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Correlational Explore the relationship between Case Study Intent is to study and
two or more variables through a understand a single
correlational analysis. The intent And Historical situation, which could be a
is to determine if and to what leader, a classroom, a
degree the variables are process, program, activity.
related. It does not imply one Collect a variety of
causes the other. material in a specific and
bounded time period. This
is also used for historical
studies, when collecting
historical data to
understand and learn from
the past.
Causal Compare two groups with the Narrative Describe the lives of
Comparative intent of understanding the individual(s) to get
reasons or causes for the two meaning from them.
groups being different.
Experimental Test an idea, treatment, program Grounded Theory The focus is to develop an
to see if it makes a difference. understanding of a
There is a control group and a test phenomenon or situation in
group. Individuals are randomly order to be able to develop
assigned to the two groups. One a theory/model for items
group gets the treatment (test such as factors, a form of
group) and the other group interaction, or a process.
(control group) does not get the
treatment. There is a pre and
post-test for both groups in a
traditional experimental design.
A mixed research design involves having both a quantitative design and qualitative design. Mixed
designs is the best approach if the study requires both quantitative and qualitative designs to address the
problem statement.
Mixed design studies take significantly more time, more resources, and require the researcher to
develop expertise in qualitative analysis techniques and quantitative analysis techniques. Qualitative
studies can use numbers, counts and even descriptive statistics. Using numbers does not mean the study
has to be quantitative or mixed methods.
Pretest-Post-test Only Design - The subjects are again randomly assigned to either the
experimental or the control group. Both groups are pretested for the independent
variable. The experimental group receives the treatment and both groups are post-tested
to examine the effects of manipulating the independent variable on the dependent
variable.
Solomon Four Group Design – Subjects are randomly assigned into one of four groups.
There are two experimental groups and two control groups. Only two groups are
pretested. One pretested group and one unprotested group receive the treatment. All four
groups will receive the post-test. The effects of the dependent variable originally
observed are then compared to the effects of the independent variable on the dependent
variable as seen in the post-test results. This method is really a combination of the
previous two methods and is used to eliminate potential sources of error.
Crossover Design (also known as Repeat Measures Design) – Subjects in this design are
exposed to more than one treatment and the subjects are randomly assigned to different
orders of the treatment. The groups compared have an equal distribution of
characteristics and there is a high level of similarity among subjects that are exposed to
different conditions. Crossover designs are excellent research tools, however, there is
some concern that the response to the second treatment or condition will be influenced
by their experience with the first treatment. In this type of design, the subjects serve as
their own control groups.