M) from the top of the Plinth.
• A separate door for the RMU+Feeder Switch beside the designated door for the TX is
required.
• The doors dimensions should be :
o RMU+Feeder Switch door dimensions should be (2.4 M X 2.6 M)
o TX door dimensions should be (2.4 M x 2.6 M)
o All the doors should be facing the main road.
General Notes:
• In case of an M.V. room the finished floor level to be very smooth and the tolerance
not to be more than (±3mm) maximum.
• Elevation drawings to be submitted to KM before starting the construction of the
substation.
• M.V. room details to be designed & checked by the consultant.
• TX Plinth details to be designed & checked by the consultant (if the TX is dry type).
• Elevation of the substation must be matching with that of the main building
(design, colour, etc.).

6.0 Remote Outdoor Transformer Substation Sites

This type of substation can be divided into: -
1. Public Remote Outdoor Transformer Substation sites – these generally giving
supplies to the public.
2. Consumer Remote Outdoor Transformer substation – these giving supplies to
private consumers.
A remote outdoor Transformer substation site is installed when the site is isolated from the
main general 11kV system, normally about 150 meters. or more and it is judged that the
security of supply requirement is low and does not require an alternative supply.
The outdoor equipment for this type of substation consists of: -

• 1 No. 11kV / LV Transformer.
• FSFP in case item 1 above.
•Consumer Panel in case item 2 above.
Note that the 11kV switchgear controlling the remote 11kV/LV transformer is located at a
substation connected to the main 11kV network.
For detailed design refer to the Civil engineer.









QATAR GENERAL
PART - 4
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS

PART 4
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 68

2.0 Voltage Drop on 33kV System .................................................................................................. 68
3.0 Voltage Drop on 11kV System ................................................................................................... 69
3.1 Voltage Drop Due To Transformer Regulation ................................................70
3.2 Worked Example of Voltage Drop on 11kV Overhead Line Network .........722
4.0 Low Voltage System ................................................................................................................. 766
4.1 Voltage Drop on the Low Voltage Mains System .............................................766
4.2 Voltage Drop on Consumers Service Cable......................................................766
4.3 Worked Example of Voltage Drop on Low Voltage Network ........................766

1.0 Introduction
This part of the manual outlines the method used to calculate the voltage drop across
the 33kV, 11kV and LV networks using appropriate worked examples.
2.0 Voltage Drop on 33kV System

The 33kV system network is provided for by a number of grid stations at 132/33kV.
The base voltage at the 33kV side is set automatically by the Automatic Voltage
Regulating controller.
Worked Example of Voltage Drop Calculation on 33kV Network

Refer to Table 6 Appendix 1 Page A 1-8.
2 5
33kV A.1.1.33.5 11kV
100 8.75
10k 250A P 2k A
5km B 150A
2km A 6km E
300A m
m P
P 103.25 99.75 P 96.25 87.5
A A.1.1.1A A A.1.1.2
A A.1.1.5
3.5 5MVA
1km
Package
2 A
7% 33/11kV
P Size Conductor (100mm ACSR)A.1.1.4
2
Vd % = (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin x 100

Vp
Where Vd % = Percentage Voltage drop I = Current Line
d = distance metre R = Resistance 
km
X = Reactance  Vp = Phase Voltage
km
Assume power factor = 0.85 cos = 0.85 sin = 0.52
Vdf = Voltage drop factor
Vd % = (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin x 100 = (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin

Vp 19052.6
100
= (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin
190.53
Vdf = Rcos + Xsin
190.53

VoltageDro p
Rcos + Xsin = = 0.5143 (From the table in Appendix 1, Part 10)
A.km
Vdf for Type P 100mm2 ACSR = 0.5143 = 0.0026993

190.53
Vd % = I x d x Vdf %
Vd % at 'A ' = 103.25 x 10 x 0.0026993 = 2.7870%
Vd % AF = 3.5 x 2 x 0.0026993 = 0.0189%
Vd % at 'F' = 2.7870 + 0.0189 = 2.8059%
Vd % AB = 99.75 x 5 x 0.0026993 = 1.3463%
Vd % at 'B' = 2.7870 + 1.3463 = 4.1333%
Vd % BE = 3.5 x 1 x 0.0026993 = 0.0094%
Vd % at 'E' = 4.1333 + 0.0094 = 4.1427%
Vd % BC = 96.25 x 2 x 0.0026993 = 0.5196%
Vd % at 'C' = 4.1333 + 0.5196 = 4.6529%
Vd % CD = 87.5 x 6 x 0.0026993 = 1.4171%
Vd % at 'D' = 4.6529 + 1.4171 = 6.07%
3.0 Voltage Drop on 11kV System

The base voltage level at primary substation is set automatically. Voltage regulation
is controlled at the primary substation by an Automatic Voltage Regulating Relay
which will adjust the on load tap changer on the primary transformer to raise or lower
the voltage level within certain set limits. Normally there are 1-17 tap positions with a
tap position voltage variation of 1.25%.
Some voltage drop on the 11kV system is acceptable as the declared low voltage is
415/240 volts and the no load transformer voltage is 11,000/433/250 voltage.
Therefore to give a no load voltage of 240V on the secondary terminals of the

distribution transformer the required phase to phase primary voltage is :-

11000
240 x 3  = 10,560 Volts
433
11,000  10,560
 % allowable high voltage drop = % = 4%
11,000
Voltage regulation on the 11kV system should normally be maintained within +5% of
the nominal 11kV on load voltage.
However in the case of rural 11kV Electrical Distribution Networks with extended
OHL a voltage drop of up to 7% may be considered.
3.1 Voltage Drop Due To Transformer Regulation
This is the voltage drop due to the 11000/433 volt transformer regulation and refers to
the change of secondary terminal voltage between no-load and load conditions. It is
usually quoted as a percent or per unit value for full load at a given power factor.
Transformer regulation is also a function of power factor as well as load and can vary
from about 1% at unit PF full load to 4% at 0.5 PF. This range is shown in the figure
4.1 page 74.


3.2 Worked Example of Voltage Drop on 11kV Overhead Line Network
In rural areas with extended 11kV overhead line feeders and large point loads of
(1MVA-2MVA) voltage drop calculations must be made before the load is accepted
for connection to the network. Computer programmes are available for such studies.
However, the following simplified approximate manual method of calculation for a
worked example is shown below.
Connection of 2MVA load at Abdul Ghani Farm on the Al Shalah Primary Network
on the Rawdat Rashid, QTEL circuit.
The schematic drawing Fig 4.2 page 77 is attached and the proposed load is to be
connected at the end of the OHL supplying Mubarak S/S (8281) and Yaqoob S/S
(5640).
The circuit is 17km long made up of the following sections;
200mm² ACSR 8040m

150mm² ACSR 560m
100mm² ACSR 7000m
Cable 1400m
Existing load on circuit = 2MVA
Circuit characteristic Approx. Voltage

Drop per phase V/A. km
200mm² ACSR 0.3151

100mm² ACSR 0.5143
Assumptions
Consider the line to be simplified as follows – circuit length of 17km to be equivalent

to 10km 200mm² ACSR + 7km 100mm² ACSR. The existing load of 2MVA is
considered to be distributed along the OHL and for the purpose of this calculation, the

load is considered to be connected at the mid point of the circuit.

Refer to Table 6 Appendix 1
Volt Drop AB = .3151 x 8.5 x 200A = 535.6V

BC = .3151 x 1.5 x 100A = 47.2V
CD = .5143 x 7 x 100A = 360.0V
TOTAL VOLT DROP = 942.8V
11000V
Phase to earth voltage =  6351 V
3
Phase to earth voltage
Transformer HV Terminals = 6351 - 943 = 5408V
Equivalent to Phase/Phase
Voltage at Transformer Terminals = 3 x 5408 = 9367V
This is equivalent to
250
LV Transformer Terminal Voltage = 9367 x = 213 volts
11,000
(assumes 11/.433kV Transformer ratio)
The voltage at the consumer terminals will be this value (213V) minus the
transformer voltage regulation.
To calculate this value, assume that the proposed consumer's load of 2MVA will be
supplied from an outdoor substation with RMU and 2 x 1000kVA Transformers.
The voltage regulation of the 1000kVA Transformer is assumed to be 6.45% at full

load and unity PF.
Power Factor PF@ .85, it is estimated that the voltage regulation at the 1000kVA
transformer will be of the order of 4% of the nominal voltage 240V.
4
Thus volt drop at consumer terminals = 213 - (240 x )
100
(assumes no voltage drop on = 213 - 9.6
connection from T/F to
consumer terminals short distance) = 203.4 volts
240  203.4
% voltage regulation =  100 = 15.3%
240

This is an excessive voltage drop on the normally accepted minimum voltage level of
226 volts.
The conclusion is that the line should be reinforced or a new line constructed before
the load is accepted on the Electricity Network.
The acceptable voltage drop on 11kV OHL should be restricted to 5% as outlined in

Section 3.0. However as a temporary expedient the transformer may be adjusted to
the -5% tap which will allow a 9% voltage drop overall and still give 240V at the
consumer terminals with a sending end voltage of 11,000 volts.


4.0 Low Voltage System

The load density in Qatar is generally very high. In Doha city with short runs of 11kV
cable and low voltage cables of size 300/185mm² 4 core, voltage drop calculations
are not usually necessary on the low voltage system.
The declared voltage is 240/415 +6%, high-254 volts, low-226 volts at consumer
terminal.
The no load transformer voltage is 11000/433/250.
4.1 Voltage Drop on the Low Voltage Mains System

The declared voltage is 240/415  6%.
The main supply cable to which all consumer service cables are connected will suffer
a voltage drop due to the total connected load from all consumers. As a means of
assessment this total voltage drop should be of the order of 4% - 5%.
4.2 Voltage Drop on Consumers Service Cable

This voltage drop is normally about 1% of the total voltage regulation.
4.3 Worked Example of Voltage Drop on Low Voltage Network

Refer to Table 3 Appendix 1
This calculation is for distributed loads spread equally along a main distributor size 4
core 185 XLPE cable length 300 metres and it shows the calculation for the
summated voltage drop at point F (end of cable).
50 50 50
A A A
250 200 150 100 50A
A 250 200 150
300 A A A A100
A A C A A E
B D F PPP
EEE
50m 50 50 50 D 50 50
m m m m m
50 50 50
A A A
4 core 185mm² XLPE DISTRIBUTOR

CABLE SIZE 4CX185mm2 XLPE R = 0.129 


X = 0.0758 

Vd % = (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin x 100

Vp
Where Vd % = Percentage Voltage drop I = Current Line
d = distance metre R = Resistance 
km
X = Reactance  Vp = Phase Voltage
km
Assume power factor = 0.85 cos = 0.85 sin = 0.52
Vdf = Voltage drop factor
Vd % = (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin x 100 = (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin

Vp 250
100
= (I x d) x Rcos + Xsin
2.50
Vdf = Rcos + Xsin

2.50
VoltageDro p
Rcos + Xsin = (This value can be obtained from the table in
A.km
Appendix 1, Part 10)
Vdf for 4C185 XLPE = 0.129 x 0.85 + 0.0758 x 0.52 = 0.0596

2.50
Vd % = I x d x Vdf
Vd % at 'A ' = 300 x 0.050 x 0.0596 = 0.894%
Vd % AB = 250 x 0.050 x 0.0596 = 0.745%
Vd % at 'B' = 0.8949 + 0.745 = 1.639%

Vd % BC = 200 x 0.050 x 0.0596 = 0.596%
Vd % at 'C ' = 1.639 + 0.596 = 2.235%
Vd % CD = 150 x 0.050x 0.0596 = 0.447%
Vd % at 'D' = 2.235 + 0.447 = 2.682%
Vd % DE = 100 x 0.050 x 0.0596 = 0.298%
Vd % at 'E' = 2.682% + 0.298% = 2.98%
Vd % at EF = 50 x 0.050 x 0.0596 = 0.149%
Vd % at 'F' = 2.98% + 0.149% = 3.129%
For load of 300 Amps at the far end and cable length of 300 metre.
Vd% = 300 x 0.300 x 0.0596 = 5.364%

QATAR GENERAL
PART - 5
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS

PART 5
FAULT LEVEL CALCULATIONS
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 811

2.0 Symbols ............................................................................................................................ 811
3.0 Conversion Formula ................................................................................................................. 811
4.0 Vectorial Addition of Impedances .......................................................................................... 822
5.0 Three Phase Short Circuit Calculations ............................................................................... 822
6.0 Single Phase Short Circuit Calculations .............................................................................. 822
7.0 Simplified Calculation ........................................................................................................... 833
8.0 Worked Example – Short Circuit Calculation ....................................................................... 833
8.1 Three Phase Short Circuit Calculation – Typical Example ..............................833
8.2 Three Phase Short Circuit Calculation – Simplified Version ..........................877
8.3 Single Phase Short Circuit Calculation – Typical Example..............................888
9.0 Worked Example – Short Circuit Contribution from Large Motors .................................. 900
10.0 Worked Example – Transformer LV side Short Circuit Calculation ................................ 922

1.0 Introduction
System fault levels are normally calculated by computer programs but where manual
calculations are necessary the following methods can be used.
Using per unit (or percentage) values related to a common base MVA.
For the following calculations the symbols used have the following meaning;
2.0 Symbols
V= phase-phase voltage (kV)
Isc = short circuit current (kA)
Z(pu or % or  ) = Impedance in pu or % or ohmic terms
Z1, R1, X1 = Positive phase sequence values
Z2, R2, X2 = Negative phase sequence values
Ze = Impedance of neutral / earth path
Z0, R0, Y0 = Zero phase sequence values
S= 3 phase short circuit MVA
3.0 Conversion Formula

1. To convert impedance (or resistance or reactance from ohmic to per unit
values)
ZB =
kV 2
MVAB
Z  
Zpu = ………………..1
ZB
2. To convert impedance from one MVA base to another;
MVAbase 1
Zpu base 1 = Zpu base 2 x ………………..2
MVAbase 2
3. To convert a 3 phase short circuit MVA to an equivalent source impedance in

per unit.

MVAbase
Zpu = ………………..3
S
4. To refer ohmic values of impedance (or resistance or reactance) from their

system operating voltage to another voltage.
(V B ) 2
ZA = ZB ……………….4
(V A ) 2
4.0 Vectorial Addition of Impedances

All impedances must be added vectorally by summating resistive and reactive components
separately as follows (suffices a and b refer to separate items of plant)
Z= ( Ra  Rb)2  ( Xa  Xb)2 ………………..5
5.0 Three Phase Short Circuit Calculations

MVAbase
Isc = ………………..6
3  V  Z ( pu )
And
MVAbase
S= ………………...7
Zpu
6.0 Single Phase Short Circuit Calculations

Single phase faults result in positive, negative and zero phase sequence currents. For static
plant positive and negative phase sequence impedances are equal. Connections between
neutral points and earth carry three times the zero phase sequence current in any phase the
short circuit current is given by;
3 V
Isc = …………………..8
(2Z1  Z 0  3Z e )
Or if per unit values are used. Refer to formulae (1)
3  MVAbase
Isc = …………………..9
V  (2Z1  Z 0  Z e ) pu

7.0 Simplified Calculation

These calculations can be simplified. One method is to ignore resistance values (generally
low). The calculated value will be higher than the true value, but is useful when checking the
adequacy of plant ratings.
Second method is to assume that all impedances have the same power factor and can be
added arithmetically. The calculated value will be lower than the true value but is useful for
the appraisal of abnormal loads or in calculating the reach of relays.
8.0 Worked Example – Short Circuit Calculation

Two worked examples are shown below; the first calculation involves a three phase fault
while the second calculation involves a single phase to earth fault.
8.1 Three Phase Short Circuit Calculation – Typical Example

The example gives the short circuit current at point 'A' on the 11kV network.
Refer to Drawing Fig.- 5.1 on Page 86.
“Three Phase Short Circuit Calculation – Typical Example”


All impedances will be calculated at a 100MVA base.
Source Impedance
The resistance component of the source impedance is neglected.
100
Xpu = j = j0.143
700
Refer to formulae (3)
33kV Cable Impedance

Positive Sequence impedance for 33kV 240mm2 XLPE cable
= (0.098 + j0.109)/km
Cable Length = 7km

= 7(0.098 + j0.109) = 0.686 + j0.763 
(0.686  j 0.763)  100

= pu
(33) 2
= (0.063 + j0.07)pu
33kV Transformer Impedance
0.0715  100
Xpu = = j1.43 Transformer resistance is
5
neglected.
There are two transformer feeders in parallel.
The resultant total impedance is thus;
½ (0.063 + j0.07 + j1.43)pu = (0.0315 + j0.75)pu
11kV Cable + 11kV Overhead Line Impedance
0.5km of 11kV 3 core 300m² – from Electrical Characteristic Tables
= 0.5(0.0812 + j0.0932) = (0.0406 + j0.0466)

(0.0406  j 0.0466)  100

= pu
(11) 2
= (0.0336 + j0.0385)pu
1km of 11kV 200mm² ACSR – from Electrical Characteristic Tables
= (0.167+ j0.333)
(0.167  j 0.333)  100
= pu
(11) 2
= (0.138 + j0.275)pu
Total 11kV Network Impedance
= (0.1716 + j0.3135)pu
Total Impedance to point of fault at ‘A’
Source impedance 0 + j0.143

Transformer Feeder Impedance 0.0315 + j0.75
11kV Impedance 0.1716 + j0.3135
Total per unit impedance to pt of fault 0.2031 + j1.2065

Summating vectorily refer to formulae (5)
Total impedance to pt of fault = 0.20312  1.2065 2
= 1.223pu
MVAbase 100
S (three phase fault) =   81.8 MVA
Zpu 1.223
Or, fault current is given by
100
Isc = = 4.29kA
3  11  1.223

8.2 Three Phase Short Circuit Calculation – Simplified Version

The same network will be analyzed using the simplified calculation method one and two.
Method One – ignoring resistance values.
Source impedance 0 + j0.143

Transformer Feeder Impedance 0.0315 + j0.75
11kV Impedance 0.1716 + j0.3135
Total impedances to point of fault = 0.143 + 0.75 + 0.3135 = 1.2065pu
The fault MVA is given by
100
S= = 82.9MVA
1.2065
Which is 1.3% higher compared with previously calculated value of 81.8MVA.
Method Two – adding impedances arithmetically

Source impedance = 0.143pu
33kV cable impedance = ½(0.063 + j0.07)pu

(connected in parallel) = (0.0315 + j0.035)pu
= 0.0315 2  0.035 2
= 0.0471pu
Transformer Impedance = ½(j1.43)pu

(connected in parallel) = 0.715pu
11kV Impedance = 0.1716 + j0.3135

= 0.357pu

= (0.143 + 0.0471 + 0.715 + 0.357)pu
= 1.2621pu
100
Three phase fault level at point ‘A’ =  79.2MVA
1.2621

Which is 3.3% lower compared with the previously calculated value of 81.8MVA.
These two methods are a convenient method of calculating short circuit currents and fault
levels.
8.3 Single Phase Short Circuit Calculation – Typical Example

In this example, the system model is assumed to be that shown in Section 8.1. A
single phase to earth fault is assumed to occur at point ‘B’ of the 11kV busbar. The
two transformers are assumed to have a Ynynd connection, with the star point solidly
earthed.
From the calculations shown in Section 8.1,

Source Impedance
The resistance component of the source impedance is neglected.
Three Phase Fault Source Impedance, Xpu = j0.143pu
It is assumed that Z1 = Z2 = j0.143pu

100
Single Phase Fault Source Impedance, Xpu = j = j1.163pu
86
Z1  Z 2  Z 0
ZLG = = j1.163pu
3
Therefore, Z0 = 3(j1.163) – 2(j0.143) =j3.203pu
33kV Cable Impedance
Z1 = Z2 = (0.063 + j0.07)pu
Zero Sequence impedance for 33kV 240mm2 XLPE cable

= (0.762 + j0.135)/km
Cable Length = 7km

= 7(0.762 + j0.135) = 5.334 + j0.945 
(5.334  j 0.945)  100

= pu
(33) 2
Thus, Z0 = (0.49 + j0.0868)pu

33kV Transformer Impedance

Z1 = Z2 = j1.43pu Transformer resistance is neglected.
Assume Z0 = 0.9xZ1
Z0 = j1.287
Z1 Z2 Z3
Source j 0.143 j 0.143 j 3.203
Cable
0.063  j.07 0.063  j.01 0.49  j.0868
Parallel
2 2 2
Transformer
j1.43 j1.43 j1.287
Parallel
2 2 2
Total Zero Sequence Impedance to point of fault at ‘B’
Z1 = .894  1.53o
Z2 = .894  1.53o
Z0 = 3.894  1.50o
Z1  Z 2  Z 0
ZLG =
3
0.894  1.53o  .8941.53o  3.8941.5o
= = 1.8935 1.5147o
3
MVAbase 100
S (single phase fault) =   52.8 MVA
Z LG 1.8935
Or, fault current is given by
100
Isc = = 2.77kA
3  11  1.8953

9.0 Worked Example – Short Circuit Contribution from Large Motors

Refer Fig 5.2 Page 92
Equivalent Source Impedance at the incoming 11kV board:
Given, Fault Level = 273MVA Base MVA = 20
1
Zs = = 0.0733pu
273
Cable Impedance:
Assume Cable Type ‘a’ with the following impedance;

0.0732 + j0.076 /km = 0.1055/km
112
For cable lengths of 2.5km, Zc = 0.26375 Zbase = = 6.05
20
0.26375
Thus, Zc = = 0.0436pu
6.05
Motor Equivalent Impedance:
Given, each Motor is rated at 1640kW with assumed pf = 0.8 and eff = 0.95;
1640  10 3
FLC, In = = 113.3A
3  11000  0.8  0.95
Fault current contribution by motor during a three phase fault is similar to that of the
starting current of the motor, assuming 7 x FLC.
LRC, Is = 7 x 113.3 = 793A
11  10 3 8.01
Thus, Zm = = 8.01, Zm pu = = 1.32pu
3  793 6.05
Equivalent Circuit Diagram:
Refer Fig 5.3 page 94.
Point of three phase fault is assumed to be on one of the 11kV outgoer feeders close to the
11kV switchboard.


1.32
All 6 motors in parallel; = 0.22pu
6
0.0436
All 4 cables in parallel = = 0.0109pu
4
The total motor and cable impedance = 0.22 + 0.0109 = 0.2309pu
Short Circuit Impedance, Zsc = 0.0733//0.2309 = 0.0556
1
Three Phase Fault MVA, S =  20 = 359.5MVA
0.0556
359.5  10 6
Short Circuit Current, Isc = = 18.87kA
3  11000
273  10 6
Fault Current through each transformer = = 7.16kA
2  3  11000
18.87  2  7.16
Fault Current through each cable feeder = = 1.14kA
4
4  1.14
Fault Current contributed by each motor = = 0.76kA
6
10.0 Worked Example – Transformer LV side Short Circuit Calculation
Fault Level = 350MVA 11kV
1000kVA
6.45%
Dyn11
433V
1
Source impedance, Zs = = 0.002857pu assuming base MVA = 1
350
Transformer impedance, Zt = 0.0645pu

For a fault at the transformer LV terminal, the overall sequence impedance values are
given by Z1, Z2 and Z0:
Z1 = Zs + Zt = 0.002857 + 0.0645 = 0.067357pu

Assume Z2 = Z1 = 0.067357pu
Assume transformer’s zero sequence impedance = transformer’s positive sequence

impedance, hence, Z0 = 0.0645pu
For a three phase fault on the transformer LV terminal,
1 1
Fault MVA, S = = = 14.846MVA
Z1 0.067357
14.846  10 6
3  433
For a phase to phase fault on the transformer LV terminal,
3 3
Fault MVA, S = = = 12.857MVA
Z1  Z 2 2  0.067357
12.857  10 6
3  433
For a phase to earth fault on the transformer LV terminal,
3 3
Fault MVA, Sf = = = 15.059MVA
Z1  Z 2  Z 0 2  0.067357  0.0645
15.059  10 6
3  433

QATAR GENERAL
PART - 6
MOTOR LOADS

PART 6
MOTOR LOADS
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 966

2.0 Engineering Recommendation P28 .......................................................................................... 966
3.0 Starting Currents of Electric Motors ....................................................................................... 966
4.0 Flicker Effect ............................................................................................................................ 977
5.0 Low Voltage Three Phase Motors ............................................................................................ 977
6.0 3.3kV, 6.6 kV , 11kV Electrical Motors ................................................................................... 977
7.0 Worked Example on Voltage Drop(refer Fig 6.1&6.2 in page 104&105) ............................. 988

1.0 Introduction
This section of the Distribution Planning Manual deals with abnormal loads mainly
considering the starting of large electrical motors. Reference is made to Engineering
Recommendation P28 which is included in Part 10 Appendix A-2 of this manual.
Work examples for voltage drop due to the starting of large electrical motors are
given. Also guidance is given by “rule of thumb” methods for connecting motors to
the Distribution Network.
2.0 Engineering Recommendation P28

Planning limits for Voltage Fluctuations caused by Industrial, commercial and
Domestic Equipment.
This Engineering recommendation (P 28) is included as a definitive study of the

effects of abnormal loads on Electricity Supply Networks. It defines acceptance limits
for such disturbances and formulates the theoretical concepts of each type of
abnormal load. The study was undertaken in the United Kingdom but is applicable
world-wide. A copy of this P28 is attached as Appendix A-2 in Part 10 of this
manual.
3.0 Starting Currents of Electric Motors

Starting of large electrical motors direct on line produces the most severe fluctuations
due to both the magnitude and power factor of the current taken. The magnitude of
the starting current can range up to 7 times normal full load current with a low power
factor of the order of 0.3.
The magnitude of the starting current of low voltage three phase motors can be
reduced by the use of star / delta starters. On starting the motor terminals are
connected in star mode with a reduction in effective starting current of approximately
3 times and then delta mode for normal running.
Large Electrical Motors (3.3kV, 11kV rated) employ several methods of reducing the
magnitude of the initial starting current. Auto transformers are used where the applied
voltage on starting is gradually increased to start the motor. Capacitor motor starting
reduces the reactive power drawn from the Distribution Network whereby reducing
the magnitude of the motor starting current.
In continuous process works it is often not possible to apply such reduced starting
methods and the large electrical motors have to be started “direct on load” which is
the cause of the network disturbances. In such cases the magnitude of the disturbance
must be assessed with it’s frequency of occurrence before the connection is made to
the Distribution Network.

4.0 Flicker Effect

This is generally recognised as a visible voltage change or dip visible to the eye.
Technically it is defined as the impression of fluctuating luminance occurring when
the supply to an electrically powered lighting source is subjected to a voltage
fluctuation.
5.0 Low Voltage Three Phase Motors

For low voltage motor connections it is not necessary to study the connection of each
motor to the Electricity Distribution Network and “Rule of Thumb” method can be
used as follows:
i. 3 phase motors with a point of common coupling at the LV busbars of a

Ground Mounted 11kV / LV Substations.
Accept - 3 phase motors with output rating of 45kW provided the GMT is at
least 500kVA.
Refer to P28 Addendum 1 – Electric Motors - for other connections.
ii. 3 Phase motors with a point of common coupling at a pole mounted 11kV / LV
substation.
Accept: - 3 phase motors with output rating of 22.5kW provided the PMT is at
least 200kVA.
Refer to P28 Addendum 1 – Electric Motors - for other connections.
iii. In both cases as above and by reference to P28, before a particular size of
motor is connected to the Electricity Distribution Network, it may be necessary
to up rate the size of Transformer.
6.0 3.3kV, 6.6 kV , 11kV Electrical Motors

Steps in assessment of Voltage Disturbances of Large Motors at the Planning Stage
1. Collect all information on the type of motor and starter that is to be connected to the
electricity network. It will include, size of motor (HP, KW) and method of starting
current.
2. Understand the type of work the motor will perform and the times of starting and
stopping and the frequency of starting/stopping.
3. Define the point of common coupling on the electricity network. What other
consumers are connected and establish if they are voltage sensitive.

4. Calculate the percentage voltage disturbance at the point of common coupling. An

example of a typical calculation are given.
5. A voltage disturbance of 3% or less can be accepted, providing the starting is

infrequent. Infrequent starting for large motors means less than once per day.
Frequent starting for large motors means daytime starting in excess of three instances.
6. A voltage disturbance in the range of 3% - 6% must be investigated;
Clarify - If the means of starting can be varied to reduce the starting current.
Clarify -The frequency of starting and particular hours of start up and close down.
Clarify - If the electricity network can be switched to minimise the voltage

disturbance of the large motor.
Impose - In writing operating conditions on the operation of the large motor such as
frequency of starting, time of the start, operator must contact system
control engineer before start up or close down.
7. Voltage Variations in excess of 6% are not acceptable. The operator to be advised to

find ways of running the operation to avoid the voltage disturbance to the electricity
network.
7.0 Worked Example on Voltage Drop(refer Fig 6.1&6.2 in page 104&105)
Due to starting of large motor using per unit polar calculation.
Base MVA = 20
Base kV = 11
Base Impedance ZB =
Base Voltage 2 =
112
= 6.05 
Base MVA 20
Parameter of 11kV, 3c x 300 mm² XLPE cable.
R = 0.0812  /Km
X = 0.0932  /Km
ZC = 1.5 (0.0812 + j0.0932)

= 0.1218 + j0.1398 
MVA base 20
ZS pu =   0.07326 pu = 0.0732690o
Fault Level 273
Z C 0.1218  j 0.1398
ZC pu =   0.0201  j 0.0231 pu | = 0.03065  0.8547o
ZB 6.05
Motor is rated 1640kW at 0.8PF, efficiency 95%. Direct on load starting current equals
7 times FL current.
1640  10 3
Motor current =
3  11000  0.95  0.8
= 113A
Starting current = 113 x 7 = 792 Amps
ZM = 6351 = 8.02 
792
Z M 8.02
ZM pu =  = 1.32541 pu90o
Z B 6.05
Total Zpu = ZS pu + ZC pu + ZM pu
= 0.0732690o + 0.03065 0.8547o + 1.32541 90o pu
= 1.40502.01o
NETWORK DIAGRAM - PER UNIT IMPEDANCES
Using the voltage divider method;

Per unit voltage drop
at motor terminal = (0.07326 + 0.03065) x 1 pu (voltage)
1.4050
=
0.1038 x 1
1.4050 = 0.0739 pu = 7.3%
An alternative method to calculate the voltage drop is;

Motor starting current = 7 x Full Load Current = 7 x 113A = 792A
20  10 6
Base current = = 1050A
3  11000
Thus, current drawn during motor starting = 792 = 0.7543pu

1050
Assuming a starting PF = 0.3; cos = 0.3 and sin = 0.95
Voltage drop = IRcos + IXsin

= 0.7543 0.3  .00603  0.95  .091542  0.0231
= 0.0736pu
= 7.36%
This percentage voltage drop of approximately 7.3% at the motor terminals is not acceptable
and at the point of common coupling – the 11kV bus bar would cause voltage disturbance to
consumer even on an infrequent starting routine.
The consumer should be advised to install some form of automatic starting which will reduce
the starting current to about three (3) times full load current and give a voltage drop of about
4%.
This would allow consideration to be given to the motor being started infrequently during the
early hours and to contacting the system control engineer before starting.
Types of automatic starters suitable for this type of motor are automatic sequence auto
transformer and capacitor automatic starting systems.



QATAR GENERAL
PART - 7
PROTECTION OF UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION
NETWORKS

PART 7
PROTECTION OF U/G DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1055

2.0 Unit Protection ........................................................................................................................ 1066
3.0 Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Protection ............................................................. 109
4.0 Directional Over current and Earth Fault Protection ............................................................ 110
5.0 Transformer Protection........................................................................................................... 113
5.1 11kV/LV GMT Protected by Circuit Breakers ...................................................113
5.2 11kV/LV GMT Protected by Fuse Links ............................................................113
5.3 11kV/LV GMT Protected by Time Limit Fuses...................................................114
5.4 Transformer Protection - Other ............................................................................115
5.4.1 Prismatic Oil Gauge ....................................................................115
5.4.2 Thermometer ...............................................................................115
5.4.3 Pressure Relief Valve .................................................................115
5.4.4 Buchholz Relay (Gas Actuated Relay) ......................................115
5.4.5 Restricted Earth Fault Protection for Transformer ..................116
6.0 HRC Fuse Protection for Low Voltage Feeders ................................................................. 118
6.1 Action of HRC Fuse.....................................................................118
6.1.2 Voltage Rating ...........................................................................118
6.1.3 Current Rating ............................................................................119
6.1.4 Minimum Fusing Current ..........................................................119
6.1.5 Fusing Factor .............................................................................119
6.1.6 Prospective Current of a Circuit ...............................................119
6.1.7 Breaking Capacity .....................................................................119
6.1.8 Operation of Fuse Link ..............................................................119
6.1.9 Cut-off ........................................................................................119
6.1.10 Pre-arcing Time ......................................................................119
6.1.11 Arcing Time ............................................................................119
6.1.12 Total Operating Time ...............................................................119

1.0 Introduction
11kV underground distribution system are designed on the following basis:-
1. Unit Protection (differential protection with pilot cable) on 11kV feeders from
primary substations to the first indoor substation + backup IDMT Directional
Overcurrent/directional Earth protection. Unit Protection for 11kV feeders
between indoor substations uses Translay or Solkor ‘R’ schemes. Recent
specification includes Pilot wire protection and IDMT Protection.
2. IDMT protection (over current and earth fault protection) on 11kV feeders
towards substations which are connected on interconnected ring system or
radial systems. For fast clearance of faults Pilot wire Protection also deployed
3. Directional O/C and E/F protection, which responds to faults on a distribution

system for a particular direction flow.
4. Transformer Protection.
 Ground Mounted Transformers are controlled by circuit breakers and

protected by EIDMT and High set instantaneous O/C & E/F Protection
Relays.
 11kV HRC oil immersed fuses in Ring Main Units for transformer
protection.
 Time Limit Fuse(TLF) Protection in SF6 Ring Main Units for transformer
protection.
 Restricted Earth Fault Protection, inter trip between LV ACB and HV CB.
Inter trip cable should be of adequate size considering voltage drop
between LV ACB and HV CB.
 Others – Buchholz relay, oil & winding temperature indicators. Winding

over temperature protection for cast resin transformer.
5. 415/240 volt HRC fuses protection for low voltage networks.

2.0 Unit Protection

The system of unit protection used is the Solkor R scheme or Translay. This type of
protection is installed from the primary substation (66/11kV or 33/11kV) to the first
indoor substation and also between two I/D substations
Unit protection schemes are based on the principle that with a healthy circuit the
current entering and leaving the circuit are equal. This type of differential protection
scheme is designed to protect one zone of the 11kV circuit or item of plant.
Current transformer and relays are installed at each end of the 11kV feeder which is
to be protected and are interlinked by pilot wires of a pilot cable.
The schematic diagram shown in Figure 7-1a in page 110 depicts a current balance
arrangement employed by the Solkor R relay.
At each end of the feeder, the secondaries of the current transformers are connected to
the primary winding of a summation transformer as shown above. For various types
of current distribution in the three current transformers on the feeder, a single phase
quantity appears in the summation transformer secondary winding and is applied to
the single pair of pilot circuit. The tapping on the summation transformer primary is
selected to give an optimum balance between the demands of fault setting and
stability.
For external fault conditions, an alternating current circulates around the pilot loop.
This will not cause the relay to operate since the secondary currents at both ends are
equal in magnitude and phase. For an internal fault either fed from a single end or
both ends of the protected feeder zone, unequal magnitude of currents from the CTs
or the direction of current flow will trigger the relay and thus tripping the circuit
breaker.
The schematic diagram shown in Figure 7-1b in page 110 below depicts a voltage
balance arrangement employed by the Translay relay for one phase only as shown
below for the condition of a fault outside the zone and a fault within the protected
zone.
The examples cover the voltage balance arrangement where the CT secondaries are
connected in opposition. Current only flows through the pilot wires and therefore
through the relays when there is a difference in the induced voltages V1 and V2.
This will occur when there is a difference in the primary currents at each end of the
feeder. Therefore in the example shown for a fault outside the protected zone, V1 =
V2 and no current flows to operate the relay, thus the circuit breaker at each end of the
feeder does not trip.

For a fault inside the protected zone the primary currents entering and leaving the
protected feeder are no equal and V1  V2 and secondary currents will flow in both
relays causing a trip of the circuit breaker at each end of the protected circuit.
This type of unit protection is used to protect 11kV feeders from primary substations
to the first indoor substation and also indoor substation to indoor substation to give a
satisfactory discrimination under all fault levels than is possible with the simpler
Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) relay schemes.


3.0 Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Protection
IDMT Protection is used on the 33kV and 11kV circuits to protect against over currents and
earth faults occurring on the distribution network.
The basic schematic diagram for this type of protection is shown in Fig 7.2 in page 113.
Protection Details Primary Substation Secondary Substation
CT Ratio 300/1 300/5

O/C Settings 125% 100%
E/F Settings 40% 40%
TMS (minimum) 0.30 0.1
The protection settings are subjected to grading between relays.
The basic method of providing over current relay protection on a 33kV or 11kV feeder is to
install current transformers on the circuit which then feed current into the over current relay
proportional to the circuit current.
When the current exceeds a preset value, the relay will operate at a time determined by the
characteristics of the relay to initiate tripping of the associated circuit breaker.
The over current relay can be of electro-mechanical, static or numeric type. When sufficient
current is passed through the coil from the current transformer, the disc will rotate in case of
electromagnetic relay to operate the tripping circuit. Numeric relays shall be used only in air
conditioned indoor substation.
This type of relay has a time/current characteristic designated inverse time-delay since they
operate after a time delay inversely dependent on the value of the over current and also the
time delay approaches a definite minimum value for the high values of current giving the
type, name of Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT). Note that the time delay can be
adjusted, but is independent of the value of the over current required to operate the relay. By
varying the time delay of successive relay in series, discrimination between relay installed on
different sections of the same feeder can be achieved.
The majority of 11kV system faults occur between one phase and earth and the practice to
protect against such fault is to connect the residual of secondary windings of the current
transformer to one earth fault relay as shown in the schematic diagram Fig 7.2 in page 113.
The earth fault relay will operate when the vectorial sum of the phase current is not equal
thus providing a residual current and earth fault relay is connected such that the residual
current flows through it and trips circuit breaker. Where the minimum fault current is more
than four times of load current, 2 phase O/C and E/F can be used.

4.0 Directional Over current and Earth Fault Protection
When fault current can flow in both directions through the relay location, it is necessary to
make the response of the relay directional by the introduction of directional control elements.
These are basically power measuring devices in which the system voltage is used which the
system voltage is used as a reference for establishing the relative direction or phase of the
fault current.
This type of protection is required in closed ring system and parallel circuits in order that
discrimination is obtained in each direction around the closed ring.
A typical example (Fig 7.3 in page 114) is the operation of the 11kV automatic voltage
regulator at Karana S/S where two incoming 11kV OHL feeders are operated in parallel on to
a common 11kV busbar. In order to provide discrimination, the two incoming 11kV circuit
breakers are fitted with Directional Over current (DOC) and Directional Earth Fault (DEF)
Protection.
The directional protection scheme will only operate for a fault on the 11kV feeder on which
it is installed leaving the healthy second 11kV feeder in operation and therefore no loss of
supply will occur.



5.0 Transformer Protection
5.1 11kV/LV GMT Protected by Circuit Breakers
The Ground Mounted Transformers may be protected by IDMT over current and earth fault
relays. These relays may have the following characteristics – SI, VI or EIDMT+ High set
instantaneous O/C& E/F elements.
The time delay characteristic should be chosen to discriminate with the circuit protection of
HRC fuses on the secondary side of the transformer. As the primary winding of the
transformer is not earthed, reverse flow of earth fault current is not possible; equally no zero-
sequence current can be transmitted to the secondary system. The setting of the earth fault
protection may therefore be low, with respect to both current and time.
In order to maintain good discrimination the earth fault element must remain stable under
phase fault conditions, which is most likely to be achieved with a low relay setting because
of the use of an high impedance relay. Generally a setting 20-30% is a good compromise
between the conflicting requirements of sensitivity and stability. If phase fault stability is
achieved, the time setting can be reduced to the minimum value, since the time grading of the
earth fault elements is not involved. For a 1000kVA transformer, CT ratio will be 80/5, O/C
setting 75% and E/F setting 40%. TMS for O/C is 0.2 while E/F is 0.1. Also 100/5A ratio
CT`s are used with proper settings.
5.2 11kV/LV GMT Protected by Fuse Links
The typical ratings for Ground Mounted Transformers to be protected by fuse links are 315kVA,
500kVA, 800kVA, 1000kVA, 1250kVA and 1600kVA.
These fuse links are installed in 11kV oil filled fuse switches which protect the transformer.
The principle of operation makes use of a striker pin in the fuse link which operates the trip bar
in the fuse switch to disconnect all phases. The fuse switch is non-fault breaking, this duty being
assigned to the fuse link.
The ratings of these oil tight fuse links are;
GMT Transformer Size Fuse Size
(kVA) (Amps)
315 40
500 56
800 63
1000 71
1250 90
1600 90

The rating and time/current characteristics of these fuse links must satisfy certain criteria
such as;
 The fuse link must be capable of carrying the rated full load current of the
transformer and sustain an overload rating of up to 115% .
 The 11kV fuse links shall be able to withstand transformer magnetising in
rush current which shall be assumed to be a maximum of (ten) 10 times the
fuse rating for a duration of 0.1 second.
 The 11kV fuse link must discriminate with LV fuses for low voltage system
faults.
5.3 11kV/LV GMT Protected by Time Limit Fuses
Ground Mounted Transformers which are controlled by SF6 Ring Main Units use time limit
fuses for transformer protection. The time limit fuse is connected in parallel with the
secondary side of the current transformer and the tripping coil.
The time limit fuse has an inverse time/current characteristic and will normally carry the
current transformer secondary current to by-pass the trip coil. As and when sufficient current
occurs to "blow" the time limit fuse, the whole secondary current is then transferred to the
trip coil which operates to trip the circuit breaker.
The rating time limit fuses for sizes of transformer and CT ratios are:-
System Nominal Power Transformer Current Time Fuse Link

Voltage Rating Transformer Ratio Rating
(kV) (kVA) (Amps) (Amps)
11 315 100/5 5
11 500 100/5 5
11 800 100/5 7.5
11 1000 100/5 7.5
11 1250 100/5 10
11 1600 100/5 12.5
11 500 50/5 7.5
11 800 50/5 12.5
The above time limit fuses will co-ordinate with a 400A LV fuse.

5.4 Transformer Protection - Other
The Ground Mounted Distribution Transformer also incorporates a number of other devices
for indication and protection:-
5.4.1 Prismatic Oil Gauge

This provides indication of the oil level over the full range of normal temperature excursions.
It will be calibrated to show the normal oil level at 35°C.
5.4.2 Thermometer
A dial type thermometer indicates the temperature of the oil at the top of the tank. It is
graduated in degrees centigrade and covers the range 40°C to 120°C with increment marks at
5°C intervals. The dial is fitted with pointers to indicate the present oil temperature and its
maximum value.
5.4.3 Pressure Relief Valve

The pressure relief device is mounted on the transformer tank. It releases gas pressure to the
atmosphere during;
- high overload peaks
- prolonged overloads
- arcing faults within the oil
The pressure relief valve is spring loaded and sits on a seal-seat. When the pressure inside the
tank increases above a certain value, the force on the movable sub-assembly exceeds the
spring force and the valve operates and the alarm contacts are closed. The device is also
fitted with a prominent indicator which remains in place after the operation of the device.
5.4.4 Buchholz Relay (Gas Actuated Relay)

Normally fitted on 66/11kV and 33/11 kV system transformers at primary substations. The
incipient faults in the transformer tank below oil level actuate Buchholz relay so as to give an
alarm. The arc due to fault causes decomposition of transformer oil. The product of
decomposition contain more than 70% of hydrogen gas, which being light, rises upwards and
tries to go into the conservator. The Buchholz relay is fitted in the pipe leading to the
conservator. The gas gets collected in the upper portion of the Buchholz relay, thereby the oil
level in the Buchholz relay drops down. The float, floating in the oil in the Buchholz relay
tilts down with the lowering oil level. While doing so the mercury switch attached to the float
is closed and the mercury switch closes the alarm circuit. Thereby the operators know that
there is some incipient fault in the transformer. The transformer is disconnected as early as
possible and the gas sample is tested. The testing of gas gives a clue regarding the type of
insulation failure. Buchholz relay gives an alarm so that the transformer can be disconnected
before the incipient fault grows into a serious one. Serious faults will give a rapid release of
gas which will activate the direct trip feature of the Buchholz relay.

5.4.5 Restricted Earth Fault Protection for Transformer

This type of protection is normally applied to larger size transformer usually above 5 MVA
as it is not considered economical for power transformer below this size.
Earth fault relays connected in residual circuit of line CT's give protection against earth faults
on the delta or unearthed star connected windings of transformer. Refer to Fig 7.4 in page
119 for details of connections.
Earth faults on secondary side are not reflected on primary side, when the primary winding is
delta connected or has unearthed star point. In such cases, an earth fault relay connected in
residual circuit of 3 CT's on primary side operates on internal earth faults in primary
windings only. Because earth faults on secondary side do not produce zero sequence current
on primary side. Restricted earth fault protection may then be used to high speed tripping for
faults on star connected earthed secondary winding of power transformer.
5.4.6 Cast Resin Dry Type Transformer.

This type of transformer is installed in the distribution network. Transformer rating is
11/0.433 kV, 1600 KVA and 6% impedance with air natural cooling. High winding
temperature protection is provided. The winding temperature device require 240V Ac supply.


6.0 HRC Fuse Protection for Low Voltage Feeders

This type of High Rupturing Capacity (HRC) fuse is used on LV free standing feeder pillars
(FSFP), bolt on feeder pillars (BOFP) or industrial fuse boards. The sizes are generally in
range as follows;
Type A 82mm centres, single hole fixing

Size 100A, 200A, 315A, 355A & 400A
Type B 92mm centres, single hole fixing

Size 100A, 200A, 315A, 355A & 400A
Type C Industrial 111mm centre, single hole fixing

Size 100A, 200A, 315A, 355A & 400A
The rating of the fuses are based on an ambient temperature of 50°C.
This type of fuse link is a unit in which the fuse element is enclosed. The fuse link is replaced
when it operates. The outer cover is of a high grade ceramic which will withstand all thermal
and mechanical stresses to which the fuse link may be subject.
The fuse elements are fitted inside the body. The ends of the fuse elements are connected to
the metal end caps by solder and riveting. The body of the fuse is filled with a suitable
insulating medium which shall be free from organic and metallic impurities and also
moisture. The fuse elements are generally whole pure copper with tin in the eutectic zone.
6.1 Action of HRC Fuse

Normally the fuse elements are in parts which are connected in the middle by a tin bridge.
The melting point of the tin bridge is precise and about 230°C.
The current passing through the fuse element produces heat which is proportional to I²t
where I = current, t = time. With a certain current, the temperature rises and the tin bridge
melts producing a break in the circuit. Thereby an arc is produced, which immediately
spreads over the neighbouring elements and which also melt. The metal vapour diffuses with
the filler medium and the product of chemical reaction produces a substance of high
resistance which becomes an insulator. Thereby the space between the caps is filled with a
material of high dielectric strength, as the current is interrupted.
The following are important definitions used when describing HRC fuse.
6.1.2 Voltage Rating

Line voltage in case of three phase AC circuit.

6.1.3 Current Rating

The rating is given by the manufacturer. It is the RMS value of the current which the fuse can
carry continuously without deterioration and with temperature rise within specified limits.
6.1.4 Minimum Fusing Current

The minimum current at which the fuse will melt.
6.1.5 Fusing Factor

The ratio of minimum fusing current to the current rating, i.e. :-
Fusing Factor = Minimum Fusing Current

Current rating
This factor is normally of the order of 1.4 to 1.6.
6.1.6 Prospective Current of a Circuit

The current that would flow in the circuit if the fuse was replaced by a link of negligible
impedance.
6.1.7 Breaking Capacity

Large prospective current under the prescribed conditions of voltage, power factor etc.,
which the fuse is capable of breaking.
6.1.8 Operation of Fuse Link

Process of pre-arcing and arcing resulting in blowing of fuse link.
6.1.9 Cut-off
The melting of fuse-element before the current reaches the prospective peak. The value of
current at which the cut-off occurs is cut-off value.
6.1.10 Pre-arcing Time

Time between commencement of the current loop and the cut-off.
6.1.11 Arcing Time

Time between cut-off and final current zero.
6.1.12 Total Operating Time

Pre-arcing time plus arcing time.

QATAR GENERAL
PART - 8
PROTECTION OF OVERHEAD LINE DISTRIBUTION
NETWORKS

PART 8
PROTECTION OF OHL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1222

2.0 PROTECTION OF 33kV OVERHEAD LINES ................................................................. 1222
2.1 General .................................................................................................................1222
2.2 Construction Details ..........................................................................................1222
2.3 Back Bone 33kV OHL System ...........................................................................1222
2.4 Outline Protection Philosophy ............................................................................1233
2.5 Protection Equipment for 33kV OHL Network .............................................1233
2.5.1 Protective Equipment Available For Use On 33kV OHL ......1233
2.5.2 Protective Equipment for 33kV Plant/Equipment for Lightning Protection 1233
2.5.3 Protection Design for 33kV Overhead Lines and Plant/Equipment .1244
2.5.4 Surge Diverters (Lightning Arrester) ........................................1255
2.5.5 Air Break Switch Disconnectors (non-automatic) ....................1255
2.5.6 Clip-On Fault Indicators .........................................................1266
2.5.7 Arcing Horns ...........................................................................1266
2.5.8 Protection Features of 33/11kV Package Substation ................1266
3.0 PROTECTION OF 11kV OVERHEAD LINES .................................................................. 1288
3.1 General .................................................................................................................1288
3.2 Outline Protection Philosophy .........................................................................129
3.3 Protection Equipment for 11kV OHL Network ...........................................1300
3.3.1 Protection Equipment For 11kV Lines ....................................1300
3.3.2 Protection Equipment for 11kV Plant/Equipment ....................130
3.4 Existing Protection Design for Overhead Lines and Plant/Equipment ..131
3.5 New Protection Design for Overhead Lines and Plant/Equipment..1322
3.6 Typical Protection Design for 11kV Overhead Line Networks and Plant/Equipment1355

1.0 Introduction
This part of the manual describes the various types of protection employed for both 33kV
and 11kV Overhead Line Distribution Network
2.0 PROTECTION OF 33kV OVERHEAD LINES

2.1 General
In assessing the protection requirements of the 33kV OHL network it is necessary to define
the construction and basis of the design of the network.
The standard design for the 33kV Rural Distribution Network is:-
Aluminium conductor, steel reinforced, shall be used as standard, primarily in the standard
sizes of 100mm² Hyena ACSR and 200mm² Jaguar ACSR.
The basis of the design is for the three phase conductors in horizontal formation supported by
porcelain insulators on steel crossarms on tubular steel poles. Below the phase conductors
will be a continuous earth conductor of 100mm² (Hyena). This earth conductor shall be
grounded at terminations, at intervals along the route and at each position where 33kV plant
is installed on the supports.
2.2 Construction Details

The 33kV overhead line system will be supplied by 33kV XLPE single core cables from
33kV cable bays at the selected primary substations.
Load break pole mounted switches will be installed at strategic positions on the main line and
at tees to provide a means of isolation.
The 33kV system will be designed on the open radial system.
Interconnection may be possible on the 11kV side of the 33/11kV package substation.
2.3 Back Bone 33kV OHL System

The proposals for a 33kV OHL distribution is based on the existing availability of four points
of 33kV supply in Rural area. The principles of design are:
1. Existing 11kV networks will be reinforced by installing 33/11kV package substations

with capacities of 2.5MVA or 5MVA.
2. New consumers on the route of 33kV lines will be given supply by pole mounted
33kV/LV transformers of 50, 100, 200kVA.
3. Villages and larger loads will be supplied with ground mounted substations of
capacity 500kVA, 1000kVA and 1600kVA.
4. Distributed industrial/domestic loads will be supplied with 11kV OHL distributors
from 33/11kV package substations.
The 33kV protection system must provide adequate means of protecting the system, plant
and equipment in accordance with the Outline Protection Philosophy.

2.4 Outline Protection Philosophy

The protection philosophy for the Qatar 33kV overhead line network is stated as follows:-
TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO THE PUBLIC AND THE COMPANY’S PLANT AND

EQUIPMENT BY DISCONNECTING FAULTY PIECES OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME HAVING DUE REGARD TO THE COST OF
PROTECTIVE DEVICES TO BE INSTALLED ON THE SYSTEM.
This policy also requires that protective equipment installed to protect the 33kV overhead
line network must be designed to discriminate for faults. That is the nearest protective device
to the fault should be the first to operate thus giving the minimum operating time, reducing
any damage and disconnecting the least number of consumers. The design of the protective
system must allow for second stage back up protection in case the normal first stage
protection fails to operate for any reason.
The protection system must be as simple as possible consistent with the requirement of the
system to be protected.
2.5 Protection Equipment for 33kV OHL Network

Protection equipment available for use on the 33kV overhead line network can divide into
two main categories;
1. Protective Equipment for 33kV OHL.
2. Protective Equipment for 33kV plant/equipment.
2.5.1 Protective Equipment Available For Use On 33kV OHL
1. Sensitive Earth Fault (SEF), IDMT overcurrent and earth fault which are
normally installed on the circuit breaker at the 33kV primary substation. Also
the first leg from primary should be provided with Pilot wire Protection or
communication aided distance Protection this requirement as per protection
design of down stream substations..
2. Pole mounted auto recloser installed on OHL with protection and remote
operation facility.
3. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF).
4. Air Break Switches (ABS). Strictly ABS is not a protective device but is
included in the section as it's use is complementary to any protective system
design.
5. Clip on fault indicators for visual display only.
2.5.2 Protective Equipment for 33kV Plant/Equipment for Lightning Protection

1. Surge Diverters.
2. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF).
3. Arcing Horns.

2.5.3 Protection Design for 33kV Overhead Lines and Plant/Equipment
1. The new protection design is based on the Protection Design Philosophy as

outlined above. These protection principles will apply to all 33kV works. SEF,
IDMT Overcurrent and Earth Fault protection are provided on the source
circuit breaker at the 33kV Primary Substation Also the first leg from primary
should be provided with Pilot wire Protection or communication aided
distance Protection this requirement as per protection design of down stream
substations.
2. For typical protection design for 33kV OHL network refer to Fig.-8.1 in Page
140.
3. Pole Mounted Auto recluses will be set for one delayed trip followed by an
instantaneous trip and lock out. This will enable transient faults to be cleared
without shutdown and the time for delayed trip will allow the operation of
other protective devices such as DOEF and surge diverters. On extended 33kV
OHL, additional auto-reclosers may be installed, these will be set to
discriminate with the source circuit breakers and any other auto reclosers.
4. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF) fast blowing will be installed on the 33kV
Overhead Line Network as follows :-
1. Pole Mounted 33kV/LV Transformers
PMT Rating DOEF Rating LV Fuse

(kVA) (Amps) (Amps)
50 5 100
100 5 200
200 10 315
2. Ground Mounted 33kV/LV Transformers
GMT Rating DOEF Rating LV Fuse

(kVA) (Amps) (Amps)
500 15 400
1000 25 400
1600 40 400

3. Radial 33kV Teed. Circuits
33kV DOEF slow blowing shall be installed on Radial Teed Circuits where:
1. The Teed circuit has an installed pole mounted transformer capacity of more than
500kVA and at least three pole mounted transformers installed on the circuit.
2. Irrespective of the installed capacity on the 33kV Teed Circuit the overhead line is
more than 3km in length.
3. The Teed circuit has a history of poor operational performance resulting in
considerable loss of consumer hours. The design and development section shall be
consulted for such cases.
4. Size of DOEF slow blowing will be normally 40/65Amps.
2.5.4 Surge Diverters (Lightning Arrester)

Will be installed on the 33kV Network as follows;
One set of surge diverters shall be fitted at every cable termination on an 33kV overhead
line.
Particular cases are as follows:-
1. On the first 33kV OHL pole from the primary substation with the 33kV single
core cable termination.
2. At cabled road crossings one set of surge diverters shall be fitted to each cable
termination.
3. All cable inserts at crossing under 66kV, 132kV and 220kV overhead lines
shall have surge diverters fitted at each end.
4. One set of surge diverters shall be fitted at Pole Mounted Transformer
positions.
5. One set of surge diverters shall be fitted at the terminal pole of an overhead
line supplying a ground mounted transformer.
2.5.5 Air Break Switch Disconnectors (non-automatic)

Although ABS are not protective devices they are complementary to good Overhead
Line Protection design and their use on the 33kV OHL Network is:-
1. On the second 33kV OHL pole from the primary substation as a means of
isolation of the 33kV OHL without gaining access to the primary substation to
operate the 33kV circuit breaker.
2. At the mid-load point of an extended overhead line radial feeder as a means of
isolation for restoring supplies during fault location.
3. On a OHL tee, at the first pole where the length of OHL exceed 1 km.
4. At intervals along the main line where there are three or more tee-offs.

2.5.6 Clip-On Fault Indicators

Clip-on fault indicators will be installed on 33kV overhead lines to detect earth fault
by a visual display of a flashing light.
The fault indicators shall be installed as single phase units and shall be installed in
groups of three units at each location in order to allow for the detection of all possible
faults.
2.5.7 Arcing Horns

Arcing Horns are an important means of lightning protection for bushings particularly
on pole mounted transformers. Duplex gaps are used to protect pole mounted
transformers with a gap setting.
However where arcing horns are fitted to plant, for example, pole mounted
transformers and these are located within two kilometres of a surge diverter, then the
arcing horn gap setting shall be co-ordinated with the surge diverter characteristic.
The actual gap setting depends on the design of the OHL network. Typically there
shall be a duplex gap settings with a combined minimum setting of 300mm.
2.5.8 Protection Features of 33/11kV Package Substation

Power Transformer Protection
Three Phase over current.
The overcurrent relay is a three-phase overcurrent relay with two current stages, one
high-set stage with instantaneous operation or definite time characteristic and a low-set
stage with definite time or inverse/extremely inverse time operation characteristic.
The overcurrent relay shall have the following salient features:

E/F protection can be included in the relay.
 Four freely configurable output relays for circuit breaker control and signaling.
 High immunity to electrical and electromagnetic interference.
 Direct numerical readout of setting values, measured values, values recorded on
relay operation, indications etc.
 Improved system reliability backed up by a built-in sophisticated self-supervision
system. Since numerical protection- The package substation should have air-
condition.
The transformers differential relay is designed to be used as a fast interwinding short
circuit and interturn fault protection for two winding power transformers and provide
the following features:
Differential Protection.
 Three-phase biased differential relay for the protection of power transformers.
 Matching of the power transformer vector group with DIL switches and the
electronics. No intermediate current transformers are required.

 The transforming ratio errors of the C.T.s separately correctable on the HV and
LV side of the power transformer.
 Separate adjustable differential current high-set instantaneous stage.
 Stabilized operating principle prevents spurious function on faults occurring
outside area of protection.
 Blocking function, for prevention of spurious operations caused by connection
Inrush currents, based on occurrence of the second and fifth harmonics.
 Local display of measured and set values on relay front panel.
 Continuous supervision of the electronic circuitry and the operation of the
microprocessor.
 Restrictive Earth Fault Protection for HV and LV winding.
The transformer restricted earth fault relay is a microprocessor-based high impedance

differential type relay for use as earth fault protection for transformers and have the
following features:
 The relay includes the stabilizing resistor.

 Short total operating time together with a high degree of stability.
 High degree of immunity against all types of mechanical and electrical
interference and tested according to the latest relevant IEC standards.
High accuracy and long time stability features due to digital and software based
design . High environmental withstand of humidity and temperature.
 Earth fault relay.
The earth fault relay is a non-directional earth-fault relay with two operation stages, a high-
set stage with definite time characteristic and a low-set stage with definite time or
inverse/extremely inverse time operation characteristic. The non-directional earth-fault relay
should have the following salient features:
 Four freely configurable output relays for circuit breaker control and signaling.
 High immunity to electrical and electromagnetic interference.
system.
 E/F Relay can be combined in the O/C relay it self.
A Buchholz relay is fitted in the pipework from the conservator to the main tank to provide
protection for the power transformer against incipient faults in the transformer tank below oil
level or arcing within the transformer winding.
Oil and winding temperature indicators are also utilised to initiate an alarm signal or tripping
of the transformer.

11kV Medium Voltage Feeder Protection
The overcurrent /EF relay shall be an integrated three-phase overcurrent/EF relay intended to
be used for the selective short circuit and earth fault protection of radial feeders. The
overcurrent relay should have the following salient features:
 Three-phase, high-set and low-set phase overcurrent protection

 High-set and low-set earth-fault protection
 Four standardized inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) characteristics
according to IEC and BS
 Two additional inverse time characteristics for defined special applications
system
If the Sensitive Earth Fault (SEF) protection feature is not included in the overcurrent
numerical relay, an additional SEF relay will be installed.
3.0 PROTECTION OF 11kV OVERHEAD LINES
3.1 General
In assessing the protection requirements of an OHL network it is necessary to define the
construction and basis of the design of the network.
The 11kV Overhead Line Network in Qatar is based on aluminium conductor, steel
reinforced in standard sizes of 100mm² (Hyena)and 200mm² (Jaguar).
The basis of the design is for the three phase conductors in horizontal formation supported on
steel cross arms on tubular steel poles. Below the phase conductors is a continuous earth
conductor, which is grounded at terminations, at intervals of every ten spans along the route
and at each position where 11kV plant is installed on the supports. Cable sections are inserted
along the network for diversions, road crossings and connection to equipment.
The plant/equipment generally installed on the network is as follows;

- Three phase pole mounted transformers size 50/100/200kVA
- Three phase ground mounted transformers size 315/500kVA
- Three phase automatic voltage regulators size 5MVA
- Air Break Switch with interrupter heads for isolating and sectionalising the
11kV overhead line network.
- Drop out expulsion fuses to protect plant and equipment.
- Auto-Reclosers, Surge Arresters and Flashing Fault Indicators.

The 11kV overhead lines are generally extended in some cases up to 25 kilometres and there
is a multiplicity of teed overhead circuits.
The 11kV overhead line network is supplied from a number of 66/11kV primary substations
situated throughout the State of Qatar.
The typical design of the primary includes;
- Two transformers 66/11kV, each with installed capacity 12.5 MVA to

40MVA.
- 11kV switchgear with bus section and normally 12 outgoing 11kV feeders.
Older primary substations use oil circuit breakers - new primary substations
use vacuum circuit breakers and outgoing feeders up to 20 or more. Each
circuit breaker is equipped with IDMT protection (overcurrent and earth fault
protection) + pilot wire or SEF protection.
Generally the network is designed on the basis of a radial system although as the network is
developed, the system has become interconnected with Air Break Switches (ABS) used as
Normal Open Points (NOP) between adjacent networks. This NOP has the advantage of
providing an alternative supply to consumers when their normal supply is tripped due to a
fault by closing the ABS.
At the 66/11kV Primary Substations, the neutral is earthed on the 11kV side via earthing
transformers with the following parameters.
Details of Earthing Transformers Type 1 Type 2

Rating 250kVA 500kVA
Earth Fault Current Rating for each T/F 750 Amps 2250 Amps
Rated Earth Fault Duration 30 seconds 30second
Vector Group Znyn11d1 Znynd1
Alternatively, Neutral Earthing Resistors are installed with a size of 8.46 ohms fully rated for
30 seconds. Earth fault currents are limited to 1500 amps although parts of the 11kV network
can experience earth fault currents of 4,500 amps.
3.2 Outline Protection Philosophy

The Protection Philosophy for the Qatar 11kV overhead line network is stated as follows:-
TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO THE PUBLIC AND MEW PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
BY DISCONNECTING FAULTY PIECES OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT IN THE
SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME HAVING DUE REGARD TO THE COST OF
PROTECTIVE DEVICES TO BE INSTALLED ON THE SYSTEM.

This recognises the duty to operate a safe and efficient network and to minimise the possible
damage or destruction of Kahramaa Plant/Equipment.
This policy also requires that protective equipment installed to protect the 11kV overhead
line network must be designed to discriminate for faults, that is the nearest protective device
to the fault should be the first to operate thus giving the minimum operating time, reducing
any damage and disconnecting the least number of consumers. The design of the protective
system must allow for second stage back up protection in case the normal first stage
protection fails to operate for any reason.
The protection system must be as simple as possible consistent with the requirement of the
system to be protected.
3.3 Protection Equipment for 11kV OHL Network

Protection Equipment available for use on the 11kV overhead line network can be divided
into two main categories.
1. Protection Equipment for 11kV lines.
2. Protection Equipment for 11kV Plant/Equipment.
3.3.1 Protection Equipment For 11kV Lines

Protection equipment available for use on the 11kV lines.
1. Sensitive Earth Fault (SEF) and IDMT Overcurrent and Earth Fault which are
normally installed on the circuit breaker at the 66/11kV primary substation.
2. Pole mounted auto recloser - Section 3.19. 11kV Overhead Line Code of
Practice.
3. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF) - Section 3.21. 11kV Overhead Line Code
of Practice.
4. Air Break Switches (ABS), - Section 3.9. 11kV Overhead Line Code of
Practice.
5. Strictly ABS are not a protective device but it is included in the section as its
use is complimentary to any protective system design. Automatic
sectionalisers are generally not used on extended 11kV systems because of the
problem of correct co-ordination with pole mounted auto reclosers and DOEF,
also there are other combinations of protective systems described later which
are more effective.
6. Clip on Fault Indicators - Section 3.22. 11kV Overhead Line Code of Practice.
3.3.2 Protection Equipment for 11kV Plant/Equipment

1. Surge Diverters for Lightning Protection - Section 3.14. 11kV Overhead Line
Code of Practice.
2. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF) - section 3.21. 11kV Overhead Line Code
of Practice.
3. Arcing Horns - Section 3.14.6. 11kV Overhead Line Code of Practice.

3.4 Existing Protection Design for Overhead Lines and Plant/Equipment

1. Existing system of protection on the Qatar 11kV overhead line network is
Sensitive Earth Fault Protection (SEF) and IDMT overcurrent and earth fault at
the Primary substation. Settings and size for protective devices are;
i) Sensitive Earth Fault (SEF) 10A (Primary Amps) - 2seconds time delay(delay
timing subject to grading requirement.).
ii) IDMT Overcurrent and Earth Fault CT 400-300/1A or 400-300/5A.
Overcurrent setting 125% (for 300/1) and 100% (for 400/1) 0.3 TMS up to
(0.4)
Earth Fault 40% 0.35
2. Pole mounted auto reclosers are installed on the 11kV overhead line networks
generally at 3 km from the source. The auto reclosers have instantaneous trip and
no reclosure. There is limited use of pole mounted drop out expulsion fuses for
the protection and disconnection of faulty 11kV lines. Ground mounted
transformers on cable systems connection to the 11kV overhead line network are
protected by RMU with oil immersed switch fuses or RMU with Time Limit
fuses.
3. Existing system of protection for 11kV plant/equipment installed on 11kV
overhead line network are;
Surge diverters for 11kV cable connected to the 11kV overhead line network for
example connection to ground mounted transformers, road crossing and lengths of
cable in village areas of congested areas.
4. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF) for pole mounted transformers and ground
mounted transformers.
5. Pole Mounted Auto Recloser
Instantaneous Trip, no reclosure. Minimum earth fault tripping setting of 20 Amps.
6. 11 kV/LV PMT Protected by DOEF
Typical ratings for 11kV/LV Pole Mounted Transformers are 50kVA, 100kVA,
200kVA and 250kVA.
These types of transformers are protected on the high voltage side by Drop Out
Expulsion Fuses (DOEF). This type of fuse comprises of an hollow open ended
tube made of synthetic resin-bonded paper. The fuse element is placed in the tube
and the end of the fuse element are connected to suitable fittings at each end.
The melting of the fuse causes dropping of the fuse element under gravity about its
lower hinged support.
Fuses are overcurrent devices and must have ratings well above the maximum
transformer load current in order to carry without blowing during any short
duration overloads that may occur, such as motor starting, also the fuses must
withstand the magnetising in rush current when the pole mounted transformers are
energised. The most suitable type of fuse characteristic to protect this type of
transformer is slow blowing type.

PMT Rating Fuse Size

(kVA) (Amps)
50 20
100 20
200 30
250 30
GMT 315 30
GMT 500 65
3.5 New Protection Design for Overhead Lines and Plant/Equipment

1. The new protection design is based on the protection design philosophy as
outlined in Section 2.4.
These protection principles will apply to all new work and existing circuits
will be modified as alterations are made and the circuits developed.
Sensitive Earth Fault (SEF) and IDMT Overcurrent and Earth Fault on the
source circuit breaker at the 66/11kV primary substation.
2. Pole mounted auto reclosers will be set for one delayed trip followed by an
instantaneous trip and lock out. Where SEF protection is provided, this will
enable transient faults to be cleared without shutdown and the time of delayed
trip will allow the operation of other downstream protective devices such as
DOEF. On extended 11kV OHL, additional auto-reclosers may be installed,
these will be set to discriminate with the source circuit breakers and any other
auto-reclosers.
3. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF) will be installed on the 11kV overhead
line network as per the following :-
i) Pole Mounted Transformers
11kV DOEF with a nominal rating of 20A for 100kVA PMT and 30
Amps for 200kVA PMT will be installed to protect pole mounted
transformers. This provides satisfactory discrimination with the fuses
on the outgoing LV circuits.
ii) Radial 11kV Teed Circuits
11kV DOEF shall be installed on Radial Teed Circuits where;
a) The teed circuit has an installed pole mounted transformer
capacity of more than 500kVA and at least three pole mounted
transformers installed on the circuit.
b) Irrespective of the installed capacity on the 11kV Teed Circuit
the overhead line is more than 3 km in length.
c) The Teed circuit has a history of poor operational performance

resulting in considerable loss of consumer hours. The design
and development section shall be consulted for such cases.

d) 11kV DOEF with a slow blowing characteristic and a nominal

rating of 100/80/65 Amps will be installed on Teed Radial
Circuits.
11kV drop out expulsion fuses SHALL NOT be installed on the
following teed circuits.
a) 11kV radial teed circuits which may be used to form an
operational ring with an adjacent 11kV circuit in such cases an
air break disconnection switch shall be initially installed.
b) 11kV drop out expulsion fuses shall not be installed on radial
teed circuits which are controlled by auto reclosers which for
operational reasons have had their recloser features rendered
inoperative. Such arrangements will not give satisfactory
discrimination.
4. Surge Diverters (Lightning Arrester)

Will be installed on the 11kV network as follows;
One set of surge diverters shall be fitted at every cable termination on an
11kV overhead line.
Particular cases are as follows :-
i) At cabled road crossings one set of surge diverters shall be fitted to
each cable termination.
ii) All cable inserts at crossing under 66kV, 132kV and 220kV overhead
lines shall have surge diverters fitted at each end.
iii) One set of surge diverters shall be fitted at Pole Mounted Transformer
positions.
iv) One set of surge diverters shall be fitted at the terminal pole of an
overhead line supplying a ground mounted transformer.
5. Air Break Switch Disconnectors (Non-Automatic)

Although ABS are not protective devices they are complementary to good
overhead line protection design and their use on the 11kV OHL network is;
i) At the mid-load point of an overhead line ring system.
ii) At the first pole out from a tee off position if the tee off introduces
more than 1 KM of overhead line to the system.
iii) At intervals along the main line where there are three or more tee offs.
Refer to Section 3.9 - 11kV Overhead Line Code of Practice for full details of
Air Break Switch Disconnector Installation.
6. Clip On Fault Indicators
Clip-on fault indicators will be installed on 11kV overhead lines to detect

earth faults by a visual display of flashing light.

The fault indicators shall be installed as single phase units and shall be
installed in groups of three units at each location in order to allow for the
detection of all possible faults.
Refer to Section 3.22 - 11kV Overhead Line Code of Practice.
The procedure for locating a faulty line is that for an earth fault on a spur line,
all fault indicators located between the source of supply and the faulty section
will trip and start flashing, whilst the units located beyond the faulty section
will not be activated and will not give a flashing light.
The settings to be applied to the clip-on fault indicators are:-
i. Minimum time trip flash 30 m-sec, factory set

ii. In rush current restraint 30 secs
iii. Delayed trip none
iv. Increased current rise 60 amps
The reset features available on the fault indicators are :-

i. Voltage reset, factory set at 5kV with the reset instantaneous for
voltage re-energisation.
ii. Flashing Hours - 8 hours.
Both voltage/time reset features are capable of being reset manually.
7. Arcing Horns
Arcing horns are an important means of lightning protection for bushings
particularly on pole mounted transformers. Duplex gaps are used to protection
pole mounted transformers with a gap setting of 2 x 31mm.
However where arcing horns are fitted to plant, for example, pole mounted
transformers and these are located within two kilometres of a surge diverter,
then the arcing horn gap setting shall be co-ordinated with the surge diverter
characteristic. This entails increasing the gap setting or arcing horns to 80mm,
that is 40mm per gap for duplex gaps.
8. Application of New General Principles for Protection of 11kV Overhead

Lines
Following this outline of the types of protection systems available to protect
11kV overhead line networks the following general guide lines will assist
with the design of protection for 11kV overhead line networks:-
i. Auto Recloser Systems - only pole mounted auto reclosers will be
installed having a one shot reclosing feature.

For extended 11kV overhead line networks sequential pole mounted

auto reclosers shall be installed with time setting to discriminate
settings to provide co-ordination between tripping and reclosure.
The source circuit breaker with IDMT O/C & E/F protection
connecting the 11kV overhead line network will not have auto
reclosure features because of the difficulty of co-ordination with the
single shot pole mounted auto reclosers. Sensitive Earth fault (SEF)
relay will provide the necessary back up protection for the 11kV
overhead line network.
ii. Sectionaliser systems require the full range of trip and reclosure
feature of the pole mounted auto reclosers as defined in Specification
ED-02-150 in order to provide proper discrimination. Instead of using
sectionalisers a more effective system is the combined use of Air
Break Switch (ABS). Disconnectors and pole mounted drop out
expulsion fuses used individually on spur lines or on a group fusing
arrangement combined with the use of clip on fault indicators. This
system is illustrated in Drawing Fig.2.
iii. Drop Out Expulsion Fuses (DOEF) used to protect a number of 11kV
overhead lines is an effective method of protection. This is known as
group fusing and is particularly effective when used with Clip on Fault
Indicators.
The use of these systems is shown in the following section of "Typical
Protection Design for 11kV Overhead Line Networks Drawing Fig. 2".
3.6 Typical Protection Design for 11kV Overhead Line Networks and
Plant/Equipment
Refer to Drawing Fig. 8.2 in page 141 for protection system for typical overhead line
network. Protection settings are typical and each particular network requires study by the
protection department.


QATAR GENERAL
PART - 9
AMENDMENTS

QATAR GENERAL
PART 10
APPENDICES

PART 10
APPENDICES
CONTENTS
Page No.
APPENDIX 1 .......................................................................................................................... 1400

TABLE 1 : 33kV XLPE CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1411
TABLE 2: 11kV XLPE CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS1422
TABLE 3: LV XLPE CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1433
TABLE 4: 11kV PILC CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS1455
TABLE 5: LV PILC CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS .1466
TABLE 6: OVERHEAD LINE CONDUCTORS - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS ....1477
TABLE 7: DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS .....149
APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................................ 150
APPENDIX 3 ............................................................................................................................ 151

APPENDIX 1
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CABLES AND

OVERHEAD LINE CONDUCTORS

TABLE 1 : 33kV XLPE CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cable Size R. X Approximate Continuous Current Cyclic Current Rating

(mm²) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Voltage Drop Rating (Amps) (Amps)
per Phase In Dune In Quarry In Dune In Quarry
(V/A/km) Sand Scalping Sand Scalping
3C x 300 0.0788 0.105 0.1215 366 411 403 453
3C x 240 0.0978 0.109 0.1398 332 372 365 410
3C x 185 0.128 0.114 0.1680 290 326 319 359
3C x 150 0.159 0.118 0.1965 265 294 292 324
3C x 120 0.196 0.122 0.2300 237 263 261 290
3C x 95 0.247 0.127 0.2759 209 231 230 254
3C x 70 0.342 0.135 0.3609 180 200 198 220
*1C x 240 0.0975 0.124 0.1473 356 401 393 442
Power Factor = 0.85

Thermal Resistivity of Dune Sand and Ground Fill = 2.0°C.M/W
Thermal Resistivity of Quarry Scalping and Ground Fill = 1.5°C.M/W
Ground Temperature = 35°C
Core Temperature of Cable = 90°C
Depth of Cable = 90 cm
*Trefoil touching

TABLE 2: 11kV XLPE CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cable Size Schematic R. X C R0 X0 Approximate Continuous Current Cyclic Current Rating

mm² Symbol (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (µF/km) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Voltage Drop Rating Amps Amps
per Phase In Dune In In Dune In Quarry
(V/A/km) Sand Quarry Sand Scalping
Scalping
ax 0.56 0.2842 0.3262
3C x 300 0.0812 0.0932 0.1231 377 422 415 464
bx 0.51 0.3482 0.3349
3C x 240 0.0995 0.0957 0.1343 342 383 376 421
cx 0.46 0.4515 0.3437
3C x 185 0.1290 0.0982 0.1615 300 337 330 370
ex 0.39 0.6895 0.3580
3C x 120 0.1970 0.1023 0.2211 243 269 267 296
gx 0.32 1.2005 0.3755
3C x 70 0.3430 0.1073 0.3581 182 202 200 222
Power Factor = 0.85

Thermal Resistivity of Dune Sand and Ground Fill = 2.0°C.M/W
Thermal Resistivity of Quarry Scalping and Ground Fill = 1.5°C.M/W
Core Temp. Of Cable = 90°C

TABLE 3: LV XLPE CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cable Size R. X Approximate Continuous Current Rating Cyclic Current Rating
(mm²) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Voltage Drop (Amps) (Amps)
4C x 300 0.0812 0.0749 0.1100 399 453 439 498
4C x 185 0.1290 0.0758 0.1490 311 353 342 388
4C x 120 0.1970 0.0758 0.2103 247 277 272 305
4C x 70 0.3430 0.0791 0.3507 182 204 201 225
4C x 35 0.6690 0.0816 0.6715 125 140 138 154
4C x 16 1.4660 0.0883 1.4634 82 91 90 100
2Cx 16 1.4700 0.0800 1.2911 99 108 109 119
 Power Factor = 0.85

 Thermal Resistivity of Dune Sand and Ground Fill
=2.0°C.M/W
 Thermal Resistivity of Quarry Scalping and Ground Fill=
1.5°C.M/W
 Ground Temperature =35°C
 Core Temp. Of Cable=90°C
 Depth of Cable=70cm
 *Single core reactance values based on trefoil arrangement.
 Rating based on unarmoured cables earthed one end only
(equivalent unarmoured rating) in trench with free air

circulation, average temperature 45C in flat formation.
Cable Size R. X Approximate In trench with Free
(mm²) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Voltage Drop Air Circulation
per Phase (Amps)
(V/A/km)
1C x 800* 0.0363 0.0860 0.0755 1280
1C x 630* 0.0420 0.0860 0.0804 1140
1C x 300* 0.0802 0.0900 0.1149 740

TABLE 4: 11kV PILC CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cable Schematic R. X C R0 X0 Approximate Continuous Current Cyclic Current Rating

Size mm² Symbol (Ω/km) (Ω/k (µF/km) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Voltage Drop Rating (Amps) (Amps)
m) per Phase In Dune In Quarry In Dune In Quarry
3C x 300 a 0.0732 0.076 0.700 0.2708 0.2812 0.1051 291 326 320 359
3C x 240 b 0.0907 0.078 0.64 0.3963 0.3408 0.1176 259 290 285 319
3C x 185 c 0.118 0.086 0.57 0.4366 0.2960 0.1420 224 252 247 277
3C x 95 f 0.228 0.086 0.44 0.5472 0.2064 0.2428 159 176 175 194
g
3C x 70 0.316 0.090 0.39 0.5846 0.1665 0.3273 133 147 146 162
Power Factor = 0.85
Thermal Resistivity of Dune Sand Ground Fill = 2.0°C. M/W
Thermal Resisitivity of Quarry Scalping and Ground Fill = 1.5°C. M/W
Core Temp. of Cable = 65°C

TABLE 5: LV PILC CABLES - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Cable Size R. X Approximate Continuous Current Rating Cyclic Current Rating

(mm²) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Voltage Drop (Amps) (Amps)
4C x 300 0.0771 0.067 0.1017 363 408 400 449
4C x 185 0.124 0.068 0.1409 281 315 309 347
4C x 120 0.190 0.068 0.2010 227 251 250 276
4C x 70 0.332 0.071 0.3382 163 180 179 198
4C x 35 0.648 0.074 0.6498 112 125 123 138
4C x 16 1.42 0.080 1.4171 72 81 80 89

Power Factor = 0.85
Thermal Resistivity of Dune Sand Ground Fill = 2.0°C. M/W
Thermal Resisitivity of Quarry Scalping and Ground Fill = 1.5°C. M/W
Core Temp. of Cable = 80°C

TABLE 6: OVERHEAD LINE CONDUCTORS - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Conductor Schematic R X C R0 X0 Current Approximate Voltage Drop

Size Symbol (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) Rating per Phase (V/A/km)
(mm²) (µF/km) (µmho/km) (Amps)
200 ACSR R 0.1670 0.333 0.0109 3.4226 0.3340 0.6660 302 0.3151
150 ACSR Q 0.223 0.337 0.0108 3.2340 0.4460 0.6740 260 0.3647
100 ACSR P 0.391 0.350 0.0167 5.2438 0.7820 0.7000 194 0.5143
75 ACSR* M 0.446 0.3326 0.0110 3.4540 1.5610 1.1620 170 0.5520
120 Cu - 0.186 0.3545 0.0103 3.2342 03720 0.7090 281 0.3424
70 Cu* S 0.3206 0.3460 0.0106 3.3284 1.1221 1.2110 200 0.4524
50 Cu* M 0.449 0.3560 0.0103 3.2392 1.5715 1.2460 172 0.5667
200 AA - 0.165 0.2520 - - - - 304 0.27129
150 AA - 0.223 0.2615 - - - - 259 0.32550
100 AA - 0.330 0.2774 - - - - 209 0.42470
Power Factor = 0.85

Ambient Temperature = 50°C
Conductor Temperature = 75°C
HV Spacing = 1200 mm
Velocity of wind = 44.44 cm/sec

Solar Radiation = 0.120Watts/cm sq.
Balanced 3 phase load
*HV Spacing = 760 mm

TABLE 7: DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS - ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Tx Size Percentage R X Iron Losses Load Loss Vector Tap

KVA Impedance (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (kW) (kW) Group
50 0.165 1.180 DYN 11 2.5 Steps, ±5%, Fixed Tap

4.5% 0.08762 0.14323
100 4.75% 0.03712 0.08047 0.280 2.000 DYN 11 2.5 Steps, ±5%, Fixed Tap
1250 6% 0.00155 0.00886 2.200 13.000 DYN 11 2.5 Steps, ±5%, Fixed Tap
1600 6% 0.00124 0.00691 2.500 17.000 DYN 11 2.5 Steps, ±5%, Fixed Tap

APPENDIX 2
ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION P.28
(filed seperately)
Issue : 0 29-02-2016 unclassified Page 150

APPENDIX 3
Engineering Recommendation G5/4 (Harmonics)
(filed seperately)
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Issue : 0 29-02-2016 unclassified Page I

Prepared By Reviewed By Approved By

Signature: Signed Signature: Signed original filed Signature: Signed original

Review Frequency : As required

Main Contents Page

Document Control & Issue Record Page II

Table of Contents |||

2. Distribution System Design 3

3. Distribution Substation Design 29

4. Voltage Drop Calculations 66

7. Protection of Underground Distribution Networks 103

8. Protection of Over Head Line Distribution Networks 120

10. Appendices 138

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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN

1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6

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6.3 Cable Joints and Terminations .............................................................................233

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2.0 33kV Underground Cable System Design

2.1 General Construction

2.2 Fault Duration & Fault Withstand Capacity of Cu/XLPE Cables

2.3 Fault W/stand Capacity (approximate) of Cu/XLPE Cables For 1 sec.

(Reference BICC cables handbook – fig 9.5).

1C x 50 mm2 : 7kA 3C x 50 mm2 : 7kA

1C x 70 mm2 : 10kA 3C x 70 mm2 : 10kA

1C x 95 mm2 : 13kA 3C x 95 mm2 : 13kA

1C x 120 mm2 : 18kA 3C x 120 mm2 : 18kA

1C x 185 mm2 : 27kA 3C x 185 mm2 : 27kA

1C x 240 mm2 : 33kA 3C x 240 mm2 : 33kA

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2.4 Continuous Thermal Rating Considerations

Depth of burial (1m) : 0.98

Ground Temp. (35ºC) : 0.85

Soil Thermal Resistivity

Therefore the overall derating factor is = 0.98 x 0.85 x 0.84  0.7

(Please refer Appendix 1, Table 1 for further particulars)

2.5 Fault Rating of Cable Screens

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2.6 Cable Size Selection

c) 3 C x 95mm2 cable rated at 209Amps. in dune sand is to be used matching the

d) 3 C x 185mm2 cable rated at 294A in dune sand is to be used to match with

3.0 33kV Overhead Line System Design

Refer to 33kV Overhead Lines Code of Practice for more details.

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3.1.1 3-Phase fault levels

Location Fault Level along Fault Level along

3.1.2 1-Phase fault levels

Scenario: Two (2) Transformers in Parallel Four (4) Transformers in Parallel

Location Fault Level along Fault Level along

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4.0 11kV Underground Cable System Design

Nominal Voltage 11kV

The typical design of the primary substations includes;

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4.2 Indoor Type Substation

4.3 Open Interconnected Rings

4.4 RMU, Extensible RMU & Package Unit