UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING MAHCINE DESIGN PROJECT 1

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING MAHCINE DESIGN
PROJECT 1

PROJECT-1:-DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

DONE BY
NAME ID NO
TAFERE ANDUALEM GUR/1058/07
TEKALGN MARKOS GUR/1076/07

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING MAHCINE DESIGN PROJECT 1

DESIGN OF HORIZOTAL PRESSURE VESSEL SPECIFICATION

Parameters Value Unit

Design pressure 1.0 Mpa

Design temperature 250 ⁰C

Total inside volume 1.0 m3

Bottom discharge 40 Mm
Nominal diameter

Working fluid Mineral/paraffin oil

Vessel orientation Horizontal

2 longitudnal and 1
lateral pipes 40 Mm

Support element Legs(lateral)

Tab 1.1 DESIGN OF HORIZOTAL PRESSURE VESSEL SPECIFICATION

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Acknowledgement
We wishes to acknowledge and express their appreciation for the co-operation of our First we
would like to thanks for GOD to do this project and The group members teacher Mr. PUNEET U
as well as our classmates who helped to make this paper possible and is gratefully
acknowledged.
Second I would like to thank our dormitory students and for anyone else to give me a chance to
talk with them about this design and our would like to thanks for 3rd year mechanical students
and finally thank for all support

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CONTENTS
NOMENCLATURE………………………………………………………………………..6
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………..…………….7
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 introduction ………………………………………………………………..…………..8

1.2 History of pressure vessels……………………………………………………………9

1.3 Application of pressure vessels………………………………………………………11

1.4 Types of Pressure Vessel…………………………………………………………….12

1.4.1 According to their functions……………………………………………………….12

1.4.2 According to structural materials…………………………………………………12

1.4.3 According to methods of fabrication………………………………………………12

1.4.4According to size and geometric form …………………………………….…….13

1.4.5 According to scheme of loading…………………………………..……………….15

1.4.6 According to wall temperature……………………………………………………15

1.4.7 According to corrosion action…………………………………………………….15

1.4.8 According to the orientation in space………………………………………….16

1.4.9 According to the methods of assembly…………………………………..………16

1.4.10 According to the wall thickness…………………………………………………16

1.4.11 According to the dimension……………………………………………………..16
1.4.12. According to the end construction ……………………………………………17

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1.4.13 According to the materials…………………………………………………….17

1.4.14 According to the direction of force acting on the wall of vessels……………17
1.5 component of pressure vessel…………………………………………….……….17
1.6 Problem Statement………………………………………………………………..22
1.7 Objectives…………………………………………………………………….……23
1.7.1 General Objective……………………………………………………………….23
1.7.2 Specific Objective……………………………………………………………….23
1.8 Methodology……………………………………………………………………..24
1.8.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………..24
1.8.2 General Design Considerations Pressure Vessels………………………25
1.8.2.1 Materials……………………………………………………………. ….25
1.8.2.2 Design and Operating Temperature …………………………..……. 25
1.8.2.3 Design and Operating Pressure………………………………..………25
1.9 Scope Of The Project…………………………………………………………….26

CONTENTS OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1 Pressure Vessels……………………………………………………….9

Fig 1.2 Cylindrical Pressure Vessel…………………………………………..14

Fig 1.3 spherical pressuer vessel………………………………………………15

Fig 1.4 typs of head……………………………………………………………..18
Fig 1.5 leg support ……………………………………………………………..20
Fig 1.6 saddie support………………………………………………………….21
Fig 1.7 lug support……………………………………………………………...22

CONTENTS OF TABLE
Tab 1.1 design of horizotal pressure vessel specification……………….2

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NOMENCLATURE
T: - design temperature, °C
C: - corrosion allowance, mm
Di: - inside diameter of the vessel, mm
Do: - outside diameter of the vessel, mm
Ri : - inside radius of the vessel, mm
Ro: - outside radius of the vessel, mm
S: - maximum allowable stress, kg/cmA2
E: -Joint efficiency, %
T: -required the thickness, mm
tn:- minimum thickness provided for the nozzle, mm
trn: -selected thickness for the nozzle, mm
W: -weight of the vessel
H: - height of center of gravity
N: - Number of bolts

 The equations may be written in the following forms

t = PRi / (SE-0.6P) = Pro / (SE-0.4P)
Where, t = minimum required thickness of the shell exclusively of Corrosion allowance
P= design pressure or an allowable working Pressure
S = maximum allowable stress
R = inside radius of the shell
Ro = outside radius of the shell

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ABSTRACT
This project work deals with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure vessel. Adetailed
study of various parts of pressure vessels like shell, support, nozzles Design is carried according
to rules of ASME code section VIII, Division I.

The first chapter deals with detailed study of pressure vessel i.e. the various materials used in
pressure construction and temperature are mentioned .It also deals with the study of various parts
like type of support etc. and Application of pressure vessels, Types of Pressure Vessel,
component of pressure vessel, Problem Statement, Objectives , Scope Of The Project

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CHAPTER ONE
OVERVIEW OF PRESSURE VESSEL
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A good deal of the Mechanics of Materials can be introduced entirely within the
confines of unaxial stressed structural elements, and this was the goal of the previous modules.
But of course the real world is three-dimensional, and we need to extend these concepts
accordingly. We now take the next step, and consider those structures in which the loading is still
simple, but where the stresses and strains now require a second dimension for their description.
Both for their value in demonstrating two-dimensional effects and also for their practical use in
mechanical design, we turn to a slightly more complicated structural type: the thin-walled
pressure vessel. The pressure vessels such as cylinder, pipeline or tanks are design and construct
to store gas or fluids under pressure.
The pressure vessels are used to store fluids under pressure. Pressure vessel is defined as
a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The inside pressure is usually
higher than the outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case
of steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure
vessel often has a combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in some
cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is imperative
that the design be such that no leakage can occur. . Pressure vessel and tank are in fact essential
to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industry. It is in the class of equipment
that the reaction, separation and storage of raw material occur. In the same word, pressurized
equipment is required for a wide range of industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purpose.
In the case of shell, opening requiring reinforcement in vessel under internal pressure the metal
removed must be replaced by the metal of reinforcement. In addition to providing the area of
reinforcement, adequate welds must be provided to attach the metal of reinforcement and the
induced stresses must be evaluated. Materials used for reinforcement shall have an allowable
stress value equal to or greater than of the material in this vessel wall except that, when such
material is not available, lower strength material may be used; provided, the reinforcement is

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increased in inversed proportion to the ratio of the allowable stress values of the two materials to
the ratio of the two materials to compensate for the lower allowable stress value of any
reinforcement having a higher allowable stress value than that of the vessel wall.

The gas or fluid that being stored may be through change of state inside the pressure
vessel, for example case of steam boilers or it might combine with other reagents, such as a
chemical plant.
The pressure vessels must design with a perfect care because crack of pressure vessels
will cause an explosion which may cause of death and loss of property. The material that be used
to construct pressure vessels may be ductile such as mild steel or brittle such that cast iron.

Fig 1.1 Pressure vessels

1.2 History of pressure vessels

The earliest documented design of pressure vessels is described in the book Codex
Madrid I, by Leonardo da Vinci, in 1495, where containers of pressurized air were theorized to
lift heavy weights underwater however vessels resembling what are used today did not come
about until the 1800s where steam was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial
revolution. However, with poor material quality and manufacturing techniques along with
improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there was a large number of
damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with a
death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States. Local providences and states in the
US began enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating vessel
failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to

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keep up with the varied rules from one location to another and the first pressure vessel code was
developed starting in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC).In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding pressures up to
10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-
wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end
caps longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods. The need for high pressure and
temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with
welding instead of rivets (which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required)
and in 1920s and 1930s the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction, and
welding is the main means of joining metal vessels today.
There have been many advancements in the field of pressure vessel engineering such as
advanced non-destructive examination, phased array ultrasonic testing and radiography, new
material grades with increased corrosion resistance and stronger materials, and new ways to join
materials such as explosion welding (to attach one metal sheet to another, usually a thin
corrosion resistant metal like stainless steel to a stronger metal like carbon steel), friction stir
welding (which attaches the metals together without melting the metal), advanced theories and
means of more accurately assessing the stresses encountered in vessels such as with the use of
Finite Element Analysis, allowing the vessels to be built safer and more efficiently. Today
vessels in the USA require BPVC stamping but the BPVC is not just a domestic code, many
other countries have adopted the BPVC as their official code. There are, however, other official
codes in some countries (some of which rely on portions of and reference the BPVC), Japan,
Australia, Canada, Britain, and Europe have their own codes. Regardless of the country nearly all
recognize the inherent potential hazards of pressure vessels and the need for standards and codes
regulating their design and construction.

1.3 Application of pressure vessels

A pressure tank connected to a water well and domestic hot water system Pressure
vessels are used in a variety of applications. These include the industry and the private sector.
They appear in these sectors respectively as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot

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water storage tanks, other examples of pressure vessels are: diving cylinder, recompression
chamber, distillation towers, autoclaves and many other vessels in mining or oil refineries and
petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessel, habitat of a space ship, habitat of a submarine,
pneumatic reservoir, hydraulic reservoir under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoir, road
vehicle airbrake reservoir and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine,
propane, butane and LPG.

In different applications, the pressure in a pressure vessel is achieved either from a direct
source or an indirect one by the application of heat. Pressure vessels have an array of
applications, ranging from compressed gas storage tanks, such as oxygen and nitrogen, to
autoclaves used in laboratories to hydro-pneumatic tanks and refrigerant vessels. Whether it is oil
refineries, petrochemical plants, mining, submarines, or nuclear reactors, all use pressure vessels
at one place or another. Airplanes are a unique example of pressure vessels; the entire structure
of a plane is a pressure vessel, which does two functions -- enduring the cabin pressure and
maneuvering load of the aircraft

1.4 Types of Pressure Vessel

The most common types of pressure vessels can be classified:-

1.4.1 According to their functions

A) Storage vessels

B) Reactors

C) Boilers

D) Mixers, and

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E) Heat exchangers.

1.4.2 According to structural materials

 Steel
 Cast iron
 Copper, and
 Plastic pressure vessels.

1.4.3 According to methods of fabrication

a) Welded
b) Cast
c) Brazed, and

d) Flanged pressure vessels.

1.4.4 According to size and geometric form

The size and geometric form of pressure vessels diverge greatly from the large cylindrical
vessels used for high-pressure gas storage to the small size used as hydraulic units for aircraft.

Some of the vessels are buried in the ground or deep in the ocean, but most are positioned on
ground or supported in platforms. There are four types of pressure vessels. But mainly two types
of pressure vessels usually available in industry:
ɪ. Cylindrical
ɪɪ. Spherical
ɪɪɪ. Conical, and

ɪᴠ. Combined

But mainly two types of pressure vessels usually available in industry:

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ɪ.Cylindrical Pressure Vessel

This type of a vessel designed with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to an internal gage
pressure.

This vessel has an axial symmetry.

The cylindrical vessels are generally preferred, since they present simpler manufacturing
problems and make better use of the available space. Boiler drums, heat exchangers, chemical
reactors, and so on, are generally cylindrical.

Fig 1.2 Cylindrical Pressure Vessel

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ɪɪ) Spherical Pressure Vessel

This type of pressure vessels are known as thin walled vessels. This forms the most typical
application of plane stress.

Plane of stress is a class of common engineering problems involving stress in a thin plate.

Spherical vessels have the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter
than the equivalent cylinder.

Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors,
containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on.

Fig 1.3 SPHERICAL PRESSUER VESSEL

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1.4.5 According to scheme of loading

 Vessel working under internal pressure and,

 Vessel working under external pressure.

1.4.6 According to wall temperature

 Heated and,
 Unheated pressure vessels.

1.4.7 According to corrosion action

 High corrosion effect and,

 Moderate corrosion effect pressure vessels.
1.4.8 According to the orientation in space

 Vertical,
 Horizontal and,
 Sloped pressure vessels.

1.4.9 According to the methods of assembly

 Detachable and,
 No detachable pressure vessels.

1.4.10 According to the wall thickness:

 Thin walled(d◦/dі<1.5) and

 Thick walled (d◦/dі≥1.5) pressure vessels.

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Where; d◦ and dі are the outer and inner diameter of the shell respectively. [1]

1.4.11 According to the dimension

The pressure vessels according to their dimensions may be classified as thin shell or
thick shell the ratio of equal thickness (t) of the shell to its diameters (D) deciding factor.
t 1
a) Thin shell: - if the ratio of is less than is called a thin shells.
D 10
t 1
b,Thick shell:- if the ratio of is equal or greater than is called thick shell used
D 10
in high pressure cylinders, gun, barrels and other equipments where as thin shell are used
in boiler, tanks and pipes.

1.4.12. According to the end construction

This can be classified in to two groups:-
a) Open end construction pressure vessels
b) Closed end construction pressure vessels

1.4.13 According to the materials

The pressure vessels are according the material classified as:-
a) Brittle material pressures vessels
b) Ductile material pressure vessels

1.4.14 According to the direction of force acting on the wall of

vessels
a) Subjected to internal pressure  pi 

b) Subjected to external pressure  p 

1.5 component of pressure vessel

There are four components of pressure vessels this are:-
A. head
B. shell
C. nozzle and

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D. support

A. HEAD
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow the
heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a
vessel. Head are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical,
conical, toriconical and flat are the common types of heads.
Figures show typical types of closure heads. Elliptical, hemispherical, and torispherical are the
most commonly used head types. Note that all head types have a straight flange (sf) section,
which simplifies welding the head to the adjacent cylindrical shell section. The elliptical and
torispherical heads have an indicated head depth (h), which is measured from the straight flange
to the maximum point of curvature on the inside surface.

Fig 1.4 TYPS OF HEAD

B. SHELL

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The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are
fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths.

C. NOZZLE
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:-
 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
 Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or
pressure gauges).
 Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways.
 Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat
exchanger or mixer)

D. SUPPORT
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the pressure
vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied weight, wind,
and earthquake loads. Calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage and foundation for
the pressure vessels.

1.5.1 Typical kinds of supports are as follow:-

1. Skirt support
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt is a
cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the
bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near
the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so
that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with
the skirt

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2. Leg support
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of the
shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The number of
legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also typically
used for spherical pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small vertical drums and
spherical pressurized Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or pipe
sections, whichever provides a more efficient design.

Fig 1.5 LEG SUPPORT

3. Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. A saddle
Support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress
in the shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is
determined by the specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle support
is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation.

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Fig 1.6 SADDIE SUPPORT

4. Lug support

Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell, which are shown on, may also be used to
support vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to
medium diameter (1 to 10ft.) and moderate height-to-diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.
Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size that are located above grade within structural
steel. The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide stability against
overturning loads; however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial thermal
expansion of the drum.

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Fig 1.7 LUG SUPPORT

1.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Pressure vessel is one of the most devices which used in industries. But there are several defects
created on this device. Such as corrosion, loss of thickness, mechanical & metallurgical failure,
cracking, mechanical deformation etc. and these defects are influenced negatively on the
function of this device. However these defects can be solved by different mechanisms. Such as
by proper material selection, by proper manufacturing process : like welding process etc. from
the above defects we would like to mainly focus on corrosion b/c since the device has a
continuous connection b/n fluids the material are greatly affected by corrosion. But due to
different technical and environmental influences we cannot prevent the problem absolutely.
However as much as possible we would like to design our project (Horizontal layout pressure
vessel) by eradicating these problems to a minimum position. The pressure vessels that not
follow any standard codes can be very dangerous. In fact many fatal accidents have occurred in
the history of their operation and development.

Improper design and construction, irregular testing and inspection cause safety hazards to
pressure vessels.

When a substance is stored under pressure, the potential for rupture and leakage is greater.

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The risk of damage from a pressure vessel increases when vessel contents are toxic, flammable
or gaseous substances.

When a substance is stored under pressure, the potential for rupture and leakage is greater.

Improper design and construction, irregular testing and inspection causes safety hazards to
pressure vessels.

Finally vessel design and maintenance must be considered carefully as even a small
imperfection increases the risk of pressure vessel failure, posing a serious safety hazard.

Engineers must determine the pressure level, temperature, material components, size and shape.

Engineers also consider the corrosion resistance and abrasion potential of the vessel before
deciding these factors.

As pressure vessels have a temperature range that can exceed 750°F and the contents of those
vessels are constantly under high pressure, operator safety is of large importance.

There are standard regulations and formulas to which the pressure vessel manufacturers' designs
adhere in order to avoid potential hazards associated with pressure containment.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides a Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code on which engineers base pressure vessel design.

Although the ASME Code remains the most common standard, engineers also follow other
codes, such as that of the American Petroleum Institute (API).

Rigorous analyses for complex pressure vessels are created when standard design rules do not
apply.

In such instances, engineers conduct intensive mathematical and scientific analyses to ensure
design and construction methods meet the stringent requirements of pressure vessels: material,

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size, shape, temperature and pressure level of the pressure vessel, as well as personal
preferences.

The materials used to create pressure vessels must be high strength and durable, and able to
maintain their shape and properties even under pressure.

Testing of the pressure vessel ensures design technique success, proper vessel operation and
certification approval.

A regular inspection remains necessary to ensure that the vessel continues to meet industrial
standards and safety requirements.
1.7 OBJECTIVES
1.7.1 General objective
The general objective of our project is to design a horizontal layout pressure vessel position with
some ellipsoidal head and with a saddle support by estimating the internal pressure and
temperature and having a medium of water at the temperature of 250 and pressure of 1Mpa
1.7.2 Specific objective:
Specifically we would like to design each and individual component of pressure vessel such as:
 Shell of pressure vessel
 Head of pressure vessel
 Nozzle of pressure vessel
 Support of pressure vessel
When we design as much as possible we will try to consider each and individual things in order
to full fill a particular need within our overall objective. We will also recognize sub-objective
requirements of the various units that make up the overall design.

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1.8 METHODOLOGY

1.8.1 Overview

In this chapter, the information in selection of pressure vessel is described and the application of
selected pressure vessel is been discussed. To design of pressure vessel the selection of Code are
important as a reference guide to achieve the secure pressure vessel. The selections of ASME
Code Section VIII div 1 are described. The standard of material selection used are explains in
this chapter. Beside of that, the design and analysis software to obtain the result are introduced.
Instead of that, design process methodology is also described.

1.8.2 General Design Considerations Pressure Vessels

1.8.2.1 Materials

General material requirement have been described in paragraphs UG-4 through UG-15. There
are some points that must be considered which is related to the general material requirements
that will be discussed below.

The main factors of material selection that must be considered are

A Strength

Strength is a material's ability to endure an imposed force or stress applied. Strength is an

important factor in the material selection for any particular application.

Strength determines the thick of a component that must be to withstand the forced loads.
B Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion defines as the weakening of material by chemical reaction. Material's resistance to
corrosion is the most important factor that influences its selection for a specific application.

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Specify a corrosion allowance is the common method that used to define corrosion in pressure
vessels components.

C Fracture Toughness

Fracture toughness defines as the capability of a material to withstand conditions that could
cause a brittle fracture. The fracture toughness of a material can be determined by using Charpy
V-notch test to define the magnitude of the impact energy and force that is required to fracture a
specimen.

D Fabric ability

Fabric ability defines as the ease of construction and to any special fabrication practices that are
required to use the material.

Commonly, pressure vessels use welded construction. The materials used must be weldable so
that components can be assembled onto the completed pressure vessel.

The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials; in
accordance with the appropriate material standards.

1.8.2.2 Design and Operating Temperature

In ASME Code Section VIII Div 1, maximum and minimum design temperatures can be
established in Paragraph UG-20. The maximum design temperature can be define as the
maximum temperature used in vessel design and it shall not be lesser than the mean metal
temperature estimated under normal operating conditions for the part that want to be considered.

The operating temperature is the gas or fluid temperature that occurs under the normal operating
conditions. Before designing a vessel, the operating temperature must be set based on the
maximum and minimum metal temperatures that the pressure vessel may encounter any
situation.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING MAHCINE DESIGN PROJECT 1

1.8.2.3 Design and Operating Pressure

Design pressure of the vessel can be established in Paragraph UG-21. In this paragraph, the
requirement of the vessel to be designed for any severe pressure and temperature that is
coincidentally expected in normal operation has been provided. When establish the maximum
operating pressure, all conditions such as start-up, shutdown, and any identified upset conditions
can be considered. Set pressure of the pressure relief device in an operating system must be
above the operating pressure by a sufficient amount so that the device does not actuate
accidentally. A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely
to be subjected in operation condition. Before designing a vessel, the operating pressure must be
set based on the maximum internal or external pressure that the pressure vessel may encounter.

The design pressure is normally taken as the pressure at which the relief device is set for vessel
that under internal pressure. To avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets, normally
the operation pressure is 5 to 10 per cent above the normal working pressure. The hydrostatic
pressure in the base of the column should be added to the operating pressure if deciding the
design pressure.
1.9 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

In sophisticated pressure vessels encountered in engineering construction; high pressure,

extremes of temperature and severity of functional performance requirements pose exciting
design problems. The word "DESIGN" does not mean only the calculation of the detailed
dimensions of a member, but rather is an all-inclusive term, incorporating:
1. The reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure;
2. The method of stress analysis employed and significance of results;
3. The selection of materials type and its environmental behavior.
The increasing use of vessel has given special emphasis to analytical and experimental methods
for determining their emphasis to analytical and experimental methods for determining their

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING MAHCINE DESIGN PROJECT 1

operating stresses. Of equal importance is the appraising the significance of these stresses. This
appraisal entails the means of determining the values and extent of the stresses and strains,
establishing the behavior of the material ¦involved, and evaluating the compatibility of these two
factors in the media or environment to which they are subjected. Knowledge of material behavior
is required not only to avoid failures, but also equally to permit maximum economy of material
choice and amount used.

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