Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
The scope of the use case covers the collection of real-time information from large concentrations of connected PEV, from selected AMI
sites, and from aggregated PEV load and storage models dependent on observable inputs (e.g., time of day and week, etc.). These object
models will need to be developed based on processing data collected from PEV interfaces and AMI. These models will be updated with new
information collected from the mentioned sources. Therefore, a PEV Analysis System will need to be developed within the utility IT
systems. This system will need to be accessible by DMS and by the Aggregators. The information about the behavior of PEV as load and as
Electric Storage combined with the information about regular loads, loads with DR and DER will be used by DMS functions for
monitoring and controlling the operations of distribution and immediate transmission systems. The scope of the monitoring functions will
include the following analyses: loading of distribution elements, voltage deviations and voltage imbalances, load transfer capabilities, loss
components, dynamic voltage limits at the distribution and transmission buses, dispatchable real and reactive loads due to voltage and var
control, DR, DER, PEV, and ES, and aggregated load characteristics at the buses of the transmission EMS models. It will also include
monitoring the current reliability of the distribution system by running distribution contingency analysis periodically and by event. The
controlling functions will include Service Restoration, Voltage, Var, and Watt Control, and Feeder Reconfiguration.
The rationales of this use case are based on the fact that the PEV loads are different from other load by its mobility, more dynamic load
patterns, and the ability to be used as energy storage.
1.2 Narrative
The major advanced DMS functions to be used by distribution operations are as follows:
The function runs periodically, by event, and on demand. The periodicity of the runs is in the range of 3-15 minutes.
The by event runs should start within one minute and be completed in one minute. The function consists of the
following sub-functions:
The sub-function provides the ability to estimate the expected voltage quality parameters during the planned changes in connectivity
and reactive power compensation.
When work is completed, the sub-function is instructed to generate a switching order for restoration of the normal configuration. The
generated switching orders are based on considering the availability of remotely controlled switching devices, feeder paralleling,
creation of islands supported by distributed energy resources, and on cold-load pickup currents. The cold-load pickup may
1.2.4 Voltage, Var, and Watt Control (VVWC) with DR, DER, PEV, and ES
The application calculates the optimal settings of voltage controller of LTCs, voltage regulators, Distributed Energy Resources, power
electronic devices, capacitor statuses, and may enable PEV electric storage means for optimizing the operations following current
objectives. The application takes into account operational constraints if both distribution and transmission operations, and, if so opted,
it takes into account real-time energy prices, when the objective is cost minimization. The optimization of voltage and var control is a
complex task, which requires a large amount if input data and a sophisticated algorithm. The task will become much more complex
and effective with significant penetration of DER, DR, PEV, ES, and power electronics.
The optimization is based on searching the best combination of controllable variables applied to the power flow simulations. The
power flow simulation with the best combination shall result in the optimal solution for the selected objective, respecting all imposed
operational constraints. Because of the complex inter-relationships between the controllable variables, loads and power flows, a
comprehensive operation model shall be used as a background of the VVWC application. This application is based on a real-time
unbalanced distribution power flow for dynamically changing distribution operating conditions, including loads depending on voltage,
demand response, electric storage, eclectic vehicles, distributed generation activities, and reactions of locally controlled distributed
intelligence schemes. The model is kept up-to-date by real-time updates of topology, facilities parameters, load patterns, and relevant
components of the transmission system.
The application, if so opted, shall also issue operational requirements to Demand Response means, to Electric Storage devices, as well
as to Electric Transportation installations in order to optimally achieve its objective. The application shall be able to utilize selected
AMI data directly from the Smart Meters, as well as from the typified object models updated by AMI information (Fig. 1).
a. Optimally restore service to customers utilizing multiple alternative sources. The application meets this objective by
operating as part of Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration.
b. Optimally unload an overloaded segment (load balancing). This objective is pursued if the application is triggered by the
overload alarm from SCADA, or from the Distribution Operation Modeling and Analysis, or from Contingency analysis.
These alarms are generated by overloads of substation transformer or segments of distribution circuits, or by operator
demand.
c. Minimize losses
d. Minimize exposure to faults
e. Equalize voltages
The last three objectives are selected by engineer/planner.
Actor Name Actor Type (person, device, system Actor Description Domain
etc.
Customer
Premises with
PEV
1 Request for aggregated load From ISO/RTO and Utility Operations, may be in a day ahead timeframe, in a hours in
management (congestion advances, or in a near real time via RTP signal
management) in a particular wide
area, price signals.
1 Utility operation data and available From and Utility Operations to ISO/RTO, near real-time and forecasts for look-ahead
dispatchable load by means of DR, studies.
DER, PEV and ES
2 Energy and Ancillary Service From Energy Market Clearing House, to Aggregator and Utility Operations, , may be
Prices in a day ahead timeframe, in a hours or minutes in advances
2 Bids for ancillary services From Aggregator and Utility Operations to Energy Market Clearing House
3 Real Time Prices (market-based or From Utility Operations to Customer. VVWC and DOMA determine the voltage and
reliability based), Direct triggers loading critical sites and request near real-time measurement updates. VVWC under
for enabling PEV storage use, load reduction objective determines in which voltage-critical points load reduction
charge interruptions, requests for would significantly increase the voltage and sends a triggering signal to this point for
near-real time measurements exercising discharge of PEV electric storage into grid. VVWC then lowers the voltage
and adjusts capacitors to utilize the additional room created by the PEV discharge. The
DCA and FLIR determines in which nodes the electric storage discharge would
improve the restoration results and issue triggering signals to the corresponding sites.
In case of an aggregated request for load reduction, the utility issues triggering
commands to a large number of customers for demand response, electric storage
discharge, and DER starts.
4 Load and consumption data, Start From customer to Metering Billing. Paeriodic data (every 1-5 min), by event data
and End times for DR, ES, PEV
connection and discharge. Other
measurements.
10
10
12 Measurements and other data From Metering/Billing to Utility Operations for processing in APPS
collected from customers
13 Exchange with object model From Application to Application to other utility IT systems
updates, calculation results,
switching orders, etc.
15
15
1. Basic Connectivity
Physical standards here
Resource Identification
Universal identifiers