CASE DIGEST: MACARIOLA V ASUNCION

MACARIOLA V ASUNCION

FACTS

Reyes siblings filed a complaint for partition against Macariola, concerning the properties
left by their common father, Francisco Reyes. Asuncion was the judge who rendered
the decision, which became final for lack of an appeal. A project of partition was
submitted to Judge Asuncion after the finality of the decision. This project of partition
was only signed by the counsel of the parties, who assured the judge that they were given
authorization to do so.
One of the properties in the project of partition was Lot 1184, which was subdivided into
5 lots. One of these lots (Lot 1184-D) was sold to Anota, a stenographer of the court, while
another (Lot 1184-E) was sold to Dr. Galapon, who later on sold a portion of the same lot
to Judge Asuncion and his wife. A year after, spouses Asuncion and Dr. Galapon sold their
respective shares over the lot to Traders Manufacturing and Fishing Industries. At the
time of the sale, Judge Asuncion and his wife were both stockholders, with Judge
Asuncion as President and his wife as secretary of said company.
A year after the company’s registration with the SEC, Macariola filed a complaint against
Judge Asuncion alleging: • that he violated Art. 1491 (5) of the Civil Code in acquiring a
portion of the lot, which was one of those properties involved in the partition case; and •
that he violated Art 14 (1 and 5) of the Code of Commerce, Sec 3 (H) of RA 3019, Sec 12,
Rule XVIII of the Civil Service Rules, and Canon 25 of the Canons of Judicial Ethics by
associating himself with a private company while he was a judge of the CFI of Leyte. This
case was referred to Justice Palma of the CA for investigation, report and
recommendation. After hearing, the said Investigating Justice recommended that Judge
Asuncion should be reprimanded or warned in connection with the complaints filed
against him.

ISSUE

1. Whether or not Judge Asuncion violated Art 1491 (5) of the Civil Code in acquiring by
purchase a portion of Lot 1184-E, which was among those properties involved in the
partition case.

2. Whether or not Judge Asuncion violated Art 14 (1 and 5) of the Code of Commerce, Sec
3 (H) of RA 3019, Sec 12, Rule XVIII of the Civil Service Rules and Canon 25 of
the Canons of Judicial Ethics when he associated himself with Traders Manufacturing
and Fishing Industries, Inc., as stockholder and a ranking officer

HELD

1. NO. Although Art 1491 (5) of the Civil Code prohibits justices, judges among others
from acquiring by purchase the property and rights in litigation or levied upon an
execution before the court, the SC has ruled, however, that for the prohibition to operate,
the sale or assignment of the property must take place during the pendency of the
litigation involving the property. In this case, when Judge Asuncion purchased a portion
of Lot 1184-E, the decision in the partition case was already final because none of the
parties filed an appeal within the reglementary period. Thus, the lot in question was no
longer subject of the litigation. Moreover, Judge Asuncion did NOT buy the lot directly
from the plaintiffs in the partition case but from Dr. Galapon, who earlier purchased the
lot from the plaintiffs. The subsequent sale from Dr. Galapon to Judge Asuncion is NOT
a scheme to conceal the illegal and unethical transfer of said lot as a consideration for the
approval of the project of partition. As pointed out by the Investigating Justice, there is
no evidence in the record showing that Dr. Galapon acted as a mere dummy of Judge
Asuncion. In fact, Dr. Galapon appeared to be a respectable citizen, credible and sincere,
having bought the subject lot in good faith and for valuable consideration, without any
intervention of Judge Asuncion.
Although Judge Asuncion did NOT violate Art 1491 (5) of the Civil Code, it was
IMPROPER for him to have acquired the lot in question. Canon 3 of the Canons of
Judicial Ethics requires that judges’ official conduct should be free from the appearance
of impropriety. It was unwise and indiscreet on the part of Judge Asuncion to have
purchased the property that was or had been in litigation in his court and caused it to be
transferred to a corporation of which he and his wife were ranking officers at the time of
such transfer. His actuations must not cause doubt and mistrust in the uprightness of his
administration of justice.
2. NO. Art 14 (1 and 5) of the Code of Commerce prohibits justices of the SC, judges and
officials of the department of public prosecution in active service from engaging in
commerce, either in person or proxy or from holding any office or have an direct,
administrative or financial intervention in commercial or industrial companies within the
limits of the territory in which they discharge their duties. However, this Code is the
Spanish Code of Commerce of 1885, which was extended to the Philippines by a Royal
Decree. Upon the transfer of sovereignty from Spain to the US to the Philippines, Art 14
of the Code of Commerce must be deemed to have been abrogated because where there is
change of sovereignty, the political laws of the former sovereign are automatically
abrogated, unless they are expressly re-enacted by affirmative act of the new sovereign.
There appears to be no affirmative act that continued the effectivity of said provision.
Sec 3 (H) of RA 3019 provides for instances when public officers are considered to have
committed corrupt practices, which include having financial or pecuniary interest in any
business, contract or transaction in connection with which he intervenes or takes part in
his official capacity or in which he is prohibited by the Constitution or by any law from
having any interest. Judge Asuncion cannot be held liable under said provision because
there is no showing that he participated or intervened in his official capacity in the
business or transactions of Traders Manufacturing. In this case, the business of the
corporation in which he participated has obviously no relation to his judicial office.
Sec 12, Rule XVIII of the Civil Service Rules does NOT apply to members of the Judiciary,
who are covered under RA 296 (Judiciary Act of 1948) and Art X (7) of the 1973
Constitution. Under Sec 67 of RA 296, the power to remove or dismiss judges is vested in
the President of the Philippines, not in the CSC, and only on 2 grounds—serious
misconduct and inefficiency. Under the 1973 Constitution, only the SC
can discipline judges of the inferior courts as well as other personnel of the Judiciary.
Judges cannot be considered as subordinate civil service officers or employees because
the Commissioner of the CSC is not the head of the Judiciary department. Moreover, only
permanent officers in the classified service are subject to the jurisdiction of the CSC.
Judges, however, are not within this classification, as they are considered to be non-
competitive or unclassified service of the government as a Presidential appointee.
Canon 25 of the Canons of Judicial Ethics reminds judges to abstain from making
personal investments in enterprises, which are apt to be involved in litigation in his court.
Judge Asuncion and his wife, however, had withdrawn from the corporation and sold
their shares to third parties only 22 days after its incorporation, which indicates that
Judge Asuncion realized that their interest in the corporation contravenes said Canon.
The Court even commended the spouses for such act.