ABSTRACTION

We have done an experiment about the density of solid things and in this case the
things are bar, cylinder and ball. This experiment has been done by us on October 7th
2009 in Laboratory Physics Experiment of Unesa. The purposes of this experiment are to
show and understand how to measure or determine solid things (bar, cylinder and ball)
and to determine the density of these solid things. Methods which we used are weighing
the mass of solid things by using Technic Scale, then put the things (bar, cylinder and
ball) on the scale’s plaque. After that, determine the number of scale to get the mass of
these solid things (m± 0.01)gr. To determine the length, width and height for bar, the
diametre and the height for cylinder, the diametre for ball absolutely by using the
pushcart span or micrometer scrup. To determine the volume of these things in water by
using the measurement beaker glass that has been filled with water (± 100cc). Then take
the solid things into the beaker glass and count the difference of final volume with the
first volume. From the experiment, we get result the density of bar is (0.50± 0.07) gr/cc
with the uncertainty value 1.4% and the carefulness value is 98.6%. The density of
cylinder is (0.19± 0.0002) with the uncertainty value is 0.10% and the carefulness value
is 99.9%. The density of ball is (0.80± 0) with the uncertainty value is 0% so that it
means in this case we did carefully. And we conclude that the mistake of carefulness is
because we were careless when see the number of measuring.
I. PREFACE

BACKGROUND
A property of any substance is its density _ (Greek letter rho), defined as the amount of
mass contained in a unit volume, which we usually express as mass per unit volume:

PROBLEM
Based on the background above, we resulted a problem. “how to determine the sold
substance (bar, cylinder, and ball)density?”

PURPOSE
Depend on the problem above, the purpose of this experiment is:
• To determine the sold substance density (bar, cylinder, and ball).

II. THEORY

Density functional theory

Density is how heavy something is for its size. It's how massive it is divided by
how big it is. So, something that's very heavy and small has a high density. (Mass is like
weight*? ). Mass divided by Volume. It's usually measured in kilogrammes per cubic
metre. To work out the density of something, divide mass (how much it "weighs"), by
volume (how much space it takes up).

The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of
density is ρ (the Greek letter rho).

Density is the term for how heavy an object is for its size. Density is usually
expressed in units like grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc or g/cm3), kilograms per cubic
meter, pounds per cubic inch (cubic foot or cubic yard), or pounds per gallon.

Density often has units of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Remember, grams
is a mass and cubic centimeters is a volume (the same volume as 1 milliliter). A box with
more particles in it will be more dense than the same box with fewer particles.

Density is a fundamental concept in the sciences; you will see it throughout your
studies. It is used quite often in identifying rocks and minerals since the density of
substances rarely changes significantly. For example, gold will always have a density of
19.3 g/cm3; if a mineral has a density other than that, it isn't gold.
III. EXPERIMENT METHODS

EXPERIMENT DESIGN.

1. Mass weighing 2. volume measuring

3. Volume determining (length, width, hight, and diameter)

a. screw micrometer b. pushcart (jangka sorong)

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT.

• Micrometer sekrup = 1

• Technis scale / ohaus = 1

• Pushcart span = 1
 • Beker glass = 1

• Bar, cylinder, and ball = @ 1 sets

• Water = as enough

VARIABLES

• Manipulated variable : mass.

We get the mass measuring by weighing

the sold substance using the technis os
ohaus scale.

• Controled variable : length, width, high, diameter, volume.

The lenght, width, high, and diameter is

gotten by the micrometer skrup and
puscart span measuring. And for the
volume is gotten by counting the water
volume different. From final water
volume minus first water volume in a
beaker glass.

• Respons variable : density.

By formula of ρ = m/v (kg.m-3) counting.

EXPERIMENTS STEPS
1. Mass weighing

The mass weighing of sold substance is by using the technis or ohaus scale.
Firstly we have to put the media / object of sold substance on the plaque of the
scale. Then determine the scale’s number of sold substance with the technis
/ohaus scale carefulness (± 0,01) gr.

2. Volume determining

The volume determining of sold substance by measuring every their each lenght,
width, hight, and diameter by using micrometer skrup (± 0,02) mm, and puscart
span (± 0,02) mm.

3. Volume determining
 This volume determining is different with second steps. In this steps, the volume
determining is by putting the media or sold substance (bar, cylinder, and ball) into
the beaker glass that filled by 100 cc of water. Then finally count the different
volume. Final volume minus first volume.

IV. DATA AND ANALYSIS

From our experiment which we did on October 7th 2009, we get 3 datas for every
substance; bar, cylinder and ball.

1. The Density of Bar

No (m± 0.01) (p± 0.02)c (l± 0.02)c (t± 0.02)c (V± 0.02)c (V± 2) (ρ )gr/
. gr m m m m3 cc cc
1. 54.40 1.91 1.81 1.90 6.56 106 0.51
2. 54.00 1.91 1.80 1.90 6.53 106 0.50
3. 54.02 1.90 1.80 1.91 6.53 106 0.50
4. 54.02 1.91 1.81 1.91 6.60 106 0.50
5. 54.15 1.90 1.80 1.90 6.49 106 0.51
From the result above we can anlyze the equation from:
(V± 0.02) = p l t (volume of bar)
ρ = m/v (density of bar)
and for the deviation standart, the analyze equation is:

2. The Density of Cylinder

No. (m± 0.01)gr (D± 0.01)c (t± 0.02)c (V± 0.02)cm (V± 2)cc (ρ )gr/cc
3
m m
1. 21.07 1.47 2.91 0.89 102 0.20
2. 21.10 1.47 2.91 0.89 102 0.20
3. 21.05 1.46 2.91 0.89 102 0.20
4. 20.09 1.47 2.91 0.89 102 0.19
 5. 21.00 1.47 2.92 0.89 102 0.20
From the result above, we can analyze the equation from:
(V± 0.02) = π r2 t (volume of cylinder)
ρ = m/v (density of cylinder)
and the deviation standart, the analyze equation is:

3. The Density of Ball

No. (m± 0.01)gr (D± 0.01)cm (V± 0.02)cm3 (V± 2)cc (ρ )gr/cc
1. 20.20 2.54 8.57 108 0.18
2. 20.21 2.53 8.57 108 0.18
3. 20.19 2.54 8.57 108 0.18
4. 20.19 2.54 8.57 108 0.18
5. 20.16 2.54 8.57 108 0.18
From the result above, so we can analyze the equation with:
(V± 0.02) = v 4/3 π r3 ( volume of ball)
ρ = m/v (density of ball)
and the deviation standart, the analyse equation is:

V. DISCUSSION

After have doing analysis date, get result the value density about solid things or
continue things if have different mass and volume in each things. According accounting
that get result we can used how to account with the volume p x l x t, or can used
Archimedes law measuring the volume things with water that included things, for
example cylinder, ball, or bar.
 And we get difficulties do it experiment, because we can’t look and observe tools
or equipment with accurately. The tools or equipment have not balance again because
often used experiment, so the accurately about equipment also influence.

VI. CONCLUSSION

One of the interesting things about density, as distinguished from mass and
volume, is that it has nothing to do with the amount of material. A kilogram of iron
differs from 10 kilograms of iron both in mass and volume, but the density of both
samples is the same. Indeed, as discussed below, the known densities of various materials
make it possible to determine whether a sample of that material is genuine. Measuring
volume, still other formulae, which make use of the constant π (roughly equal to 3.14) are
necessary for measuring the volume of a cylinder, a sphere, or a cone. The density of a
material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ρ (the Greek
letter rho). And all of solid things have different densities because they have different
mass and volume.

Where, ρ = density (kg/m3)

m = mass (kg)
V = volume (m3)

VII. REFERENCES
Walker jearl “fundamental physics. 8th Edition”. Hallyday. Resnick

Team of fisdas Unesa “Panduan Praktikum Fisika Dasar 1”. Physics

departement. Mathematics and science faculty State University of surabaya.
2000.

Alonso,M 7Finn,E.J “Dasar- dasar Fisika Universitas. 1th Edition”. Erlangga

1980 Indonesia Edition.