Name :- Ashish Verma

Registration No:- 17BIT0094

Soft Computing DA-1

Slot :- f1+tf1
Faculty : - Tapan kumar das

1.Artificial neural network applications have been used in the field of solar
energy for modelling and design of a solar steam generating plant.
Ans Feed forward neural networks are best for modelling and generating
and modelling solar stream generating plants. Feed Forward neural
network are more requires less time in training and are faster than
recurrent neural network. Designing and modelling of a solar steam
generating plant requires a neural network that consumes less time.
Solar steam generating plant consists of solar collectors, solar water
heater and photovoltaic/thermal system.

Solar collectors:-
Solar collectors are widely used devices to receive, collect, and
concentrate (in some types) the sun radiation and transform it into useful
heat used for heating up a fluid, water or air, which has many household
or industrial applications depending on the amount of the generated heat
and the rise in the temperature. There are many types of solar collectors
such as flat-plate, evacuated tube, parabolic trough, com-pound
parabolic, and parabolic dish.
The solar collectors may be classified into two main categories, namely,
non-concentrating and concentrating solar collectors.

Concentrating solar collectors:-

Farkas And Geczy used Multi-layer Perceptron to model three different
types of flat-plate solar collectors (water, air and latent heat storage). The
structure of consists of an input layer includes three inlet parameters
(global solar radiation, ambient temperature, and working fluid inlet
temperature) and an output layer of a single output neuron (outlet
temperature of working fluid). A sensitivity study on the training algorithm,
number of neurons, and the size of the ideal training data set has been
performed to select the most appropriate ANN topology. Benli developed
a Feed Forward Neural Network to predict thermal performances of solar
air collectors with two different surface shapes (corrugated and trapeze).
Back Propagation algorithm was used in the developed neural network.
Among different feed- forward BP learning algorithms, namely Pola-
Ribiere Conjugate Gradient (PCG), Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG)
and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), the later was used due to its stability, fast
convergence, and efficiency compared to other methods.

Non-concentrating solar collectors :-

Kalogirou applied ANN to analyzed the thermal performance of a solar

steam generator connected to a parabolic collector. The input parameters
of the ANN are ambient temperature, solar irradiance, time, effective
aperture-area, flash-vessel dimensions (diameter, height, and thickness),
and flash-vessel content. Linear and logistic activation functions were
used for the input and output layers, respectively; while Gaussian,
Gaussian complement, and tanh activation functions were used in the
hidden layer. Back Propagation algorithm was used to perform the
learning process. ANN model shows better mapping capabilities
compared to the analytical model. Facao Etal used two types of ANN
Multi-layered Perceptron and Radial Basis Function to model two different
types of hybrid SE systems composed of solar collectors and heat pipes
(tube or plate) to predict the thermal efficiency and useful heat gained.
Two different types of models have been constructed, namely, MLP and
RBF models. Energy balances equations were used to get a mathematical
model of the system based on Monte Carlo simulation which used to
generate the training data of the ANN models. MLPs showed better
performance compared with RBFs based on MSE criterion.

Photo Voltaic Cell :-

PV is used to perform direct conversion of SE (light) into electrical energy
However, the performance of PV system is highly affected by the
temperature increase of the PV panel, as the efficiency decreases by 5%
for every increase of 10 °C of the PV
Panel .Many researchers have suggested integration of PV with a thermal
system (PV/T systems) to remove this excessive heat using cooling fluids
such as water, nanofluids, and air to enhance the overall efficiency of the
system. It was found that PV/T systems has more advantages over PV
systems and solar thermal systems.
ANNs are used for this purpose and showed a satisfactory prediction,
especially for the non-linear nature of the training data. Researchers
introduced a new method to model the relationship between input and
output parameters of a photovoltaic system consists of collector system
working by nanofluid as a working fluid using three different Artificial
Intelligence Multi-layer perceptron.
Radial Basis Function , and ANFIS. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
technique was used to optimize the structure of each model to overcome
the non-linearity and complexity of the problem .

2) They are useful in system modelling, such as in implementing

complex mapping and system identification.

Ans The System Identification and complex mapping can be done using
many neural networks like Multi-layer perceptron, Functional Link layer
neural network and recurrent neural network. But among them Recurrent
Neural Network is the best as it provided a mechanism to reduce error by
feeding the output of a layer to itself or the previous layers.

The System Identification problem is to estimate a model of a system

based on observed input-output data. Several ways to describe a system
and to estimate such descriptions exist. There are no standard and secure
routes to make good models in System Identification. Given the number
of possibilities, it is easy to get confused about what to do, what model
structures to test, and so on. Based upon the complexity, accuracy and
speed of the techniques there are several techniques have been
proposed. In nature mostly nonlinear systems do exist. Nonlinear systems
are usually defined as any system which is not linear, that is any system
that does not satisfy the superposition principle. This contrarian
description is often necessary because there are so many types of
nonlinear systems. In last four decades major advancement has been
made in the field of adaptive identification, control of identifying and
control of linear time invariant system using unknown parameters. Three
classes of neural network system have been developed which are:
1.Multilayered Neural Network 2.Functional Link Layer Neural Network 3.
Recurrent Neural Network

Recurrent Neural Network Application in Mapping :-

The fundamental Feature of a recurrent neural network that networks
contain at least one feedback loop so the activation can flow round the
loop. That enables the network to do the temporal processing and learn
sequences. Form of the recurrent network can be different but they have
two important features that they incorporate some features of the multi-
layer perceptron network as a sub system and they exploit powerful
nonlinear capabilities of multi-layer perceptron plus some form of memory.
Recurrent neural network could be used as a powerful tool for the dynamic
system identification. Generally, a Recurrent Multi-Layer Perceptron
(RMLP) consists of a series of cascaded sub networks, each of which
consists of multiple layers of nodes. Each of these sub networks is entirely
feed-forward except for the last layer, which can have feedback
connections among itself. Each of these subnets is connected only by
feed forward connections. Second order RNNs use higher order weights
wijk instead of the standard wij weights, and inputs and states can be a
product. This allows a direct mapping to a finite time machine both in
training and in representation long short term memory is an example of
this. In training To minimize total error, gradient descent can be used to
change each weight in proportion to its derivative with respect to the error,
provided the nonlinear function are differentiable.

3. ANN are used for the estimation of heating-loads of buildings,

parabolic-trough collector’s intercept factor and local concentration
ratio.

ANS
Multi-Layer Feed-forward Neural Network with back Propagation are used
for the estimation of heating-loads of buildings, parabolic-trough
collector’s intercept factor and local concentration ratio.

It follows a gradient-based optimization algorithm that exploits the chain

rule. The main feature of backpropagation is its iterative, recursive and
efficient method for calculating the weights updates to improve the
network until it is able to perform the task for which it is being trained. The
network here is trying to approximate the value of the function. It is fed
with noisy data, and the goal is to find the true pattern. After training, the
network successfully estimates the value. For the above application other
architectures didn’t provided that much accuracy.

collector’s intercept factor and local concentration ratio

Suitable Neural Networks:-
Neural Network-Multi-Layer Feed-forward Neural Network with back
Propagation.
A multilayer feedforward neural network is an interconnection of
perceptrons in which
data and calculations flow in a single direction, from the input data to the
outputs. The
number of layers in a neural network is the number of layers of
perceptrons.
Proper Justification :
• It follows a gradient-based optimization algorithm that exploits the chain
rule. The
main feature of backpropagation is its iterative, recursive and efficient
method for
calculating the weights updates to improve the network until it is able to
perform the
task for which it is being trained.
• The network here is trying to approximate the value of the function. It is
fed with
noisy data, and the goal is to find the true pattern. After training, the
network
successfully estimates the value.
Highlight : For the above application other architectures didn’t provided
that much
accuracy. Moreover the gradient based optimization seems to be
plausable for the
respective application. Thus improving the network and perform the
required task.

4. ANN are used in diverse applications in control, robotics, pattern

recognition, forecasting, medicine, power systems, manufacturing,
optimization, signal processing, and social/psychological sciences.
Generalized Regression Neural Networks is best for developing diverse
applications in control, robotics, pattern recognition, forecasting,
medicine, power systems, manufacturing, optimization, signal processing,
and social/psychological sciences.
Since these field requires less processing time and more precise output
requirement. This can only be achieved using Generalized Regression
Neural Networks.
In control, robotics, pattern recognition, forecasting, medicine, power
systems, manufacturing, optimization, signal processing, and
social/psychological sciences the Neural network is trained for some data
set .It is then provided with data can identify the pattern based on
experience.
The Neural network is provided with the conditions or data and the output
also called training.
After this training the network is result is expected quickly as soon as the
condition is provided. The ANN is meant to base is result on the
Experience it earned Previously

Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN) applications in system

identification and control of dynamic systems. In addition, a comparison
study between the performance of back-propagation neural networks and
GRNN is presented for system identification problems. The results of the
comparison confirms that, GRNN has shorter training time and higher
accuracy than the counterpart back-propagation neural networks. GRNN
has always higher training accuracy than BP ANN and less training time.
training error for BP is very high while on the other hand for GRNN the
error is very low.
GRNN can be used as identifier for a given plant dynamics or a process.
To use GRNN as identifier it should be given the plant/process inputs and
outputs and then it will predict the plant/process output. In addition to its
application in system identification and modeling, GRNN can be used as
intelligent adaptive controller. GRNN can be used in control systems
either off-line or online. If it is used off-line, it needs to be trained to work
as inverse dynamics and then it will be deployed into the on-line system.
The second approach is using GRNN controller online from the beginning
so it will adapt to the error signals on-line.
Some of the applications of GRNN in control systems include dead-zone
estimation and compensation in motion control of a traveling wave
ultrasonic motor , fault diagnosis of power system , intelligent battery
charger , microgrid hybrid power systems control , bipedal standing
stabilization , air conditioning control , wind generation system , helicopter
motion control , active vibration control , active noise cancellation , rat-like
robot control , pipe climbing robot control , tracking-control for an
optomechatronical Image derotator , tracking in marine navigational
radars , factory monitoring , and flapping wing micro aerial vehicle control
.

5. They have also been used for the prediction of air flows in a
naturally ventilated test room and for the prediction of the energy
consumption of solar buildings.
Multi layered feed forward network is best suited for prediction of air flow
in a naturally ventilated test room and for the prediction of the energy
consumption of solar building since the output needed should be more
precise performing training on non linear data.
The outside local temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and
direction are also monitored. The collected data are used to predict the air
flow across the test room. A multi-layer feedforward neural network was
employed with three hidden slabs. Satisfactory results with correlation
coefficients equal to 0.985 and 0.897, for the indoor temperature and
combined velocity, respectively have been obtained when unknown input
data, not used for network training, were used as input.
Feed Forward Artificial neural networks have been used for the prediction
of the energy consumption of a passive solar building. Simulated data for
a number of cases were used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) in
order to generate a mapping between the above easily measurable inputs
and the desired output, i.e., the building energy consumption in kWh. The
simulated buildings had walls varying from 15 cm to 60 cm in thickness.
The objective of this work is to produce another simulation program, using
ANNs, to model the thermal behaviour of the building. A multilayer
recurrent architecture using the standard back-propagation learning
algorithm has been applied. The results obtained for the training set are
such that they yield a coefficient of multiple determination equal to
0.9985. The network was used subsequently for predictions of the energy
consumption for cases other than the ones used for training. The
coefficient of multiple determination obtained in this case was equal to
0.9991, which is very satisfactory. The ANN model proved to be much
faster than the dynamic simulation programs.
6.They are able to handle noisy and incomplete data and also able to
deal with nonlinear problems.

ANS Multilayer perceptrons (MLP) are among the most popular

approaches used to build data-based models for various
applications. They are usually considered as reliable and easy-to-
use tools. However, their performance strongly depends on the
quality of the training data .
MLP networks are trained by minimizing an error function on the
training set, to make the network map the input data distribution to
output space variables, which in case of regression are real
numbers. However, since the error is minimized to make the
network output for each vector as close as possible to the real vector
output, it is crucial that the training data is of a good quality. Good
quality means that the data reflects the underlying problem. If the
data contains a lot of faulty measurements, other errors and outliers
it obviously does not match the problem well, so also the neural
network trained on that data will not.
There are two groups of methods to deal with incomplete and noisy
data.
First group contains methods like Data with Outliers and Robust
Learning, Trimmed and Median-Based Error Measures
Second method contains Least Trimmed Absolute Values, Iterative
Least Median of Squares and Outlier Reduction
The first group of methods makes some adjustment to other neural
network itself, such as the error function, the neuron transfer
functions and others to make the network to process differently data
points of different properties in such a way that it is less sensitive to
outliers.
The second group uses outlier reduction methods, which are applied
to the data prior to the network training. Thus, the data is modified
and a typical MLP network is then trained on that data.
7.The use of artificial neural-networks in ventilating and air-
conditioning systems, refrigeration, modeling, heating, load-
forecasting, control of power-generation systems and solar
radiation.
Feed forward neural networks with improved Back Propagation are best
for ventilating and air-conditioning systems, refrigeration, modeling,
heating, load-forecasting, control of power-generation systems and solar
radiation.
Feed Forward neural network are more efficient and requires less time in
training and are faster than recurrent neural network. Designing and
modelling of a ventilating and air-conditioning systems, refrigeration,
modeling, heating, load-forecasting, control of power-generation systems
and solar radiation requires a neural network that consumes less time.

A better management of the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

(HVAC) systems and the integration of renewable energies are two ways
to get a Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB). Thus, methods to predict the
Electrical Load Demand (ELD) for the HVAC system are extremely
important, to reach this goal. This paper describes the development and
assessment of a fan-coil power demand predictive Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) model for a characteristic laboratory inside a research
centre located at Almería (Southeast of Spain). As the model is aimed to
be used as part of advanced building energy control schemes, some
specific requirements, as a trade off between accuracy and simplicity,
have been considered. The main consideration for improving new thermal
comfort control system is how to save energy without affect the users’
comfort. The performed experiments show a quick prediction with
acceptable final results for a short-term prediction horizon using real data.
Moreover, a detailed discussion of the obtained ANN model, which has
been validated using real data saved from the research centre used as
case-study, has been included.
Because of the complex calculation for traditional PMV index in HVAC
field, the prediction of thermal load is inaccurate, and the PID algorithm
can hardly be used to control its system accurately and timely. Thus we
need an improved BP model used in back-propagation training forward
multilevel neural network algorithm, and indicates that the ANN system
can be widely used in the HVAC field.

8 ANN are used in healthcare for diagnosis of diseases based on the

current symptoms.
Ans Hopfeild Network is best suited for diagnosis of diseases based on
the current symptoms. As it is a type of neural network usually works by
learning a number of patterns and then returning the one that is more
similar to the given input.
Correct diagnosis of any disease is based on various, and usually
incoherent, data (features): for example, clinicopathologic evaluation,
laboratory and instrumental data, subjective anamnesis of the patient, and
considerations of the clinician. Clinicians are trained to extract the relevant
information from each type of data to identify possible diagnoses. In
artificial neural network application such data are called “features”.
Features can be symptoms, biochemical analysis data and/or whichever
other relevant information helping in diagnosis. Therefore, the experience
of the professional is closely related to the final diagnosis. The ability of
ANNs to learn from examples makes them very flexible and powerful tools
to accelerate medical diagnosis.
In Medical Diagnosis Hopfeild network is trained with data initially. All the
possible symptom for a particular disease is fed to the network. After
training when the symptoms are fed to the network as input then is able
to relate the disease type with the given symptoms. Thus while for each
new patient the network’s outcome is to be carefully examined by a
clinician. Medical data of patients for which the predicted diagnosis is
correct can be eventually included in the training database. However, wide
and extensive evaluation of ANN aided diagnosis applications in clinical
setting is necessary even throughout different institutions. Verified ANN-
aided medical diagnosis support applications in clinical setting are
necessary condition for further expansion in medicine.

9. They are used in agriculture for estimating crop yield and to

classify the soil targeting for a crop.
Generalized Regression Neural Network is best for estimating crop yield
and to classify the soil targeting for a crop.
Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN) applications in system
identification and control of dynamic systems. In addition, a comparison
study between the performance of back-propagation neural networks and
GRNN is presented for system identification problems. The results of the
comparison confirms that, GRNN has shorter training time and higher
accuracy than the counterpart back-propagation neural networks.
Forecasting of crop yield is helpful in food management and growth of a
nation, which has specially agriculture based economy. In the last few
decades, Artificial Neural Networks have been used successfully in
different fields of agricultural remote sensing especially in crop type
classification and crop area estimation. The present work employed two
types of Artificial Neural Networks i.e., a Generalized Regression Neural
Network (GRNN) and a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN)
to predict the yield of potato crops, which have been sown differently (flat
and rough). Crop parameters like leaf area index, biomass and plant
height were used as input data, while the yield of potato fields as output
dataset to train and test the Neural Networks. Both GRNN and RBNN
predicted potato crop yield accurately. However based on quick learning
capability and lower spread constant (0.5), the GRNN was found a better
predictor than RBFNN. Furthermore, the rough surface field was found
more productive than flat field.
GRNN is trained with data initially. After training when the network is fed
with data it should be able to make correct prediction of crop yield and
classify soil for a targeting crop.