ENERGY ENGINEERING

MODULE -02 DIESEL ENGINE POWER SYSTEMS

Applications of Diesel Engines in Power field. Method of

starting Diesel engines, Auxiliaries like cooling and lubrication
system, filters, centrifuges, Oil heaters, intake and exhaust
system, Layout of diesel power plant.
Dr. S.B. MALLUR
Professor and Chairman
Department of Studies in Mechanical Engineering
University B.D.T College of Engineering DAVANGERE – 577 004
(A Constituent College of V.T.U, Belgaum)
Cell No: 9448069380
E-Mail-sbmallur@rediffmail.com, sbmallur@gmail.com
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as
the prime mover for the generation of electrical energy
is known as Diesel power station or Diesel power plant
 Definition

A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the
generation of electrical energy is known as diesel power station.
Diesel Engine Power Plant
Prepared By: Nimesh Gajjar
The Air, the Water, and the Earth
are not gift from our parents but
are loan from our Children
- Rigveda

“NEED BASED CONSUMPTION”

INSTEAD OF
“GREED BASED CONSUMPTION”
AS THE ALTERNATE.
6
ENERGY IS REQUIRED FOR ALL IRRESPECTIVE OF
RICH AND POOR. UNFORTUNATELY OVER TWO
BILLION PEOPLE IN THE WORLD HAVE LITTLE OR NO
ACCESS TO COMMERCIAL SOURCES OF ENERGY.

ACCORDING TO 2001 CENSUS DATA ABOUT 0.5

BILLION PEOPLE IN INDIA DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO
THE ELECTRICITY.

7
 “ Progress on modern lines is a necessity. We can
not afford to ignore scientific discoveries which
have almost vivified material nature. Past ideas
were for past times. We must adopt ourselves to the
everlasting conditions of existence or be content to
be left behind in the race for material prosperity8 ”
BHARAT RATNA Dr. Sir. MOKSHAGUNDAM VISVESVARAYYA
 SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY-
ENERGY

THE KEY
CONCERN FOR
DRIVES
ENERGY ENVIRONMENT
ARE

COST
COMPETITIVENES -
ECONOMICAL
9
 2 - SOCIAL
ASPECTS
5 - ENERGY 6 - TECHNO -
RESOURCES ECONOMIC

ENERGY
1-GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT 3-MONITORING

7-IPDCGD
8 - USERS / O&M
CUSTOMERS
4-IMPLEMENTATION
PROGRAMME
10
 GREEN ENERGY -
RENEWABLE
ENERGY

CLEAN
DEVELOPMENT
ENERGY
MECHANISM (CDM) -
CONSEVATION
GREEN HOUSES GASES
- BEE/KREDL
(GHG)
ENERGY
- MOEF/KREDL
11
12
13
14
 COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 Objectives
 After studying this unit, you should be able to
1. understand about diesel engine power plant,
2. explain fuel injection system and its
functions, and
3. Describe various injection schemes.
1. Introduction
2. Diesel power plants produce power in the range of 2 to 50
MW, are used as central stations for supply authorities and
work.
3. They are used as standby sets for continuity of supply such as
hospitals, telephone exchanges, radio stations, cinema
theatres and industries.
4. They are suitable for mobile power generation and widely
used in railways and ships.
5. Used as Peak Load Plants, Mobile Plants, Stand By Units,
Emergency Plants, Starting Stations, Central Stations, and
Industries where power requirement is small 500kW.
6. A power station in which diesel engine used as the prime
mover for the generation of electrical energy is called diesel
power station.
1. Indiesel power station, diesel used as the
working fluid. The fuel (diesel) burns inside
the engine cylinder and chemical energy of
diesel is converted into the heat energy and
this heat energy is converted into mechanical
energy. Diesel engine coupled with alternator
which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
2. Dieselpower station is very low capacity type
as compare to steam and hydro power
station.
 Diesel engine is also called I.C. (Internal
Combustion) engine for which the
burning of fuel take place inside the
engine.
 The main difference between the diesel
engine and the steam engine is that in
diesel engine the combustion of fuel take
place inside the engine and steam engine
combustion of fuel take place outside the
engine.
How Electrical Power Produce using Diesel
Power Plant?

 In a diesel power station, diesel engine is

used as the prime mover.
 The diesel burns inside the engine and the
products of this combustion act as the
working fluid to produce mechanical
energy.
 The diesel engine drives alternator which
converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
1. As the generation cost is considerable due to high
price of diesel, therefore, such power stations are
only used to produce small power.
2. Although steam power stations and hydro-electric
plants are invariably used to generate bulk power
at cheaper costs, yet diesel power stations are
finding favour at places where demand of power is
less, sufficient quantity of coal and water is not
available and the transportation facilities are
inadequate.
3. This plants are also standby sets for continuity of
supply to important points such as hospitals, radio
stations, cinema houses and telephone exchanges.
Definition of Diesel Electric Power Plant:

 A generating station in which diesel

engine is used as the prime mover for
the generation of electrical energy is
known as diesel power station.
 For generating electrical power, it is essential to rotate the
rotor of an alternator by means of a prime mover. The
prime mover can be driven by different methods. Using
diesel engine as prime mover is one of the popular methods
of generating power. When prime mover of the alternators
is diesel engine, the power station is called diesel power
station.
 The mechanical power required for driving alternator comes
from combustion of diesel. As the diesel costs high, this
type of power station is not suitable for producing power in
large scale in our country.
 But for small scale production of electric power, and where,
there is no other easily available alternatives of producing
electric power, diesel power station are used.
 Chemical Energy of Diesel ↔
Heat Energy ↔ Mechanical
Energy ↔Electrical Energy
2.2. SELECTION OF SITE FOR A DIESEL POWER STATION:
 1. Near to Load Center: As far as possible the plant should be installed near to
load center, to reduce transmission & distribution cost of electrical energy

 2. Availability of Land: For erection of diesel power plant, land should be

available near to load center at low cost.

 3. Availability of Water: The soft water is freely available for the purpose of
cooling.

 4. Foundations: As we know that, the diesel engines or a machine produces

vibrations. So provide good foundation to erect the diesel engine.

 5. Fuel Transportation: The diesel plant is far away from fuel mines. So to
provide fuel to the plant arrange good transportation facility like road, rail etc.

 6. Local Conditions: For increasing the demand of power & future expansion
space available.

 7. Noise Pollution: The plant should away from populated areas, because it
APPLICATION OF DIESEL ENGINE ELECTRIC PLANT
1. Peak load plants: Diesel plants can be used in combination with thermal
or hydro plants as peak load units. They can be easily started or stopped at
short notice to meet the peak demand.
2. Mobile plants: Diesel plants mounted on trailer can be used for temporary
or emergency purposes such as supplying power to large civil engineering
works.
3. Standby unit: If the main unit fails or can’t cope up with demand, a diesel
plant can supply necessary power. For example, if the water available in
the hydro plant is not adequately available due to less rainfall, the diesel
station can operate in parallel to generate short fall of power.
4. Emergency plant: During power interruption in a vital unit like key
industrial plant or hospital, a diesel electric plant can be used to generate
the needed power
5. Nursery station: In the absence of the main grid, a diesel plant can be
installed to supply power in a small town. In course of time when
electricity from main grid becomes available in the town, the diesel unit
can be shifted to some other station is called nursery station.
APPLICATION OF DIESEL ENGINE ELECTRIC PLANT
1. Starting station: Diesel units can be used to run auxiliaries
(like FD & ID fans) for starting large steam power plant.
2. They are used as central station for small or medium power
supplies.
3. They can be used as stand-by plants to hydro-electric power
plants and steam power plants for emergency services.
4. They can be used as peak load plants in combinations with
thermal or hydro-plants.
5. They are quite suitable for mobile power generation and are
widely used in transportation systems such as automobiles,
railways, air planes and ships.
6. Now-a-days power cut has become a regular feature for
industries. The only solution to tide over this difficulty is to
install diesel generating sets.
 DIESEL POWER PLANTS ARE INSTALLED IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS .
1. Supply of coal and water is not available in sufficient quantity
2. Power is to be generated in small quantity.
3. Stand by sets are required for emergency purposes in hospitals,
telephone exchanges, radio stations and cinemas.
4. Diesel power plants in the range of 2 to 50 MW capacities are used.
5. Short time and temporary power production. Long term planning
required for the development of hydro and thermal plants.
6. Demands for diesel power plants are increased for electric power
generation because of difficulties in construction of new hydro
power plants and enlargement of old hydro plants
7. Diesel power plants used for electric generation are more reliable
and long lived piece of equipment compared with other types of
plants.
 STARTING OF ENGINE:-
 Following are the three common method of starting an
engine.
1. By an auxiliary engine, through a clutch and gears.
2. By using an electric motor, to an electric motor that
derives the engine.
3. By compressed air system, is admitted to a few engine
cylinders making them work engine shaft. Fuel is admitted
to the remaining cylinders and ignited in the normal way
causing the engine to start. The compressed air system is
commonly used for starting large diesel engines employed
for stationary power plant service.
List of Diesel Power Plants in INDIA
 2.6. ADVANTAGES OF DIESEL POWER PLANT:
 1. Design and installation are very simple
 2. Can respond to varying loads without any difficulty
 3. The standby losses are less 4. Occupy less space
 5. Can be started and put on load quickly
 6. Require less quantity of water for cooling purpose
 7. Overall capital cost is less than that for steam plants.
 8. Require less operating and supervising staff as compared to that for steam plant.
 9. The efficiency of such plants at part loads does mot fall so much as that of a steam plant.
 10. The cost of working and civil engineering works is low.
 11. Can burn fairly wide range of fuels.
 12. These plants can be located very near to the load centres many times in the heart of the
town.
 13. No problem of ash handling.
 14. The lubrication system is more economical as compared with that of a steam power
plant.
 15. The diesel power plants are more efficient than steam power plants in the range of 150
MW capacity.
 2.7. DISADVANTAGES OF DIESEL POWER PLANT:
1. High operating cost
2. High maintenance and lubrication cost
3. Diesel unit’s capacity is limited. These cannot be constructed in
large sizes
4. In a diesel power plant noise is a serious problem
5. Diesel plants cannot supply overload continuously, whereas steam
power plants can work under 25% overload continuously
6. The diesel power plants are not economical where fuel has to be
imported
7. The life of a diesel power plant is limited (2 to 5 years or less) as
compared to that of steam power plant (25 to 30 years)
2.9.1. Application of diesel power plant:
1. The peak load plant
2. Emergency plant
3. Mobile plant
4. Starting stations
5. Standby units
6. Nursery stations
7. Central stations
8. Small Scale Industries
9. Commercial purposes such as cinema halls and hospitals
 Public utilities such as multiplexes
 Fundamental of Diesel Engine
Four Stroke Cycle
• Intake / Suction Compression Power / Expansion Exhaust
 Compares between Four & Two Stroke Engines
Sr.No. Particulars 4 Stroke 2 Stroke
1 Stroke Per Cycle 4 Piston Stroke 2 Piston Stroke
2 Crank Rotation per Two Crank Rotation Four Crank Rotation
Cycle
3 Power Stroke per Half to Speed of Crankshaft Full to Speed of Crankshaft
Cycle
4 Power In Every Alternate In Every Revolution
Revolution
5 Flywheel Heavy Light
6 Size of Engine Heavier, Larger Lighter, More Compact
7 Space Required More Less
8 Valve Inlet & Exhaust In Place of Valve parts are there
9 Crankcase It is not hermetically Sealed Hermetically Sealed
10 Crankshaft Direction of In One Direction In Both Direction
Rotation
11 Lubricant Oil Less More
Consumption
12 Thermal Efficiency Higher Less
13 Mechanical Efficiency Low High
14 Uses Cars, Tractors, Buses Mopeds, Scooters, Motor
 Comparison between Petrol and Diesel engine
Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
1. Air petrol mixture is sucked in the engine Only air is sucked during suction stroke
cylinder during suction stroke
2. Spark plug is used Employees an injector
3. Power is produced by spark ignition Power is produced by compressed
ignition
4. Thermal efficiency is upto 25% Thermal efficiency is upt 40%
5. Occupies less space Occupy more space
6. More running cost Less running cost
7. Light in weight Heavy in weight
8. Fuel (petrol) costlier Fuel (diesel) cheaper
9. Petrol being is volatile is dangerous Diesel is not dangerous as it is non-
volatile
10. Pre-ignition is possible Pre-ignition is not possible
11. Works on otto cycle Works on diesel cycle
12. Less dependable More dependable
13. Used in cars and motor cycles Used in heavy duty vehicles like trucks
and heavy machinery
Layout of Diesel Power
Plant
LAYOUT OF A DIESEL POWER PLANT
 1. Diesel Engine
 2. Engine Fuel Supply System
 3. Engine Air Intake System
 4. Engine Exhaust System
 5. Engine Cooling System
 6. Engine Lubrication System.
 7. Engine Starting System.
 8. AC or DC Generators
 Engine system
• ENGINE: This is the main component of the plant
which develops required power. The engine is
generally directly coupled to the generator
• Generally classified as two stroke engine and four
stroke engines.
Industrial GenSet
 Diesel engine:
 It is the main components used in diesel electric power plant for
developing mechanical power. This mechanical power we use to
run the generator & produce electrical energy. For producing the
electrical energy the diesel engine is mechanically coupled to
generator.


 When the diesel fuel burning inside the engine, its start to produce
a mechanical power. The combustion of diesel fuel produces
increased temperature & pressure inside the engine. Due to this
pressure gases are formed, this gas pushes the piston inside the
diesel engine, and then mechanical power is produced. With the
use of this mechanical power the shaft of diesel engine starts
 Diesel engine:
1. Diesel engine is a compression ignition (CI) engine.
2. The two –stroke cycle engine is more favoured for diesel power plants.
3. The air required for the diesel engine is drawn through the air filter from the
atmosphere and compressed inside the cylinder.
4. The fuel(diesel) from the diesel engine is drawn through a filter from the all-day
tank and injected into the cylinder through fuel injectors.
5. Because of the high temperature and pressure of the compressed air, the fuel
ignites.
6. The fuel burns and the burnt gases expand to do work on the moving part inside
the cylinder called piston.
7. This movement of the piston rotates a flywheel and the engine is directly coupled
to electric generator.
8. The gas after expansion inside the cylinder is exhausted into the atmosphere and
passes through a silencer in order to reduce the noise.
 Starting system

1. Diesel engine used in diesel power plants is

not self-starting. The engine is started from
cold condition with the help of an air
compressor.
Fuel supply system
1. Itconsists of Fuel Storage Tank, Fuel Filter or
Strainer, Fuel Transfer Pump, Day Tank, Heaters &
Connecting Pipes.
2. First
up all with the help of transportation facility
available (road, rail etc.) the diesel fuel stored in
storage tank.
3. Then this diesel fuel transfer to day tank, the
function of day tank is how much quantity of
diesel required for 24 hours is store. If the day tank
is full or overflow occurs, then excessive diesel
returned to storage tank.
1. The filter or strainer is used to purify diesel. With
the help of fuel transfer pump the diesel is transfer
to day tank. Fuel from the storage tank is pumped
through a filter into a smaller tank called all day
tank. This tank supplies the daily requirements of
the diesel engine.
2. The all-day tank is placed high so that the fuel
flows to the engine under gravity with sufficient
pressure.
Air intake system
1.The air required for the combustion of fuel inside the
diesel engine cylinder is drawn through the air filter.
The purpose of the filter is to remove dust from the
incoming air.
2.The dry filter may be made of felt, wood or cloth.
3.In wet filter, oil bath is used. In this the air passes over
a bath of oil where the dust particles get coated on the
oil.
4.This System includes air filters, air tank, compressor &
connecting pipes. The air filters are used to supply the
fresh air to diesel engine for the purpose of
combustion.
Air intake system
1.Engine required fresh air because, if dust particles in
the air entered into the engine will cause disastrous
effect to valve, cylinder & pistons.
2.The compressor or Supercharger is used to increase
pressure of the air supplied to the engine. This will
helps to increase the output power.
Exhaust system:
1. These systems consist of silencers & connecting ducts.
2. As the temperature of the exhaust gases is sufficiently
high, it is used for heating the fuel oil or air supplied to
the diesel engine.
3. The exhaust gas is removed from engine, to the
atmosphere by means of an exhaust system.
4. A silencer is normally used in this system to reduce noise
level of the engine.
5. The exhaust gases coming out of the engine is very noisy.
In order to reduce the noise a silencer (muffler) is used.

Exhaust system:
1. These systems consist of silencers & connecting ducts.
2. As the temperature of the exhaust gases is sufficiently
high, it is used for heating the fuel oil or air supplied to
the diesel engine.
3. The exhaust gas is removed from engine, to the
atmosphere by means of an exhaust system.
4. A silencer is normally used in this system to reduce noise
level of the engine.
5. The exhaust gases coming out of the engine is very noisy.
In order to reduce the noise a silencer (muffler) is used.

 5. LUBRICATING SYSTEM: LUBRICATION SYSTEM OF DIESEL POWER PLANT

1. Engine lubrication system consists of lubricating oil pump, oil

tanks, filters, coolers, purifiers & connecting pipes.
2. This system provides lubricating oil to moving parts of the system
to reduce the friction between them wear & tear of the engine
parts.
3. This system minimizes the water of rubbing surface of the engine.
Here lubricating oil is stored in main lubricating oil tank.
4. This lubricating oil is drawn from the tank by means of oil pump.
Then the oil is passed through the oil filter for removing impurities.
5. From the filtering point, this clean lubricating oil is delivered to the
different points of the machine where lubrication is required the
oil cooler is provided in the system to keep the temperature of the
lubricating oil as low as possible.
 5. LUBRICATING SYSTEM: LUBRICATION SYSTEM OF DIESEL POWER PLANT

1. It is then cooled through heat exchanger by means of

cold water and then it is fed to the engine.
a. This circuit includes lubricating oil tank, oil pump and oil cooler.
b. The purpose of the lubrication system is to reduce the wear of
the engine moving parts. Part of the cylinder such as piston,
shafts, valves must be lubricated.
c. Lubrication also helps to cool the engine.
d. In the lubrication system the oil is pumped from the lubricating
oil tank through the oil cooler where the oil is cooled by the
cold water entering the engine.
e. The hot oil after cooling the moving parts return to the
lubricating oil tank
 5. LUBRICATING SYSTEM: LUBRICATION SYSTEM OF DIESEL POWER PLANT

1. Since frictional forces causes wear and tear of rubbing

parts of the engine and thereby the life of the engine is
reduced.
2. So the rubbing part requires that some substance should
be introduced between the rubbing surfaces in order to
decrease the frictional force between them. Such
substance is called lubricant.
3. The lubricant forms a thin film between the rubbing
surfaces. And lubricant prevents metal to-metal contact.
So we can say “Lubrication is the admission of oil
between two surfaces having relative motion”.
 The main function of lubricant is to,
1. To reduce friction and wear between the parts having relative
motion by minimizing the force of friction and ensures smooth
running of parts.
2. To seal a space adjoining the surfaces such as piston rings and
cylinder liner.
3. To clean the surface by carrying away the carbon and metal
particles caused by wear.
4. To absorb shock between bearings and other parts and
consequently reduce noise.
5. To cool the surfaces by carrying away heat generated due to friction.
6. It helps the piston ring to seal the gases in the cylinder.
 It removes the heat generated due to friction and keeps the parts
cool
 The various parts of an engine requiring
lubrication are;
1.Cylinder walls and pistons.
2.Main crankshaft bearings.
3.Piston rings and cylinder walls.
4.Big end bearing and crank pins.
5.Small end bearing and gudgeon pin bearings.
6.Main bearing cams and bearing valve tappet and guides
7.Timing gears etc.
8.Camshaft and cam shaft bearings.
9.Valve mechanism and rocker arms.
 A good lubricant should possess the following properties:
1. It should not change its state with change in temperature.

2. It should maintain a continuous film between the rubbing

surfaces.
3. It should have high specific heat so that it can remove
maximum amount of heat.
4. It should be free from corrosive acids.

5. The lubricant should be purified before it enters the engine.

6. It should be free from dust, moisture, metallic chips, etc.

7. The lubricating oil consumed is nearly 1% of fuel consumption.

a. The lubricating oil gets heated because of friction of moving

parts and should be cooled before recirculation.
 The cooling water used in the engine may be used for cooling the
lubricant. Nearly 2.5% of heat of fuel is dissipated as heat, which is
removed by the lubricating oil.
 The various lubricants used in engines are of three types:
1. Liquid Lubricants or Wet sump lubrication system.
2. Solid Lubricants or Dry sump lubrication system.
3. Semi-solid Lubricants or Mist lubrication system.
 Liquid oils lubricants are most commonly used. Liquid lubricants are
of two types:
 (a) Mineral oils
 (b) Fatty oils.
 Graphite, white lead and mica are the solid lubricants.
 Semi solid lubricants or greases as they are often called are made
from mineral oils and fatty-oils.
1. LIQUID LUBRICANTS OR WET SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
 These systems employ a large capacity oil sump at the base of crank chamber,
from which the oil is drawn by a low-pressure oil pump and delivered to various
parts. Oil then gradually returns back to the sump after serving the purpose.
(a) Splash system.
1. This system is used on some small four strokes, stationary engines.
2. In this case the caps on the big ends bearings of connecting rods are provided
with a scoop which, when the connecting rod is in the lowest position, just dip
into oil troughs and thus directs the oil through holes in the caps to the big end
bearings.
3. Due to splash of oil it reaches the lower portion of the cylinder walls, crankshaft
and other parts requiring lubrication.
4. Surplus oil eventually flows back to the oil sump. Oil level in the troughs is
maintained by means of an oil pump which takes oil from sump, through a filter.
Splash system is suitable for low and medium speed engines having moderate
bearing load pressures.
5. For high performance engines, which normally operate at high bearing pressures
(a)Semi-pressure system.
1. This method is a combination of splash and pressure systems.
2. It incorporates the advantages of both.
3. In this case main supply of oil is located in the base of crank chamber.
4. Oil is drawn from the lower portion of the sump through a filter and is
delivered by means of a gear pump at pressure of about 1 bar to the main
bearings.
5. The big end bearings are lubricated by means of a spray through nozzles.
6. Thus oil also lubricates the cams, crankshaft bearings, cylinder walls and
timing gears.
7. An oil pressure gauge is provided to indicate satisfactory oil supply.
8. The system is less costly to install as compared to pressure system. It
enables higher bearing loads and engine speeds to be employed as
compared to splash system.
Full pressure system.
1. Inthis system, oil from oil sump is pumped under pressure to the
various parts requiring lubrication. Refer Fig. 8.8.
2.The oil is drawn from the sump through filter and pumped by means
of a gear pump.
3.The pressure pump at pressure ranging delivers oil from 1.5 to 4 bar.

4.Theoil under pressure is supplied to main bearings of crankshaft and

camshaft.
5.Holes drilled through the main crankshafts bearing journals,
communicate oil to the big end bearings and also small end bearings
through holes drilled in connecting rods.
6.A pressure gauge is provided to confirm the circulation of oil to the
various parts.
Full pressure system.
1.A pressure-regulating valve is also provided on the delivery side of
this pump to prevent excessive pressure.
2.Thissystem finds favour from most of the engine manufacturers as it
allows high bearing pressure and rubbing speeds.
3.The general arrangement of wet sump lubrication system is shown in
Fig. 8.9. In this case oil is always contained in the sump that is drawn
by the pump through a strainer.
1. SOLID LUBRICANTS OR DRY SUMP LUBRICATION SYSTEM
2. Refer Fig. 8.10. In this system, the oil from the
sump is carried to a separate storage tank outside
the engine cylinder block.
3. The oil from sump is pumped by means of a sump
pump through filters to the storage tank.
4. Oil from storage tank is pumped to the engine
cylinder through oil cooler.
5. Oil pressure may vary from 3 to 8 kgf/cm2. Dry
sump lubrication system is generally adopted for
high capacity engines.
1. MIST LUBRICATION SYSTEM
2. This system is used for two stroke cycle engines.
3. Most of these engines are crank charged, i.e., they employ crank
case compression and thus, are not suitable for crank case
lubrication.
4. These engines are lubricated by adding 2 to 3 per cent lubricating oil
in the fuel tank.
5. The oil and fuel mixture is induced through the carburettor.
6. The gasoline is vaporized; and the oil in the form of mist, goes via
crankcase into the cylinder.
7. The oil that impinges on the crank case walls lubricates the main
and connecting rod bearings, and rest of the oil that passes on the
cylinder during charging and scavenging periods, lubricates the
piston, piston rings and the cylinder.
 5. COOLING SYSTEM
1. The Diesel Engine Cooling System Consist of coolant pumps, water
cooling towers or spray pond, water treatment or filtration plant &
Connecting Pipe Works.
2. The heat produced due to internal combustion, drives the engine. But
some parts of this heat raise the temperature of different parts of the
engine.
3. High temperature may cause permanent damage to the machine.
Hence, it is essential to maintain the overall temperature of the
engine to a tolerable level. Cooling system of diesel power station
does exactly so.
4. The cooling system is required to carry heat from diesel engine to
keep its temperature within safe limits. The water pump circulates
water to cylinder of diesel engine to carry away the heat. The cooling
tower is used for the same water reused.
 5. COOLING SYSTEM
1. The cooling system requires a water source, water pump and cooling towers. The
pump circulates water through cylinder and head jacket. The water takes away heat
from the engine and it becomes hot. The hot water is cooled by cooling towers and
is re-circulated for cooling.
2. The temperature of the burning fuel inside the engine cylinder is in the order of
1500 to 2000 degree Centigrade.
3. In order to lower this temperature water is circulated around the engine.
4. The water envelopes (water jacket) the engine. The heat from the cylinder, piston,
combustion chamber etc., is carried by the circulating water.
5. The hot water leaving the jacket is passed through the heat exchanger.
6. The heat from the heat exchanger is carried away by the raw water circulated
through the heat exchanger and is cooled in the cooling tower.
 Based on cooling medium two types of cooling systems are in
general use. They are
(a) Air as direct cooling system.
 Liquid or indirect cooling system
 5. COOLING SYSTEM
1. The cooling system requires a water source, water pump and cooling towers. The
pump circulates water through cylinder and head jacket. The water takes away heat
from the engine and it becomes hot. The hot water is cooled by cooling towers and
is re-circulated for cooling.
2. The temperature of the burning fuel inside the engine cylinder is in the order of
1500 to 2000 degree Centigrade.
3. In order to lower this temperature water is circulated around the engine.
4. The water envelopes (water jacket) the engine. The heat from the cylinder, piston,
combustion chamber etc., is carried by the circulating water.
5. The hot water leaving the jacket is passed through the heat exchanger.
6. The heat from the heat exchanger is carried away by the raw water circulated
through the heat exchanger and is cooled in the cooling tower.
 Based on cooling medium two types of cooling systems are in
general use. They are
(a) Air as direct cooling system.
 Liquid or indirect cooling system
 Air-cooling is used in small engines and portable
engines by providing fins on the cylinder. Big diesel
engines are always liquid (water/special liquid)
cooled.

 Liquid cooling system is further classified as

 (1) Open cooling system
 (2) Natural circulation (Thermo-system)
 (3) Forced circulation system
 (4) Evaporation cooling system.
1. OPEN COOLING SYSTEM
2. A Plant near the river may utilize the river water for cooling &
discharging again the hot water into river. This type of cooling system
is known as open cooling system.
3. This system is applicable only where plenty of water is available.
4. The water from the storage tank is directly supplied through an inlet
valve to the engine cooling water jacket. The hot water coming out of
the engine is not cooled for reuse but it is discharged.
5. Closed Cooling System:
 The Cooling Water is circulated again & again and only water lost due
to leakage, evaporation etc. is made up by taking make up water from
supply source
1. NATURAL CIRCULATION SYSTEM
2. The system is closed one and designed so that the water may
circulate naturally because of the difference in density of water at
different temperatures.
3. Fig. 8.14 shows a natural circulation cooling system.
4. It consists of water jacket, radiator and a fan.
5. When the water is heated, its density decreases and it tends to rise,
while the colder molecules tend to sink.
6. Circulation of water then is obtained as the water heated in the water
jacket tends to rise and the water cooled in the radiator with the help
of air passing over the radiator either by ram effect or by fan or
jointly tends to sink.
7. Arrows show the direction of natural circulation, which is slow.
1. FORCED CIRCULATION COOLING SYSTEM
2. Fig. 8.15 shows forced circulation cooling system that is closed one.
3. The system consists of pump, water jacket in the cylinder, radiator,
fan and a thermostat.
4. The coolant (water or synthetic coolant) is circulated through the
cylinder jacket with the help of a pump, which is usually a centrifugal
type, and driven by the engine.
5. The function of thermostat, which is fitted in the upper hose
connection initially, prevents the circulation of water below a certain
temperature (usually upto 85°C) through the radiation so that water
gets heated up quickly.
6. Standby diesel power plants upto 200 kVA use this type of cooling.
7. In the case of bigger plant, the hot water is cooled in a cooling tower
and recirculated again. There is a need of small quantity of cooling
make-up water.
 AC or DC Generators:
 1. For Single Phase:
 Single Phase, 230 Volts, and 50Hz frequency generators are used as
per requirements of load.
 2. For Three Phase:
 Generally, three phase, 50Hz, salient pole type, the number of poles
depends upon diesel engine speed. Generally, speeds of diesel
engines are low that’s why 6 or 8 poles generators used. Generators
are coupled with the shaft of diesel engine. These generators are
3.3kV, 6.6kV or 11kV output capacities.
 3. DC Generator:
 Generally DC Compound generator is used, which help to develop an
output voltage of 230 Volts.
 17.MAINTENANCE OF DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
 At the time of diesel engine or diesel electric power plant,
following points are considered during maintenance
period.
i. To maintain the operating condition of diesel engine at every
half hour.
ii.To maintain the correct record of the instrument reading in
log sheet.
iii.To maintain the record of instrument temperature,
pressure, electrical load, flow etc.
iv.To check the level of fuel oil periodically.
v.Filterized the fuel and remove unwanted impurities.
vi.Clean the fuel tank at regular interval.
 Give Application of Diesel Power Plant
1. The diesel oil is used as a fuel in power generation.
2. It produces AC as well as DC Voltages.
3. Itis used where small power is generation is
requirement.
4. In case of any emergency diesel engines are used.
5. It
is also used for peal load during small period of
time.
6. It is used to restart the boilers.
7. It is used in remote places.
8. It can be used in areas having low load factor.
 GENERAL LAYOUT OF DIESEL POWER PLANT

 Generally the units are placed in parallel lines as

shown in fig. In any plant some space is always
provided for further expansion. Also sufficient
space should provide for maintenance of diesel
engine. Proper ventilation is also provided in
power plant. Storage of fuel for power plant is
always provided outside the main building.

 SUMMARY
 In this unit, we have learnt the functioning of diesel
power plant.
 The diesel engine drives alternator, which converts
mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
 In this unit, we have also studied the concept of fuel
injection system and its functioning. The unit, also
elaborated on various types of injection schemes.
 The diesel engine plants are mainly utilised to generate
small power output. Which are mostly utilised as standby
modes, when power not takes place? Its cost is high.
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