1.

GIVE REASONS

a) Balanced diet is necessary for maintaining a healthy body

A balanced diet provides all the nutrients required in our body, in the correct amount and helps
increase our immunity against diseases.Two diseases caused by junk food are Obesity and
High blood pressure.
b) Our Surroundings should be free of stagnant water

Our surroundings area should be free of stagnant water as it leads to the birth of mosquitoes
and many other microorganisms which further leads to many diseases. And as prevention is
better than cure ,it is better to make areas free from stagnant water.
c) Antibiotics won’t show any effect on Virus
These are drugs that block the biochemical pathways important to bacteria. Thus, killing those
bacteria; Viruses don’t use these pathways at all , that why Antibiotics wont show any effect on
Virus

d) Airborne infections spread quickly in poor ventilated and overcrowded places

Air-transmitted diseases are easier to catch the closer we are to the infected person. However,
in closed areas, the droplet nuclei recirculate and pose a risk to everybody. Overcrowded and
poorly ventilated housing is therefore a major factor in the spread of airborne diseases; In poorly
ventilated and overcrowded areas, disease-causing microbes can spread through air. This
occurs through little droplets which thrown out by an infected person who sneezes or coughs.
Someone standing close by can breathe in these droplets due to which microbes get a chance
to start new infection.
e) Prevention is better than cure

Once someone has a disease , it affects the body adversely , and sometimes the body never
recovers completely ; Treatment takes time which means the patient is likely to be bedridden for
some time even when he/she is given proper treatment; The person suffering from infectious
disesase can serve as source of spread of the disease

f) Female mosquitoes feed on blood

In many species of mosquitoes, the females need highly nutritious food in the form of blood in
order to be able to lay mature eggs. Mosquitoes feed on many warm-blooded animals, including
us.They use the protein and iron found in blood to make their eggs.

g) We are advised to take bland and nourished food when sick

We are advised to tale bland nd nourishing food when we are sick because our body needs
energy to release cells to overcome the infection, the wear and tear of body organ. The
nourishing food provides nutrients to our body that will further provide energy and make new
cells. No spices in the food makes its digestion process faster, does not release acids in the
body that can interfere in the treatment and cure.We are advised to take blend and nourishing
food so that scarcity (loss) of nutrients caused during sickness get fulfilled.
2. DEFINE

a) Health - Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being
b) Immunization - Immunization is the process of rendering your body immune to
certain diseases through vaccination. Immunisation : The process of developing
immune power in the body to fight against the diseases is called immunisation. In the
process of immunisation, a vaccine is introduced into the body doe to which the
immune power of the body improves.
c) Inflammation - Inflammation is the immune response of the body. It is an attempt by
the body to remove harmful stimuli and start the curing process. Inflammation is
mostly localised reaction which results in the redness of the area, releases heat and
sometimes causes irritation. In chronic cases inflammation also causes swelling.
Inflammation can be acute or chronic in nature. In human body, when there is an
infection, an active immune system recruits many cells to the affected tissue to kill
the disease-causing microbes. This recruitment process is called inflammation.
Symptoms : (i) Swelling and pain, (ii) Fever.

d) Organ Manifestations -

e) Vector –

f) Pathogen - they are disease causing microbes. E.g. bacteria, worms, fungi, etc
3. Explain
a) Working of Antibiotics - These are the chemicals (medicine, drugs) that block
biochemical pathways important for bacteria. They are used for diseases caused by
bacteria. Antibiotics do not work against viral infections as the viruses do not have
their own biochemical mechanisms but depend upon that of the host
b) Vaccination Principle
c) Various means of spread of diseases
d) Various groups of microbes
4. Differentiate
a) Acute and Chronic diseases
b) Signs and Symptoms
c) Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases - Infectious diseases are disease which can
spread from one infected person to another. E.g. Ebola.; Not caused by infectious
agents, mostly internal and non- infectious cause. Ex. Cancer
d) Antibiotic and Vaccine - these are drugs that block the biochemical pathways
important to bacteria. Thus, killing those bacteria. ; Vaccine is an antigenic
substance prepared from the agent causing the disease, which is given in advance
to a body to provide immunity against certain diseases. E.g. chickenpox vaccine,
hepatitis vaccine, polio immunization.
e) Heathy Individual and Disease Free Individual –
 Personal and domestic hygiene.
Clear and better surroundings.

5. Short Note on
a) Principles of Treatment - There are two ways to treat an infectious disease :
(i) By reducing the effect of the disease
(a) By symptomatic treatment. (b) By taking a bed rest
(ii) By killing the microorganisms that act as infectious agents.
b) Principles of prevention – General and Specific
c) Community level factors effecting health - Community health comprises of
maintaining, improving and protecting the health of entire community.
The condition necessary for good health are:
i)Step to ensure sanitation that is clean surroundings by providing good sewage and
rain water disposal systems and proper garbage disposals.
Availability of clean drinking water.
Availability of adequate, nutritious food.
Social equality and harmony.
d) AIDS and its various modes of transmission
6. Classify
a) Various infectious agents with example diseases

b) Various means of spread and example diseases - Through food and water- if one
consumes food or water contaminated with bacteria, viruses, worms etc. He/she can come
down with diseases such as hepatitis, cholera, etc.
● Through air- some germs are air-borne and can be transmitted through the air from one
infected person to the other. E.g. tuberculosis, influenza, etc.
● Through contact- some diseases are spread from one person to the other through contact.
E.g. scabies, ring worms, etc.
● Vectors- These are organisms that carry the germs from one place to the other. E.g.
mosquitoes, dogs, fly, etc.

c) AIDS,TB,CHOLERA,HIGH BP, PNEUMONIA and CANCER into communicable and

noncommunicable diseases

7. AIDS is a Syndrome which damages body’s immune system

a) Name the causative agent of the disease - HIV virus causes AIDS.
b) List the 4 ways through which the AIDS pathogen enters the body of a healthy person
c) Expand AIDS
d) Why a person suffering from AIDS cannot fight even small infections ? - AIDS is
caused by HIV which damages the immune system of the person suffering from it. Thus,
the person cannot fight even small infections.

8. Name the Vaccines that are given to children below 5 years of age
a. Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis Vaccine
 The first dose is given at 2 months, the second at 4 months, and the third (if needed) at 6
months.

b. Chickenpox. (varicella; Var)

c. Diphtheria, tetanus, and.
d. whooping cough. (pertussis; DTaP)
e. Hepatitis A. (HepA)
f. Hepatitis B. (HepB)
g. Influenza. (Flu)
h. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
i. Meningococcal. (MenACWY.
j. Polio and Rotavirus
9. One of the classmates of Neeraj, Manoj has AIDS , nobody talked to him & maintained a
distance from him. The teacher saw them and explained to them about AIDS and told
them that they need not be afraid of him.
a) What could the teacher have explained - manypeople living with HIV can't transmit
the virus at all
b) What values can we learn from the teacher

10.

a) Anil is suffering from Chicken pox from 2 weeks. His friends insist that he join the school
fete, but he refused and stays back home.

 What is the cause of Chickenpox ? - Chicken pox is caused by a virus called

varicella-zoster virus. The virus spreads mainly by touching or breathing in the virus
particles that come from chickenpox blisters, and possibly through tiny droplets from
infected people that get into the air after they breathe or talk, for example.
The Varicella-zoster virus also causes shingles.
 Name another disease that spreads through the same mode of transmission ? TB,
INfluenza
 What values did Anil exhibit by not joining his friends In the fete ? - Affected person
should avoid direct contact with people.

b) A maid working a Rama’s house doesn’t turn up to work as her son is suffering from
Diarrhea, hearing this Rama volunteers to take the child to the hospital.

 What could be the cause for the child’s illness ? - Infectious Disease: When a
disease happens because of a microorganism, it is called infectious disease.
Bacteria, protozoa, virus and fungi are the causes of diseases in this case. Example:
diarrhea, tuberculosis, dengue, malaria, hepatitis, etc.- By Water: Some of the
pathogens spread through contaminated food and water. Diarrhea and jaundice
spread from one person to another through contaminated food and water.

 What immediate help can be given to the child before taking him to the doctor ? - Give an adult
plenty of clear fluid, like fruit juices, soda, sports drinks and clear broth. ...
 Give a child or infant frequent sips of a rehydration solution such as Pedialyte, CeraLyte, or
Infalyte. ...
 Make sure the person drinks more fluids than they are losing through diarrhea.
 use an oral rehydration solution (ORS) to replace lost fluids.
 What values are depicted by Raman ?

The precautionary steps one can adopt in school to mitigate the spread of diseases are:
Ans.
● Washing our hands properly before eating.
● Avoiding coming to school when one is affected with a communicable disease.
● Using a handkerchief while sneezing or coughing.
● Vaccinating oneself before the infection starts.
● Maintaining a clean and hygienic environment in school.

Who precaution can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases?
Ans. The precautions that one cars tat e in school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases
are
(a) By using handkerchief while coughing sneezing.
(b) Washing hands before eating tiffins.
(c) Staying at home if anyone suffers from infectious diseases.
(d) Getting vaccinated before the infection affects.
(e) Keeping the school surroundings clean, checking for stagnant water.

Mention the causal organism for Sleeping sickness ���� (Trypanosoma)

(i) General ways: General ways involve preventing exposure. For air-born microbes
we can prevent exposure by avoiding overcrowded places. For water-borne
microbes we can prevent exposure by providing safe drinking water. For vector-
borne infections we can provide clean environment. Our immune system also plays
an important role in killing off microbes. So, proper nourishment is necessary for
better functioning of our immune system. This is also a kind of prevention. (ii)
Specific ways: Suffering from a disease once is a means of preventing subsequent
attacks by the same pathogen. In case of any infection for the first time our immune
system responds against it specifically. Next time when the same microbe enters our
body the immune system responds with greater vigour which eliminates the infection
more quickly than the first time. So, immunisation is done to prevent diseases.
Vaccines to prevent many diseases are now available for a whole range of diseases
of the public health programme of childhood immunisation for preventing infectious
diseases is run by government. Children are vaccinated against tetanus, diphtheria,
whooping cough, measles , polio etc.