Unit Ng1 and Ng2 Sample Resource Pack

ten
Sample
Resource
Pack
NEBOSH
National General Certificate in
Occupational Health and Safety
Unit NG1: Management of Health and Safety

Unit NG2: Risk Assessment
NEBOSH
National General Certificate
Units NG1 and NG2
Sample Contents
INTRODUCTION
NG1 SAMPLE - Element 4 - Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring
NG2 SAMPLE - Element 8 - General Workplace Issues
• Lesson plan
• PowerPoint slides
• Study text chapter
SAMPLE - Full list of study text contents for Units NG1 and NG2
RRC International
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4DS
United Kingdom
T: +44 20 8944 3100
E: info@rrc.co.uk
W: www.rrc.co.uk
NEBOSH
Units NG1 and NG2
Introduction to the RRC Sample Resource Pack
RRC's NEBOSH Trainer Packs have been designed to include all the resources you need to
deliver the NEBOSH National General Certificate course. The full pack - of which this is a sample -
includes the following resources:
• An electronic copy of the RRC study text (course notes) for the course, supplied for use by the tutor
as reference only.
• Daily lesson plans (MS Word) - a suggested breakdown of how the detailed subjects specified in the
qualification syllabus will be covered on each day of the course.
• Slides (MS PowerPoint) - full colour slides addressing the subjects specified in, and following the
structure of, the qualification syllabus.
Some third-party resources may be suggested in the Lesson Plans, or in the notes to the slides - for
example, video, footage, further reading, etc. These are not essential and they are not included as part of
the licensed Trainer Pack - it is up to the tutor to source the suggested material, should he or she wish to
do so.
This ‘Sample Trainer Pack’ contains a selection of pages from the lesson plan, a number of corresponding
slides, and the relevant pages from the study text. These pages and slides are representative of
the presentation, design and language of the full materials.
For more information, please contact RRC’s customer advisers on 020 8944 3100 or e-mail
info@rrc.co.uk
RRC International
London SW19 4DS
United Kingdom
T: +44 20 8944 3100
E: info@rrc.co.uk
W: www.rrc.co.uk
NEBOSH
Units NG1 and NG2
Sample Classroom Lesson Plan
RRC International
London SW19 4DS
United Kingdom
T: +44 20 8944 3100
E: info@rrc.co.uk
W: www.rrc.co.uk
NG1 Week 1: Day 4
l
ia
6–7 Taught Hours
TIME DURATION CONTENT AND TUTOR ACTIVITY AIDS AND STUDENT ACTIVITY
er
(MINS) EQUIPMENT
9:00 – 9:30 30 Review answers to questions from previous evening directed private study. Resources Whole group feedback on
Overview of previous day training Slides answers
Exam-style
at
questions
9:30 – 10:30 60 3.8. Emergency Procedures and First Aid Slides Listening and contributing
₋ Group Exercise to discussions and
M
exercises
What emergencies could occur other than fire?
₋ The importance of developing emergency procedure arrangements
₋ Training and testing
First-aid requirements
e
- First-aid facilities and equipment
- Group Exercise
pl
Discuss the issues that you would need to consider to decide the level of first-aid
cover in your workplace
- First aiders and appointed persons
- Group Exercise
m
What factors would you consider when selecting individuals to be first aiders?
- First-aid coverage
Sa
10:30 – 10:45 15 MORNING BREAK
10:45 – 12:30 105 ELEMENT 4: Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring
4.1. Active and Reactive Monitoring Slides Listening and contributing
- Active monitoring to discussions and
- Safety inspections, sampling and tours exercises
C
- Group Exercise
In groups, list the topic headings that should be included on an inspection checklist for
use in your workplace
RR
Design a rough format for the inspection check sheet.
l
- Arrangements for active monitoring
ia
- Reactive monitoring
12:30 – 13:15 45 LUNCH BREAK
13:15 – 14:45 90 4.2. Investigating Incidents Slides Listening and contributing
er
- Function of investigations to discussions and
- Types of incident exercises
- Group Exercise
at
Discuss the first thing you should do when arriving at an accident scene and then the
later steps.
Consider what type of equipment you may need to assist you.
M
- Basic investigation procedures
- Group Exercise
A worker is struck by a load being carried on a pallet by a forklift truck. Outline possible
immediate and underlying causes of the accident.
14:45 – 15:00 15 AFTERNOON BREAK
e
15:00 – 15:30 30 4.2. Investigating Incidents – continued Slides Listening and contributing
to discussions and
pl
- Recording and reporting requirements
- Group Exercise exercises
What sorts of things are likely to hinder good accident and near-miss reporting?
What can an organisation do to make it more likely that incidents will be
-
reported?
m
The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013
(RIDDOR)
Sa
15:30 – 16:30 60 4.3. Auditing Slides Listening and contributing
- Definition, scope and purpose of auditing to discussions and
What is the difference between an audit and an inspection?
- The distinction between audits and inspections
C
16:30 – 16:40 10 End of session summary and close

RR
l
ia
NG1 Day 4 – Self-Reflection
Assessment of learning – how will I tell whether learning has taken Directed private study set:
er
place? By:
● Set a relevant question(s) for homework.
● Continuous assessment through Q&A and discussions ● Self-revision of key principles from element(s) covered today.
● Assessment through participation in workshops ● Students to look at websites identified in course notes under ‘More...’ sections.
at
Lesson evaluation – how did the lesson go? Any changes?
M
e
pl
m
Sa
C
RR
NG1 Week 1: Day 5
l
ia
4–5 Taught Hours
TIME DURATION CONTENT AND TUTOR ACTIVITY AIDS AND STUDENT ACTIVITY
er
(MINS) EQUIPMENT
9:00 – 9:30 30 Review answers to questions from previous evening directed private study. Resources Whole group feedback on
Overview of previous day training Slides answers
Exam-style
at
questions
9:30 – 10:00 30 4.3. Auditing – continued Slides Listening and contributing
- The audit process from preparation to Follow-up to discussions and
M
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of external and internal audits.
10:00 – 10:30 30 4.4. Reviewing Health and Safety Performance Slides Listening and contributing
- Purpose of regular reviews to discussions and
e
What active and reactive measurements of health and safety performance would need
pl
to be reviewed annually?
- Performance indicators
- Continual improvement
10:30 – 10:45
10:45 – 12:30
15
105
MORNING BREAK
m
Review and Exam Preparation
- Review of the week
Slides Listening and contributing
to discussions
Sa
- Revision of key ideas topics
- Reminder of basic exam skills
- Time out for private reflection
12:30 – 13:15 45 LUNCH BREAK
13:15 – 15:15 120 EXAMINATION Exam papers
Invigilator
C
Clock
15:30 – 16:30 60 Final review Slides
RR
Feedback on course
l
Preparation for week 2
ia
NG1 Day 5 – Self-Reflection
er
Assessment of Learning – how will I tell whether learning has taken
place? By:
at
● Continuous assessment through Q&A and discussions
● Assessment through participation in workshops
M
Lesson Evaluation – how did the lesson go? Any changes? Etc.
e
pl
m
Sa
C
RR
Allow learners to carry out exercise focusing on the last 3 columns of the Part 2 risk handouts
assessment form.
l
Review and feedback using supporting example
13:45 – 14:15 30
ia
ELEMENT 8: GENERAL WORKPLACE ISSUES
8.1 Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements Slides Listening and participating
r
- Health and welfare provisions Notes in discussions and
e
Group Exercise Quiz exercises
t
Basic welfare facilities in the workplace Resources
- The effects of exposure to extremes of temperature
a
Group Exercise
What are the health issues associated with working in hot/cold temperatures?
M
14:15 – 14:45 30 Slides Listening and participating
8.2 Working at Height
Notes in discussions and
- Examples and definitions of work at height
e
Resources exercises
l
- Basic hazards of work at height
Group Exercise
p
What are the hazards for working at height for a window cleaner?
As an alternative, divide group up and give different occupations/tasks to each group.
m
- Avoiding work at height; preventing falls and falling materials; emergency rescue;
minimising distance and consequences of a fall; training; head protection
a
- Safe working practices for access equipment
Group Exercise
S
Suggest the control measures for the safe use of ladders.
- Name the parts of an independent tied scaffold
Group discussion
C
Discuss reasons for scaffold collapse.
- Inspecting access equipment
R
End of Module 8.2 Exercise
R
15:00 – 15:45 45 8.3 Confined Spaces Listening and participating
Slides in discussions and
- Outline the definition of what a confined space is Notes
- Explain the dangers exercises
Resources
- Explain the control measures
15:45 – 16:30 45 8.4 Lone Working Listening and participating
Slides in discussions and
- Outline the definition of what lone working is
l
Notes exercises
- Explain the risks Resources
ia
- Explain the control measures
16:30 – 16:40 10 End of session summary and close
Day 3 – Self-Reflection
t er
a
Assessment of learning – how will I tell whether learning has taken Directed private study set:
M
place? By:
● Time: 1 hour
● Continuous assessment through Q&A and discussions ● Set a relevant research question(s) for homework.
e
● ●
l
Assessment through participation in workshops Self-revision of key principles from element(s) covered today.
● Learners to look at websites identified in course notes under ‘More...’ sections.
p
Lesson Evaluation – how did the lesson go? Any changes?
a m
S
R C
R
NEBOSH
Units NG1 and NG2
Sample PowerPoint Slides
RRC International
London SW19 4DS
United Kingdom
T: +44 20 8944 3100
E: info@rrc.co.uk
W: www.rrc.co.uk
NEBOSH National General Certificate
l
ia
in Occupational Safety and Health
er
NG1
at
M
Element 4: Health and Safety Monitoring
e
and Measuring
pl
m
Sa
RC
© RRC International
Learning Objectives
l
ia
er
• Discuss common methods and indicators used to
monitor the effectiveness of management systems.
at
• Explain why and how incidents should be investigated,
M
recorded and reported.
• Explain what an audit is and why and how they are
e
used to evaluate a management system.
pl
• Explain why and how regular reviews of health and
m
safety performance are needed.
Sa
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Element 4.1
l
ia
er
at
M
Active and Reactive Monitoring
e
pl
m
Sa
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Introduction to Active and Reactive Monitoring
l
ia
er
✓ Active
at
• Looking at control measures to see if they are correct and
being used before accidents, etc. are caused.
M
e
✗ Reactive
pl
m
• Using accident, incident and
Sa
ill-health data to highlight areas of concern.
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Active Monitoring
l
ia
er
Measure conformance/non-conformance with
standards, e.g.:
at
M
• Number and quality of risk assessments against plan.
Health and safety training to schedule.
e
•
pl
• Consultative committee meetings to schedule.
m
Workplace inspections to schedule.
Sa
•
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Safety Inspections, Sampling and Tours
l
ia
er
• Safety Inspection
at
‒ Examination of workplace, statutory inspection, plant and
machinery, pre-use checks.
M
‒ Usually done by one line manager or a competent person.
e
• Safety Sampling
pl
Representative sample to judge compliance.
‒ m
Less time-consuming.
Sa
‒
• Safety Tour
‒ A high-profile walk-around inspection in a workplace carried
RC
out by a group including senior managers.

‒ The intention is to interact and be highly visible.
©©RRC
RRC International
International
General Workplace Inspections
l
ia
er
Plant • Machinery
• Vehicles
at
Premises • Workplace
M
• Environment
e
People Working methods
pl
•
• Behaviour
Procedures
m
• Safe systems
Sa
• Permits to work
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Arrangements for Active Monitoring
l
ia
er
Factors to consider when planning the introduction of
at
active monitoring:
M
• Type of monitoring required.
• Frequency.
e
Allocation of responsibilities.
pl
•
• Competence of the inspector.

m
Use of checklists.
Sa
•
• Action planning for problems

found.
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Example Inspection System
l
ia
er
Bank head office:
at
• Purpose – monitor H&S standards.
M
• Frequency – monthly.
e
Persons responsible – managers at different levels.
pl
•
•
m
Competence – one-day course.
Sa
• Inspection checklist – general checklist, tailored if required.
• Follow-up arrangements – an action plan.

RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Group Exercise
l
ia
er
In groups, list the topic headings that should be included
at
on an inspection checklist for use in your workplace.
M
Design a rough format for the inspection check sheet.
e
pl
m
Sa
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Arrangements for Workplace Inspections
l
ia
er
Typical topics in a generic inspection checklist:
at
• Fire safety.
M
• Housekeeping.
Environment issues.
e
•
pl
• Traffic routes.
• Chemical safety. m
Machinery safety.
Sa
•
• Electrical safety.
Welfare facilities.
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Reactive Monitoring
l
ia
er
• Accidents, incidents, ill health, other unwanted events
at
and situations:
M
– Highlights areas of concern.
– Things that have already gone
e
wrong.
pl
– Measures failure.
m
• Two methods:
Sa
– Lessons from one specific event, e.g. an accident.

Data collected over a period.
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Reactive Monitoring
l
ia
er
Data collected about:
Accidents.
at
•
• Dangerous occurrences.
M
• Near misses.
e
• Ill-health cases.
pl
• Worker complaints.
• Enforcement action. m
Assist in analysing:
Sa
• Trends - events over a period of time.

Patterns - hot spots of certain types, e.g. injury.
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
Reactive Monitoring
l
ia
er
Lost-time Accident Frequency Rate
at
‘lost-time accidents per 100,000 hours worked'
M
e
Number of lost-time accidents during a specific time period
× 100,000
pl
Number of hours worked over the same period
m
Sa
RC
©©RRC
RRC International
International
NEBOSH National General Certificate
in Occupational Safety and Healthl
r i a
Unit NG2 e a t
e M
l
Element 8: General Workplace Issues
p
am
S
R C
R
Learning Objectives
• Describe common health, welfare and work environment
ia l
requirements in the workplace.
te r
a
• Describe the hazards and control measures for safe working at
height.
M
• Describe the safe work practices for working within confined
e
spaces.
pl
• Describe the hazards and controls associated with lone working.
am
• Describe the main causes of and controls for slips and trips in the
S
workplace.
• Describe the hazards and control measures for the safe movement
R C
of people and vehicles in the workplace.
R
• Describe the control measures for work-related driving and the
hazards associated with electric and hybrid vehicles.
ia l
te r
8.1 Health, Welfare and Work Environment
M a
Requirements
pl e
am
S
R C
R
Welfare Provision
ia l
Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992
te r
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
Drinking water.
M a
e
•
• Sanitary conveniences.
pl
m
• Washing facilities.
•
•
Changing rooms.
S a
Accommodation for clothing.
•
R C
Rest and eating facilities.
R
Group Exercise
ia l
te r
What basic welfare facilities would you expect an
employer to provide for the following groups of
people?
Accident and emergency nurse. M
a
•
Construction worker. p l e
m
•
•
S a
Office-based accountant.
R C
R
Welfare Provision
Minimum standards:
ia l
Drinking water • Wholesome, labelled if not
te r
Sanitary conveniences •
M a
Sufficient numbers
e
Separate for men and women
l
•
p
• Protected from weather
m
• Clean, lit and ventilated
a
• Provision for the disabled
Washing facilities
S Close to toilets and changing rooms
C
•
Showers if required
R
•
Hot and cold water, soap, towels
R
•
• Means of drying
NEBOSH
Units NG1 and NG2
Sample Study Text
RRC International
London SW19 4DS
United Kingdom
T: +44 20 8944 3100
E: info@rrc.co.uk
W: www.rrc.co.uk
Element 4
Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring
Learning Objectives
l
ia
Once you’ve studied this element, you
should be able to:
er
1 Discuss common methods and indicators
used to monitor the effectiveness of
management systems.
at
2 Explain why and how incidents should be
investigated, recorded and reported.
M 3 Explain what an audit is and why and how

they are used to evaluate a management
system.
e
4 Explain why and how regular reviews of
health and safety performance are needed.
pl
m
Sa
C
RR
© RRC International Unit NG1 – Element 4: Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring 4-1
Contents
Active and Reactive Monitoring 4-3

Introduction to Active and Reactive Monitoring 4-3
Active Monitoring 4-4
Safety Inspections, Sampling and Tours 4-5
Arrangements for Active Monitoring 4-7
Reactive Monitoring 4-9
l
ia
Investigating, Recording and Reporting Incidents 4-12
Introduction to Incident Investigation 4-12
er
Types of Incident 4-13
Basic Investigation Procedures 4-16
Recording and Reporting Requirements 4-21
The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR) 4-24
at
Health and Safety Auditing 4-29
Introduction to Auditing 4-29
M
The Stages of an Audit 4-31
External and Internal Audits 4-33
Reviewing Health and Safety Performance 4-34

Purpose of Regular Reviews 4-34
e
Issues to be Considered in Reviews 4-35
Outputs from Reviews 4-36
pl
Summary 4-37
m
Exam Skills 4-38

Sa
C
RR
4-2 Unit NG1 – Element 4: Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring © RRC International
Active and Reactive Monitoring 4.1
Active and Reactive Monitoring

IN THIS SECTION...
• Active monitoring is about checking to ensure that standards are met and that the workplace is in fact safe and
l
free of health risks before any unwanted event takes place.
ia
• Safety inspections, sampling and tours are three active monitoring methods that can be used to check
conformance to standards and that play an important role in ensuring that safety standards are acceptable in the
workplace.
er
• Active monitoring methods are often called leading indicators because they give an indication of the direction of
future health and safety performance.
at
• Various factors must be considered when setting up an active monitoring system, such as:
–– The type of inspection, tour or sampling exercise.
–– The frequency of active monitoring.
–– The responsibilities for carrying it out.
M
–– The competence and objectivity of the person doing the monitoring.
–– The use of checklists.
e
–– Action planning for problems found.
• Reactive monitoring is about measuring safety performance by reference to accidents, incidents, ill health and
pl
other untoward events that have already occurred.
• Reactive monitoring usually makes use of statistics such as accident rates. These are often called lagging indicators
because they give an indication of the direction of past health and safety performance.
m
Introduction to Active and Reactive Monitoring

Sa
Health and safety performance should be monitored. This can be done

using various methods that fall into two broad categories:
• Active monitoring – checking to ensure that health and safety

standards are being met (conformed to) in the workplace before
accidents, incidents, ill health or other untoward events happen.
• Reactive monitoring – using accidents, incidents, ill health and other
C
untoward events as indicators of performance to highlight areas of

concern.
RR
In all workplaces, both types of monitoring have their place.
Monitoring should be a line management function, but remember that

senior management has responsibility for ensuring that effective health and
safety performance monitoring systems are in place.
4.1 Active and Reactive Monitoring
Active Monitoring
Active monitoring is concerned with checking things before an unwanted event occurs. The intention is to identify:
• Conformance with standards, so that good performance is recognised and maintained.

• Non-conformance with standards, so that the reason for that non-conformance can be identified and a suitable
l
corrective action put in place to remedy any shortfall.
ia
There are many different ways of actively monitoring health and safety performance (some of which we will outline in
the following section). The various active monitoring methods are often called leading indicators.
er
Leading indicators are indicators that show the direction of travel before unwanted events (such as an accident) occur.
If leading indicators are moving in a positive direction, then the chance of having accidents is reduced. Conversely, if
leading indicators are moving in a negative direction, then the chance of having accidents is increased. For example,
if safety inspections are being properly carried out and very few issues are being spotted during those inspections
at
(because the workplace is being well managed), then this is a leading indicator that is positive. It indicates that health
and safety standards are being met and so there should be a low chance of accidents happening. However, if there is
a decline in the number of inspections being carried out, or the inspections being done are not being done properly,
M
or there is an increase in the number of defects found, this is a leading indicator moving in a negative direction.
It indicates that health and safety standards are not being met and so there is an increasing chance of accidents
happening.
In many workplaces, active monitoring plays a crucial role in checking that the standards that should be met are, in
e
fact, met. It allows management to resolve problems before those problems become critical. It also allows workers
to see that checks are being carried out and perhaps get involved in the checking process. Worker and senior
management involvement in this helps to reinforce a positive health and safety culture.
pl
Performance Standards
m
In order to actively monitor health and safety, organisations need to identify exactly what to monitor and what level
of performance is acceptable, i.e. the performance standard.
Performance standards can be concerned with the physical control of workplace hazards and conditions. For example,
Sa
there are standards that a scaffold structure should meet (i.e. conform to) with regards the work platform, toe boards
and guardrails in order for it to be considered safe (more on this topic later in the course in Element 8). This can then
be actively monitored (checked) by carrying out a routine inspection of the scaffold in order to ensure that it meets
the standard.
In this way active monitoring is concerned with checking the physical condition of the workplace and the way that
hazards are being controlled.
C
But organisations can also actively monitor health and safety management activities to give a measure of conformance
to performance standards. For example:
RR
• The number and quality of risk assessments covering work activities.

• The provision of health and safety training to schedule.
• The completion of consultative committee meetings to schedule.
• The completion of workplace inspections to schedule.
• The completion of safety review meetings to schedule.
All of these health and safety management activities are likely to be taking place in the workplace, so it is possible to
assess whether they are happening or not. In most instances, the degree to which they are happening, and sometimes
even their quality, can also be measured. For example, a standard might be that, when contractors start new work
on site, there should be suitable and sufficient risk assessments to cover their work. The presence or absence of risk
assessments can be checked. The number of risk assessments can be measured to quantify conformance and the
quality of each risk assessment can be judged. In this way, a full picture of conformance can be built up.
l
ia
HINTS AND TIPS
‘Risk assessments’ are not an active monitoring method, but measuring how many were carried out vs. how
er
many should be completed is. Similarly, ‘training’ is not an active monitoring method, but measuring the
percentage of attendees who showed up for the planned training is. This is a subtle but important distinction.
at
Safety Inspections, Sampling and Tours
There are three slightly different methods of active monitoring that we
M
will cover in the course, each of which has a place in an active monitoring
regime. (Please note that the actual names given to these methods may vary
between workplaces.)
e
Safety Inspections
The term ‘safety inspection’ implies an examination of the workplace
pl
and working conditions so that comparisons can be made to expected
performance standards (whether in-house or a statutory standard).
Examples include:
m
• Routine general workplace inspection to determine if general standards

of health and safety are acceptable or if corrective action is necessary Weekly inspection by a site
(e.g. a quarterly housekeeping inspection in an office). supervisor
Sa
• Statutory inspection of an item by a competent person to fulfil a legal requirement (e.g. the annual thorough
examination of an item of lifting equipment).
• Periodic inspection of plant and machinery as part of a Planned Preventive Maintenance (PPM) programme
(e.g. a mechanic inspects the brakes on a lorry on a regular basis to ensure they are not excessively worn).
• Pre-use checks carried out by workers before they use certain items of plant and machinery (e.g. start-up checks
C
carried out by a forklift-truck driver).

All these inspections can be repeated routinely to form an inspection regime, and can all be recorded to provide
RR
evidence of inspection.
General Workplace Inspections

To focus on the first of these active monitoring methods, one popular way to actively monitor health and safety
performance is to carry out general workplace inspections. These inspections often focus on ‘the four Ps’:
• Plant – machinery, equipment and vehicles.

• Premises – the workplace and the working environment.
• People – working methods and behaviour.
• Procedures – safe systems of work, method statements, permits to work, etc.
An inspection might concentrate on one, several or all four of these areas. Systematic general workplace inspection
regimes usually exist in many different forms within different workplaces.
For example, in a distribution warehouse (depot) there might be:
• A daily inspection regime where forklift-truck drivers inspect their own vehicles at the start of each shift – plant.
l
• A weekly inspection regime where supervisors check that forklift trucks are being driven safely – people.
ia
• A monthly inspection regime where the manager checks the entire warehouse for housekeeping – premises.
• A six-monthly inspection of each forklift truck by a competent mechanic to ensure the safety of the vehicle as a
part of the PPM – plant.
er
• An annual formal inspection of the storage racking to ensure structural integrity – premises.
If this series of inspections is in place then it is possible to monitor the degree to which each is being carried out
at
successfully. In this way, two different types of active monitoring are being carried out: one on the workplace directly
(the four Ps), and one on the safety management system.
Safety Sampling
M
This is the technique of monitoring conformance with a particular workplace standard by looking at a representative
sample only. If a big enough sample is collected, then there is a strong likelihood that the results of the sample will
reflect the results for the workplace as a whole.
e
For example, if the legal standard in a large office complex is that all 1,200 fire extinguishers must be inspected
annually by a competent engineer, then there are several ways to monitor compliance with this standard:
pl
• Check the maintenance records to ensure each and every fire extinguisher has been signed off.
• Check all 1,200 fire extinguishers directly by inspecting every one to make sure it has the competent engineer’s
signature on it.
m
• Check a representative sample (e.g. 50 extinguishers selected at random from various locations around the
complex).
Sa
The last method is safety sampling. It provides better evidence of compliance to the standard than simply checking
the engineer’s maintenance records since they may have signed extinguishers off without ever inspecting any of them.
It is also far less time-consuming than checking all 1,200 extinguishers directly – which is the job that the competent
engineer had to do.
Safety sampling as an active monitoring method does not guarantee 100% conformance to standard. Instead it
provides an assurance that the standard is being met, or gives an indication of where there are problems with
C
conformance.
Safety Tours
RR
A safety tour is a walk-around in a workplace carried out by a group or

team including managers. The tour may be formal, but can also be informal
– a walk-around looking at points of interest (usually unscheduled). The
group carrying out the tour should include the manager of the area being
inspected and possibly a workers or worker representative, a health and
safety specialist, an occupational health specialist, and perhaps an engineer.
Ideally the group would also include a senior manager (such as a senior
operations manager or director).
Unlike a safety inspection, which will often be conducted by one person and have a very narrow and specific focus,
a safety tour usually looks at any health and safety issues that come to light during the walk around. It is often
unconstrained and does not simply look at a narrow, predetermined topic or issue.
One of the key features of a safety tour is that the group interacts with workers as they go about their normal work
routines. This is a high-profile, visible event where management have the opportunity to interact with workers and
l
show their interest in, and commitment to, health and safety to the workforce. This can have a very significant impact
ia
on raising the profile of specific health and safety problems found. Equally importantly it can have a powerful effect
on improving the health and safety culture as it provides an opportunity for managers to not only identify and discuss
problems and issues, but also recognise and praise good performance.
er
Arrangements for Active Monitoring
Certain factors must be considered before the introduction of an active
at
monitoring system, including:
• The type of active monitoring – active monitoring is carried out for a

number of different reasons and different methods examine different
M
aspects of safety in the workplace. Is this:
–– A general inspection of a workplace to ensure conformance with a
company standard?
–– A sampling exercise to look at a specific type of item or equipment
e
(such a lifting accessories)?
–– A high-profile safety tour of an entire department?
pl
• The frequency of monitoring – likely to be determined both by the type of monitoring and the level of risk.
For example, a general workplace inspection might be conducted in an office once a month, but once a week
m
in a workshop environment to reflect the higher risk. The frequency will also be affected by the practicalities of
doing the monitoring and the availability of people. Safety tours involving senior managers are often conducted
monthly for this reason.
• The allocation of responsibilities – those responsible for ensuring that the active monitoring takes place should
Sa
be identified, as should the people who will be tasked with carrying it out.
• The competence and objectivity of the inspector – an essential characteristic of whoever is conducting the
active monitoring; the person should have the necessary training, knowledge and experience. In some instances,
certification to a specific standard will be required; in other situations, all that is necessary is an understanding of
the workplace, health and safety principles, and a willingness to ask questions. Training may be required for those
C
who will be conducting inspections.

A part of an inspector’s competence is the need to be objective; they need to be able to recognise the facts as
they are based on evidence rather than make personal interpretations based on bias or prejudice.
RR
• The use of checklists – these are valuable tools for use during the active monitoring process. Checklists ensure
that:
–– All points are covered during the monitoring.
–– There is a consistency of approach to the process.
–– There is a form of written record of the monitoring and its findings.
However, checklists do have their weaknesses, the most important being that an inspector may only deal with the
points on the checklist and ignore other issues that exist in the workplace but are not included on the checklist.
• Action planning for problems found – this is so that appropriate action is taken following the active monitoring
to resolve issues in a timely manner. An inspection system that identifies a problem or issue, but then does not
result in action being taken, is flawed. There must be clear identification of:
–– The corrective action that is required.
–– The persons who are responsible for taking that action.
l
–– Priorities/timescales.
ia
The monitoring system can be documented and formalised once procedures based on all these factors have been
agreed.
er
TOPIC FOCUS
Factors to take into account when determining the frequency of general workplace inspections:
at
• Statutory requirements that may dictate an inspection frequency.
• The activities carried out and the level of risk.
M
• How well established the process is (e.g. new equipment may require more frequent monitoring).
• Risk assessments that may suggest inspections as a control measure.
• Manufacturers’ recommendations in relation to inspection frequency and content.
e
• The presence of vulnerable workers (e.g. young and inexperienced people).
• Findings from previous inspections, which may suggest compliance concerns.
pl
• Accident history and results of investigations.
• Enforcement authorities who may recommend inspections.
m
• Whether workers have voiced concerns.

Sa
Example Inspection System

A bank head office introduces an inspection system to actively monitor general health and safety standards. A set of
formal arrangements is documented and included in the safety policy of the company. These arrangements describe:
• The purpose of the inspection system – to monitor general health and safety standards.
• The frequency of the inspections – once a month for all areas.
C
• The persons responsible – managers of a particular grade for ensuring that inspections are carried out,
managers of the next grade down for actually doing the inspections.
RR
• Competence of inspectors – the need for inspecting managers to attend a one-day course on the inspection
system.
• Inspection checklist – a generic checklist is created appropriate to all office areas, which may be tailored by the
inspector if necessary.
• Follow-up arrangements – an action plan table is created and included on the inspection checklist.
TOPIC FOCUS
Typical topic headings that might be included in a generic inspection checklist:
• Fire safety – including emergency escape routes, signs and extinguishers.
l
• Housekeeping – general tidiness and cleanliness.
ia
• Environment issues – e.g. lighting, temperature, ventilation and noise.
• Traffic routes – safety of both vehicle and pedestrian routes.
er
• Chemical safety – appropriate use and storage of hazardous substances.
• Machinery safety – e.g. correct use of machine guards and interlocks.
• Electrical safety – e.g. portable electrical appliance safety.
at
• Welfare facilities – suitability and condition.
Reactive Monitoring
M
Reactive monitoring uses accidents, incidents, ill health and other unwanted
events and situations as indicators of health and safety performance to
e
highlight areas of concern. By definition, this means ‘reacting’ after things
have gone wrong. This indicates two weaknesses with reactive monitoring:
pl
• Things have already gone wrong; things are being put right after the
event rather than before.
• It measures failure; which can be a negative aspect to focus on.
m
Despite these weaknesses, reactive monitoring is a valid tool for an

organisation to use as long as various forms of active monitoring are being
carried out as well.
Sa
There are two principal methods of carrying out reactive monitoring:
• Learn lessons from one individual event such as an accident, a dangerous occurrence, a near miss or a case of ill
health.
• Learn lessons from data or information gathered from large numbers of events.
C
The first method involves incident reporting, recording and investigation (a key topic for later in this element). The
second method is concerned with the collection and use of data and statistics.
RR
HINTS AND TIPS

There is often some confusion about the categorisation of ‘near misses’ as active or reactive. While they are
responding before someone has been hurt, they are still ‘reactive’ as something unwanted has happened, it
just could have been a lot worse.
Reactive monitoring methods are often called lagging indicators. Lagging indicators are indicators that show the
direction of travel after unwanted events (such as an accident) occur. If lagging indicators are moving in a positive
direction then the chance of accidents has reduced. Conversely, if lagging indicators are moving in a negative direction
that is an indication that the chance of accidents has increased.
For example, if the accident rate at a workplace reduces month-on-month over a period of time (because of various
safety improvements introduced in the workplace) then this is a lagging indicator that is moving in a positive
direction. It shows that the chance of accidents has reduced over recent time. However, if there was an increase in the
accident rate, this is a lagging indicator moving in a negative direction. It shows that performance is deteriorating and
there has been a loss of control.
l
Lagging indicators give information about past performance. In contrast, leading indicators, outlined in the active
ia
monitoring section, indicate what performance is likely to be in the future.
Statistics
er
Data can be collected about a number of different unwanted events,
such as:
• Accidents.
at
• Dangerous occurrences.
• Near misses.
M
• Cases of ill health.
• Complaints from the workforce.
• The number and type of formal enforcement actions taken against the
organisation.
e
• The number and value of civil claims for compensation against the organisation.
pl
• Cost of accidents (e.g. damage repairs).
This data can then be analysed to see if there are any:
m
• Trends – consistent increases or decreases in the number of certain types of event over a period of time.
• Patterns – collections or hot spots of certain types of event.
This analysis usually involves converting the raw data (i.e. the actual numbers) into an accident rate so that more
Sa
meaningful comparisons can be made.
One commonly used accident rate used to measure an organisation’s safety performance is the Lost Time Accident
Frequency Rate):
Number of lost-time accidents during a specific time period

C
= × 100,000
Number of hours worked over the same period
RR
(The answer is in units of ‘lost-time accidents per 100,000 hours worked’.)
The reason why a rate might be used rather than the actual numbers is because it allows for a more meaningful
comparison of accident statistics from one year to the next even though more or fewer workers may be present in
the workplace or there may be more work to do (and hence more hours worked).
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Define reactive and active monitoring.
2. What do we mean by systematic active monitoring?
l
3. What types of information that might be used for reactive monitoring?
ia
4. State the purpose of workplace inspections.
5. What is the difference between a safety inspection and safety tour?
er
6. What role does senior management have in workplace inspections?
7. Why are checklists used in inspections?
(Suggested Answers are at the end.)
at
M
e
pl
m
Sa
C
RR
Element 8
General Workplace Issues
Learning Objectives
l
ia
Once you’ve studied this element, you
should be able to:
er
1 Describe common health, welfare and
work environment requirements in the
workplace.
at
2 Describe the hazards and control measures
for safe working at height.
M
3
4
Describe the safe work practices for
working within confined spaces.
Describe the hazards and controls

e
associated with lone working.
pl
5 Describe the main causes of and controls
for slips and trips in the workplace.
m
6 Describe the hazards and control measures

for the safe movement of people and
vehicles in the workplace.
Sa
7 Describe the control measures for work-

related driving and the hazards associated
with electric and hybrid vehicles.
C
RR
© RRC International Unit NG2 – Element 8: General Workplace Issues 8-1

Contents
Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements 8-3

Welfare Provision 8-3
Work Environment Requirements 8-4
Exposure to Extremes of Temperature 8-4
Working at Height 8-7
l
ia
Introduction to Working at Height 8-7
Risk Factors for Work at Height 8-8
Controlling the Risks of Work at Height 8-10
er
Avoiding Work at Height 8-10
Preventing Falls and Falling Materials 8-11
Minimising Distance and Consequences of a Fall 8-14
Provision of Equipment, Training and Instruction 8-14
at
Safe Working Practices for Access Equipment 8-15
Working in Confined Spaces 8-23
M
Introduction to Confined Spaces 8-23
Factors to be Assessed 8-24
Lone Working 8-28

Introduction to Lone Working 8-28
e
Risk Assessment Factors for Lone Working 8-28
Safe System of Work for Lone Working 8-29
pl
Slips and Trips 8-31
Common Slipping and Tripping Hazards 8-31
m
Control Measures for Slips and Trips 8-32
Safe Movement of People and Vehicles in the Workplace 8-36

Sa
Risks Associated with Workplace Transport Operations 8-36

Workplace Transport Control Measures 8-39
Work-Related Driving 8-45

Managing Work-Related Road Safety 8-45
Risk Assessment Factors 8-46
C
Evaluating the Risks 8-47

Control Measures 8-47
Hazards of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 8-50
RR
Summary 8-51
Practical Assessment Guidance 8-53
8-2 Unit NG2 – Element 8: General Workplace Issues © RRC International

Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements 8.1
Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements

IN THIS SECTION...
• Minimum welfare provision means ensuring that workers have access to drinking water, sanitary conveniences,
l
washing facilities, changing rooms, accommodation for clothing, and rest and eating facilities.
ia
• Workplace environment issues that affect worker health include the provision of suitable seating, ventilation,
heating and lighting.
er
• Working in extreme temperatures can cause health effects such as dehydration, heat stress and heat stroke, and
hypothermia and frostbite. These ill-health effects can be managed by controlling the environment, providing
frequent breaks and facilities, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and training.
at
Welfare Provision
Basic welfare requirements in most workplaces are subject to legal standards set by the Workplace (Health, Safety
and Welfare) Regulations 1992. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 establish similar
M
standards for construction sites. (Note that first aid is often considered to be part of an employer’s welfare provision
but this topic is covered in Element 3.)
e
TOPIC FOCUS
Minimum welfare standards include:
pl
• Drinking water – access to wholesome drinking water. If non-potable water is also available then supplies
should be clearly labelled to distinguish between the two.
m
• Sanitary conveniences – access to a sufficient number of sanitary conveniences (e.g. WCs) for the
number of workers present with separate facilities for men and women. The conveniences should be
protected from the weather and be adequately clean, lit and ventilated. Special provision should be made
for the disabled.
Sa
• Washing facilities – access to suitable washing facilities by sanitary conveniences, changing facilities and
as required in work areas. Showers may be necessary if the work is dirty, strenuous or involves potential
contamination with hazardous substances. Washing facilities should have hot and cold (or warm) running
water, soap and towels (or other means of drying).
• Changing rooms – provision of suitable changing facilities if workers have to change into special
C
workwear which involves significant undressing. These should be adequately lit, clean and ventilated, with
separate facilities for men and women.
• Accommodation for clothing – provision of lockers or other storage facilities where workers have to
RR
change for work so that their personal clothing can be kept clean and secure. Separate storage for dirty
work clothing may be necessary to prevent cross-contamination.
• Resting and eating facilities – access to suitable rest areas where workers can take a break from work.
Such areas should have sufficient seating and be away from hazardous work areas, allowing workers
to remove PPE and relax. Eating facilities should be provided so that food can be eaten in a hygienic
environment. If hot food is not provided at work then basic facilities might be provided so workers can
make their own hot drinks and food. Separate facilities may need to be provided for new and expectant
mothers. Non-smoking facilities should be available to protect workers from second-hand smoke.

8.1 Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements
Work Environment Requirements

The workplace environment should be designed and regulated as far as possible to ensure safety and freedom from
health risk. This is often not possible for outdoor workplaces, or at least only possible to a limited extent. For indoor
workplaces, basic workplace environment standards are established by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
Regulations 1992:
l
ia
• Space – provision of adequate space to allow workers to perform the task safely.
• Seating – provision of appropriate seating where work tasks allow. Seats should be stable, with a backrest and
footrest where appropriate.
er
• Ventilation – provision of a sufficient supply of fresh or purified air.
• Heating – maintenance of a reasonable temperature in indoor workplaces. Note that workers carrying out hard
manual work will generate more metabolic heat than those doing sedentary work. A lower minimum workplace
at
temperature can be comfortably tolerated by those doing manual labour. The Approved Code of Practice
(ACoP) to the regulations sets a minimum indoor temperature of 16°C for sedentary (inactive or seated) work
and 13°C for manual work.
M
• Lighting – provision of adequate lighting.
The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 establish similar standards for construction sites.
TOPIC FOCUS
e
Factors to consider when providing workplace lighting:
pl
• Minimum light levels (lux levels) should be achieved; these are indicated by ACoPs and guidance.
• Natural light should be used in preference to artificial light.
m
• Light levels should be adjusted to suit the level of detail required and the visual acuity of the workers.
• Local lighting, such as spotlights positioned above machinery, might be required to give higher levels of
light on critical areas.
Sa
• Lighting must be arranged to avoid reflections and glare that might dazzle or temporarily disable.
• Lighting must be arranged to avoid the creation of shadows that might obscure areas and create risk.
• Flickering should be avoided to prevent nuisance and, in particular, the ‘stroboscopic effect’ (see the
section on machinery lighting in Element 9).
• Lighting must be suitable for the environment (e.g. intrinsically safe lighting used in a flammable
atmosphere).
C
• Emergency lighting should be provided to allow safety in the event of mains supply failure.
RR
Exposure to Extremes of Temperature

Effects of Exposure
Extreme temperature environments can be found in some workplaces. For example, workers in a foundry or bakery
will be exposed to a very hot, dry environment; workers at a cold storage warehouse will be exposed to a very cold
environment. Those who work outdoors may be exposed to both extremes, depending on climate and season.

Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements 8.1
Health and safety effects of working in a hot environment are:
• Dehydration – water is lost as a result of sweating.

• Muscle cramps – a result of salt loss through sweating.
• Heat stress – core temperature (37°C) cannot be controlled and starts to increase causing discomfort, lethargy
l
and fainting.
ia
• Heat exhaustion – a precursor to heat stroke.
• Heat stroke – core temperature increases rapidly causing delirium, hallucinations, coma and death.
er
• Other effects associated with the source of the heat, such as skin burns or cancer from exposure to sunlight, or
burns from radiant heat (see Element 10) and contact with hot surfaces.
Health and safety effects of working in a cold environment are:
at
• Hypothermia – core temperature drops below 35°C; causing shivering, mood swings, irrational behaviour,
lethargy, drowsiness, coma and death.
• Frostbite – body tissues freeze causing tissue damage and, in extreme cases, necrosis, gangrene and amputation.
M
• Slip hazards – in particular, floors becoming slippery with ice.
• Freeze burn injuries – from skin contact with very cold surfaces.
Apart from these specific effects, both environments create an increased risk of fatigue because of the stress on the
e
body; this makes workers more prone to accidents and human error.
Preventive Measures
pl
Inevitably, the first course of action is to eliminate the need for workers to enter the extreme temperature
environment (e.g. by automation of a process). Where this cannot be done, the environment might be regulated to
m
reduce the temperature extremes (e.g. heating a cold workplace to more reasonable temperatures). If these options
are not possible then other controls might be:
For a hot environment:

Sa
• Provide good workplace ventilation – such as air conditioning or fans to provide moving air (which has a cooling
effect).
• Insulate heat sources by lagging hot pipes.
• Shield heat sources to control radiant heat and prevent contact burns.
C
• Provide cool refuges where workers can escape the heat.

• Provide easy access to drinking water or isotonic drinks (which replace salts lost through sweating).
RR
• Provide frequent breaks and job rotation.

• Provide appropriate clothing that allows workers to sweat freely (consideration must be given to other workplace
hazards).
For a cold environment:
• Prevent or protect workers from draughts.

• Shield/lag extremely cold surfaces.
• Provide warm refuges where workers can warm up.
• Provide PPE such as insulated jackets, trousers, boots, balaclavas, etc.

8.1 Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements
• Provide frequent breaks and job rotation.

• Provide easy access to hot food and drinks.
• Scrape, salt or grit icy floors.
MORE...
l
ia
Visit the following website for additional information on thermal comfort in the workplace:
www.hse.gov.uk/temperature
er
In both types of environments information, instruction, training and supervision should be provided so that workers
understand the health consequences of the environment and the early warning signs of problems. Workers might also
at
be given the opportunity to acclimatise to the most extreme environments and may be subject to health surveillance.
Legal Standards
For most indoor workplaces:

• Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992.
M
• Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1993.
e
For construction sites:
pl
• Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015.
• Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2016.
m
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Identify the six main welfare requirements in any workplace.
Sa
2. Identify the protective measures to be used for working in conditions of extreme heat.
(Suggested Answers are at the end.)
C
RR

NEBOSH
Units NG1 and NG2
Full List of Study Text Contents
RRC International
London SW19 4DS
United Kingdom
T: +44 20 8944 3100
E: info@rrc.co.uk
W: www.rrc.co.uk
Contents
Unit NG1
Introduction to the Certificate Course 1
Introduction to Unit NG1 6
l
ia
Element 1: Why We Should Manage Workplace Health and
Safety
er
Morals and Money 1-3
Introduction to Key Terms 1-3
at
The Moral Reason for Managing Health and Safety 1-3
The Financial Reason for Managing Health and Safety 1-4
The Force of Law – Punishment and Compensation 1-7

Criminal and Civil Law
Sources of Law
Criminal Law
Civil Law
M 1-8
1-9
1-10
1-16
e
The Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974 and The Management of Health and Safety at
Work Regulations 1999 1-21
pl
The Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974 1-21
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 1-26
m
Contractor Management 1-30

General Contractor Management 1-30
Management of Construction Projects 1-33
Sa
Summary 1-39
Exam Skills 1-40

C
RR
3
Contents
Element 2: How Health and Safety Management Systems

Work and What They Look Like
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems 2-3
l
Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems 2-3
ia
HSG65: Managing for Health and Safety 2-4
ISO 45001: The Occupational Health and Safety Management System Standard 2-6
Making the Management System Work – The Health and Safety Policy 2-9
er
Introduction to Health and Safety Policies 2-9
The Three Parts of a Health and Safety Policy 2-10
Reviewing Policy 2-15
at
Summary 2-17
M
Exam Skills e 2-18
pl
m
Sa
C
RR
4
Contents
Element 3: Managing Risk – Understanding People and

Processes
Health and Safety Culture 3-3
l
Health and Safety Culture 3-3
ia
The Relationship between Health and Safety Culture and Performance 3-4
Indicators of Health and Safety Culture 3-5
The Influence of Peers 3-6
er
Improving Health and Safety Culture 3-8
Management Commitment and Leadership 3-8
Competent Workers 3-9
at
Effective Communication 3-9
Training 3-18
Human Factors which Influence Safety-Related Behaviour 3-21

Organisational, Job and Individual Factors
Risk Assessment
Introduction to Key Words and Phrases
M 3-21
3-26
3-27
e
Risk Profiling 3-29
Legal Requirements 3-31
pl
The Purpose of Risk Assessment 3-31
The Five Steps of Risk Assessment 3-32
Special Cases and Vulnerable Workers 3-46
m
The Management of Change 3-50

The Impact of Change 3-50
Managing the Impact of Change 3-51
Sa
Safe Systems of Work 3-53

Introduction to Safe Systems of Work 3-53
Worker Involvement 3-54
Written Procedures 3-54
Technical, Procedural and Behavioural Controls 3-54
C
Developing a Safe System of Work 3-55

Monitoring the System 3-56
RR
Permit-to-Work Systems 3-57

Definition 3-57
Operation and Application 3-58
Typical Uses of Permit Systems 3-60
Emergency Procedures and First Aid 3-62

The Need for Emergency Procedures 3-62
Emergency Procedure Arrangements 3-63
First-Aid Requirements 3-64
Summary 3-68
Exam Skills 5
3-70
Contents
Element 4: Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring

Active and Reactive Monitoring 4-3
Introduction to Active and Reactive Monitoring 4-3
Active Monitoring 4-4
l
Safety Inspections, Sampling and Tours 4-5
ia
Arrangements for Active Monitoring 4-7
Reactive Monitoring 4-9
er
Investigating, Recording and Reporting Incidents 4-12
Introduction to Incident Investigation 4-12
Types of Incident 4-13
Basic Investigation Procedures 4-16
at
Recording and Reporting Requirements 4-21
The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013 (RIDDOR) 4-24
M
Health and Safety Auditing 4-29
Introduction to Auditing 4-29
The Stages of an Audit 4-31
External and Internal Audits 4-33
e
Reviewing Health and Safety Performance 4-34
pl
Purpose of Regular Reviews 4-34
Issues to be Considered in Reviews 4-35
Outputs from Reviews 4-36
m
Summary 4-37
Exam Skills 4-38

Sa
Unit NG1: Final Reminders

Suggested Answers to Study Questions
C
RR
6
Contents
Unit NG2
Introduction to the Certificate Course 1
Introduction to Unit NG2 6
Element 5: Physical and Psychological Health

Noise 5-3
The Effects of Exposure to Noise 5-3
Terminology 5-5
The Assessment of Noise Exposure 5-5
Noise Exposure Standards 5-6
Basic Noise Control Measures 5-8
Hearing Protection 5-9
The Role of Health Surveillance 5-11
Vibration 5-12
Introduction to Vibration 5-12
Health Effects of Exposure to Vibration 5-12
The Assessment of Vibration Exposure 5-13
Vibration Exposure Standards 5-14
Basic Vibration Control Measures 5-15
Role of Health Surveillance 5-16
Radiation 5-17
The Types of Radiation and their Health Effects 5-17
Non-Ionising Radiation 5-17
Ionising Radiation 5-19
Basic Radiation Protection Strategies 5-22
Role of Monitoring and Health Surveillance 5-22
Mental Ill Health 5-24

The Prevalence of Mental Ill Health Within the Workplace 5-24
Common Types of Mental Ill Health 5-24
Causes of Work-Related Mental Ill Health 5-27
Work-Related Violence 5-30

Risk Factors and Control Measures 5-30
Substance Abuse at Work 5-33

Types of Substances Abused at Work 5-33
Risks to Health and Safety from Substance Abuse at Work 5-33
Control Measures to Reduce Risks from Substance Abuse at Work 5-34
Summary 5-35

Contents
Element 6: Musculoskeletal Health

Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders 6-3
Musculoskeletal Disorders and Work-Related Upper Limb Disorders 6-3
Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk Factors 6-4
Managing the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders 6-5
A Typical Example: Display Screen Equipment 6-6
Manual Handling 6-10

Common Types of Manual Handling Injury 6-10
Good Handling Technique 6-11
Controlling Manual Handling Risk 6-12
Load-Handling Equipment 6-16

Hazards and Safe Use of Manually Operated Load-Handling Equipment 6-16
Powered Load-Handling Equipment 6-18
Requirements for Safe Lifting Operations 6-23
Requirements for Statutory Examination of Lifting Equipment 6-24
Summary 6-26

Contents
Element 7: Chemical and Biological Agents

Forms of, Classification of and Health Risks from Hazardous Substances 7-3
Introduction to Health Risks from Hazardous Substances 7-3
Forms of Chemical Agents 7-3
Forms of Biological Agents 7-4
Acute and Chronic Health Effects 7-4
Classification of Chemicals Hazardous to Health 7-4
Assessment of Health Risks 7-7

Routes of Entry 7-7
Defence Mechanisms 7-8
Assessment of Health Risks 7-10
Product Information 7-11
Hazardous Substance Monitoring 7-13
Workplace Exposure Limits 7-16

Workplace Exposure Limits 7-16

The Need to Prevent or Control Exposure 7-19
Principles of Good Practice 7-19
The Practical Control of Exposure 7-20
Further Control of Carcinogens, Mutagens and Asthmagens 7-29
Specific Agents 7-31

Asbestos 7-31
Blood-Borne Viruses 7-32
Carbon Monoxide 7-33
Cement 7-34
Legionella Bacteria 7-34
Leptospira Bacteria 7-35
Silica 7-36
Wood Dust 7-37
Summary 7-38

Contents
Element 8: General Workplace Issues

Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements 8-3
Welfare Provision 8-3
Work Environment Requirements 8-4
Exposure to Extremes of Temperature 8-4
Working at Height 8-7

Introduction to Working at Height 8-7
Risk Factors for Work at Height 8-8
Controlling the Risks of Work at Height 8-10
Avoiding Work at Height 8-10
Preventing Falls and Falling Materials 8-11
Minimising Distance and Consequences of a Fall 8-14
Provision of Equipment, Training and Instruction 8-14
Safe Working Practices for Access Equipment 8-15
Working in Confined Spaces 8-23

Introduction to Confined Spaces 8-23
Factors to be Assessed 8-24
Lone Working 8-28

Introduction to Lone Working 8-28
Risk Assessment Factors for Lone Working 8-28
Safe System of Work for Lone Working 8-29
Slips and Trips 8-31

Common Slipping and Tripping Hazards 8-31
Control Measures for Slips and Trips 8-32
Safe Movement of People and Vehicles in the Workplace 8-36

Risks Associated with Workplace Transport Operations 8-36
Workplace Transport Control Measures 8-39
Work-Related Driving 8-45

Managing Work-Related Road Safety 8-45
Risk Assessment Factors 8-46
Evaluating the Risks 8-47
Hazards of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 8-50
Summary 8-51

Contents
Element 9: Work Equipment

General Requirements for Work Equipment 9-3
Types of Work Equipment 9-3
Hand Tools and Portable Power Tools 9-9

Hazards and Controls for Hand Tools 9-9
Hazards and Controls for Portable Power Tools 9-10
Machinery Hazards 9-12

Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Hazards 9-12
Control Measures for Machinery Hazards 9-17

Machinery Safeguarding Methods 9-17
Specific Machinery Examples – Hazards and Control Measures 9-24
Requirements for Guards and Safety Devices 9-29
Summary 9-31
Element 10: Fire

Fire Initiation, Classification and Spread 10-3
Principles of Fire 10-3
Classification of Fires 10-3
Principles of Heat Transmission and Fire Spread 10-4
Common Causes and Consequences of Fires in Workplaces 10-5
Preventing Fire and Fire Spread 10-7

Control Measures to Minimise the Risk of Fire in a Workplace 10-7
Storage of Flammable Liquids 10-11
Structural Measures for Preventing the Spread of Fire and Smoke 10-13
Fire Alarms and Fire-Fighting 10-16

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems 10-16
Portable Fire-Fighting Equipment 10-17
Access for Fire and Rescue Services 10-20
Fire Evacuation 10-21

Means of Escape 10-21
Emergency Evacuation Procedures 10-24
Summary 10-29

Contents
Element 11: Electricity

The Hazards and Risks of Electricity 11-3
Introduction to Electricity 11-3
The Hazards and Risks of Electricity 11-4
Dangerous Activities 11-7

Introduction to Control Measures 11-10
Protective Systems and Devices 11-11
Competent Persons 11-14
Use of Safe Systems of Work 11-15
Emergency Procedures Following an Electrical Incident 11-16
Inspection and Maintenance Strategies 11-17
Summary 11-22
Unit NG2: Final Reminders

Suggested Answers to Study Questions

Unit Ng1 and Ng2 Sample Resource Pack

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Unit Ng1 and Ng2 Sample Resource Pack

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

ten

Unit NG1: Management of Health and Safety

NG1 SAMPLE - Element 4 - Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring

NG2 SAMPLE - Element 8 - General Workplace Issues

• Study text chapter

16:30 – 16:40 10 End of session summary and close

● Assessment through participation in workshops

Health and safety training to schedule.

out by a group including senior managers.

• Competence of the inspector.

• Action planning for problems

• Follow-up arrangements – an action plan.

– Lessons from one specific event, e.g. an accident.

• Trends - events over a period of time.

Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring

M 3 Explain what an audit is and why and how

Active and Reactive Monitoring 4-3

Reviewing Health and Safety Performance 4-34

Exam Skills 4-38

Active and Reactive Monitoring

Introduction to Active and Reactive Monitoring

Health and safety performance should be monitored. This can be done

• Active monitoring – checking to ensure that health and safety

untoward events as indicators of performance to highlight areas of

In all workplaces, both types of monitoring have their place.

Monitoring should be a line management function, but remember that

• Conformance with standards, so that good performance is recognised and maintained.

• The number and quality of risk assessments covering work activities.

• Routine general workplace inspection to determine if general standards

carried out by a forklift-truck driver).

General Workplace Inspections

• Plant – machinery, equipment and vehicles.

For example, in a distribution warehouse (depot) there might be:

A safety tour is a walk-around in a workplace carried out by a group or

• The type of active monitoring – active monitoring is carried out for a

who will be conducting inspections.

• Whether workers have voiced concerns.

Example Inspection System

• Fire safety – including emergency escape routes, signs and extinguishers.

Despite these weaknesses, reactive monitoring is a valid tool for an

There are two principal methods of carrying out reactive monitoring:

HINTS AND TIPS

meaningful comparisons can be made.

Number of lost-time accidents during a specific time period

(The answer is in units of ‘lost-time accidents per 100,000 hours worked’.)

General Workplace Issues

Describe the hazards and controls

6 Describe the hazards and control measures

7 Describe the control measures for work-

© RRC International Unit NG2 – Element 8: General Workplace Issues 8-1

Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements 8-3

Working at Height 8-7

Working in Confined Spaces 8-23

Lone Working 8-28

Control Measures for Slips and Trips 8-32

Safe Movement of People and Vehicles in the Workplace 8-36

Risks Associated with Workplace Transport Operations 8-36

Work-Related Driving 8-45

Evaluating the Risks 8-47

Practical Assessment Guidance 8-53

8-2 Unit NG2 – Element 8: General Workplace Issues © RRC International

Health, Welfare and Work Environment Requirements

© RRC International Unit NG2 – Element 8: General Workplace Issues 8-3

Work Environment Requirements