LAB REPORT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1

Experiment No :1
Title Of The Experiment : Statistical Treatment of Raw Data
Name : Farihah Sakinah bt Abdul Gani (SIC180003)
Partner Name : Hooi Yi Wen (SID180005)
Date of Experiment : 30 September 2019
Date of Submission : 7 October 2019
Group :A
Subject : Analytical Chemistry I
Lecturer : Dr. Azman Ma’amor
LAB REPORT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1

OBJECTIVE:
Able to understand and apply the statistical concepts used in Analytical Chemistry.
INTRODUCTION:
Measurements of an object can be made using an instrument that have its own uncertainty. Therefore,
in order to get the best reading, we need to do more than one trial. At least three trial is needed for one
particular object. For example, the uncertainty for an analytical balance is 0.0001 g. However, it is
different between different analytical balance.

EXPERIMENTAL:
1. 30 small objects of the same type and material such as weighing boats, weighing paper, filter
paper, etc are obtained.
2. The balance is zero.
3. The mass of each objects supplied is determined.
4. A table is prepared in order of increasing mass.
5. Mean mass, median mass, the range of the masses, the relative standard deviation in ppt and
the coefficient of variation, CV are calculated from the masses.
6. The results are analysed using graphical analysis on a computer.
7. Gaussian curve is plotted according to the obtained data to determine if it satisfy the Gaussian
distribution.

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

first reading second third average (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅) (𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅)2

coin (g) reading (g) reading (g) reading (g) (g) (g)
-0.0211 0.000445
1 1.7077 1.7074 1.7073 1.7075
-0.0172 0.000296
2 1.7112 1.7118 1.7111 1.7114
-0.015 0.000225
3 1.7135 1.7136 1.7136 1.7136
-0.0146 0.000213
4 1.7142 1.7141 1.7138 1.7140
-0.0131 0.000172
5 1.7154 1.7158 1.7153 1.7155
-0.0111 0.000123
6 1.7173 1.7174 1.7178 1.7175
-0.0102 0.000104
7 1.7186 1.7182 1.7183 1.7184
-0.0090 8.1E-05
8 1.7198 1.7192 1.7197 1.7196
-0.0066 4.36E-05
9 1.7224 1.7219 1.7218 1.7220
-0.0066 4.36E-05
10 1.7219 1.722 1.7222 1.7220
-0.0038 1.44E-05
11 1.725 1.7247 1.7246 1.7248
-0.0023 5.29E-06
12 1.7266 1.7262 1.7262 1.7263
-0.0007 4.9E-07
13 1.7280 1.7279 1.7277 1.7279
-0.0005 2.5E-07
14 1.7284 1.7279 1.7280 1.7281
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-0.0003 9E-08
15 1.7282 1.7286 1.7282 1.7283
0.0003 9E-08
16 1.7288 1.729 1.7288 1.7289
0.0007 4.9E-07
17 1.7295 1.7292 1.7293 1.7293
0.0023 5.29E-06
18 1.7311 1.7308 1.7307 1.7309
0.0025 6.25E-06
19 1.7310 1.7311 1.7313 1.7311
0.0036 1.3E-05
20 1.7322 1.7323 1.7321 1.7322
0.0063 3.97E-05
21 1.7346 1.7351 1.735 1.7349
0.0074 5.48E-05
22 1.7361 1.7361 1.7359 1.736
0.0082 6.72E-05
23 1.7375 1.7363 1.7366 1.7368
0.0088 7.74E-05
24 1.7376 1.7373 1.7374 1.7374
0.0103 0.000106
25 1.7391 1.7388 1.7388 1.7389
0.0110 0.000121
26 1.7397 1.7394 1.7398 1.7396
0.0137 0.000188
27 1.7424 1.7423 1.7421 1.7423
0.0181 0.000328
28 1.7467 1.7466 1.7467 1.7467
0.0186 0.000346
29 1.7469 1.7471 1.7476 1.7472
0.0234 0.000548
30 1.7523 1.7520 1.7518 1.7520
Total=
0.003667
Total=30 Total=51.8611
Table 1: Average readings of 3 trials

CALCULATIONS:
∑𝑋
a) Mean mass of 30 coins, 𝑋̅ =
𝑁
51.8611
=
30
= 1.7287 g

𝑛+1
b) Median mass of 30 coins = The ( 2
)th value in the ranked data set
30+1
= th observation
2

= 15.5th observation
1.7283+1.7289
= 2

= 1.7286 g
LAB REPORT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1

∑(𝑋𝑖−𝑋̅)2
Standard deviation of 30 coins = √
𝑛−1

0.003667
=√
30−1

= 0.0112 g

c) Range = X30 – X1
= 1.7520 – 1.7075
=0.0445 g

𝑠
d) Relative standard deviation in ppt = ( ̅ )x 1000 ppt
𝑋
0.011244232
= 𝑥 1000
1.7287
= 6.5044 ppt

𝑠
e) Coefficient of variation, CV (%) = ( ̅ )x 100%
𝑋
0.011244232
= 1.7287
𝑥 100%
= 0.6504%

Plotting Gaussian curve:

s.d increments data normalize

-3 1.6951 0.395700751
-2.9 1.69622 0.531476109
-2.8 1.69734 0.706736748
-2.7 1.69846 0.930440608
-2.6 1.69958 1.21276511
-2.5 1.7007 1.56502683
-2.4 1.70182 1.999511633
-2.3 1.70294 2.529199798
-2.2 1.70406 3.167374361
-2.1 1.70518 3.927106784
-2 1.7063 4.82062201
-1.9 1.70742 5.858554891
-1.8 1.70854 7.049121277
-1.7 1.70966 8.397239052
-1.6 1.71078 9.903645954
-1.5 1.7119 11.56407104
-1.4 1.71302 13.36852372
-1.3 1.71414 15.30076715
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-1.2 1.71526 17.33804062

-1.1 1.71638 19.45108724
-1 1.7175 21.60452897
-0.9 1.71862 23.7576116
-0.8 1.71974 25.86531721
-0.7 1.72086 27.87981548
-0.6 1.72198 29.75219669
-0.5 1.7231 31.43440418
-0.4 1.72422 32.88126253
-0.3 1.72534 34.05248352
-0.2 1.72646 34.91452625
-0.1 1.72758 35.44219174
1.52656E-15 1.72870 35.61984646
0.1 1.72982 35.44219174
0.2 1.73094 34.91452625
0.3 1.73206 34.05248352
0.4 1.73318 32.88126253
0.5 1.7343 31.43440418
0.6 1.73542 29.75219669
0.7 1.73654 27.87981548
0.8 1.73766 25.86531721
0.9 1.73878 23.7576116
1 1.7399 21.60452897
1.1 1.74102 19.45108724
1.2 1.74214 17.33804062
1.3 1.74326 15.30076715
1.4 1.74438 13.36852372
1.5 1.74550 11.56407104
1.6 1.74662 9.903645954
1.7 1.74774 8.397239052
1.8 1.74886 7.049121277
1.9 1.74998 5.858554891
2 1.75110 4.82062201
2.1 1.75222 3.927106784
2.2 1.75334 3.167374361
2.3 1.75446 2.529199798
2.4 1.75558 1.999511633
2.5 1.75670 1.56502683
2.6 1.75782 1.21276511
2.7 1.75894 0.930440608
2.8 1.76006 0.706736748
2.9 1.76118 0.531476109
3 1.7623 0.395700751
Table 2: Standard deviation increments, data experiment and normalization of data
LAB REPORT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1

Gaussian Curve
0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
Relative frequency of Results

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.0169 0.017 0.0171 0.0172 0.0173 0.0174 0.0175 0.0176 0.0177
Result of Analysis

Figure 1: Gaussian curve

Gaussian distribution (also known as normal distribution) is a bell-shaped curve, and it is assumed
that during any measurement values will follow a normal distribution with an equal number of
measurements above and below the mean value.

The graph of the Gaussian distribution depends on two factors, which are the mean and the standard
deviation. The mean of the distribution determines the location of the centre of the graph, and the
standard deviation determines the height and width of the graph. The height is determined by the
scaling factor and the width is determined by the factor in the power of the exponential.
LAB REPORT ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 1

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the statistical concepts used in Analytical Chemistry can be understand and applied.

REFERENCES:
• Taylor, J. (1997). Introduction to error analysis, the study of uncertainties in physical
measurements.
• Hill, K. (2019, April 28). Factors Affecting Analytical Balances. Retrieved from
https://www.scalesu.com/factors-affecting-analytical-balances/.

QUESTIONS:

Based on the obtained data, which types of error is involved during data collection? Explain your
answer.

Systematic error is involved during data collection. Systematic error which including environmental
error, instrumental error, observational error and theoretical error. The environmental errors occur due
to some external conditions of the instrument. External conditions mainly include pressure,
temperature, humidity or due to magnetic fields. Instrumental errors occur due to wrong construction
of the measuring instruments. These errors may occur due to friction. These types of errors include
loading effect and misuse of the instruments. Observational error occurs due to wrong observations or
reading in the instruments. The wrong observations may be due to parallax error. Theoretical error is
caused by simplification of the model system.