BICOL STATE COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Peñafrancia Ave., Naga City

IMPACT OF SPORTS INJURY TO MENTAL HEALTH OF NAGA CITY

ATHLETES

Ana Sheryl Lynn S. Catura, MAEd

Professor II

Erika L. Gapit
Kathlene Ann C. Oberos
Neil Frederick Turallo
John Lourde Delos Santos
Ciara Ivy Penaflor
BPE 4B SWM
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Sports are an integral part of Filipinos it is attributed by being taught in school
how to play sports and outside the classroom some were engage in sports like boxing,
cycling, and martial arts like taekwondo. Sports have a wide range of giving
enjoyment, relaxation and good health. Single session of sports activity reduces
anxiety, improves mood, and raises feelings of energy that lasts for several hours.
Long-term sports participation can significantly improve conditions such as clinical
anxiety and depression to a degree that rivals medication, both in adults and
adolescents, but anyone who plays and those who are actively participating in sports
may encounter injury. [source]
Injuries are inevitable. Sports injuries are injuries acquired in athletic activities. It
is defined as physical harm or change to someone’s body that may be caused by
sports accident or an attack. It happens all the time but recovering from it is a long
way process. Deborah Roche (2018) stressed out that "It can often be a grief process,
even if it is temporary, there's still loss involved, and there are possible mental
struggles an athlete may go through. After an injury, many athletes may feel sad,
frustrated, depressed and anxious.”
With all these in mind, this study has been conducted by the researchers.
Generally, this study aimed to investigate the impact of sports injury to the mental
health of an amateur athlete. Specifically this study sought to determine the a) profile
of the amateur Athletes in Naga City as to personal profile, field of sports, kind of
injuries experienced; b) effects of injuries to the amateur athlete’s mental health in
terms of behavior, emotional stability, and social attributes; c) significant relationship
between the sports injury and mental health of athletes in Naga City.

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this research is to give awareness of the long term effects of
sports injury or sports trauma to an athlete and give deeper understanding to the
readers about the mental health of a sportsperson who suffers from an injury. This
study is designed to determine what traumas an athlete may experience after an injury.
The outcome of this study will help and can be a reference for the future
researchers interested in relevant study and innovation of this field. The result of the
study could hopefully provide deeper and clearer information about the aftermath
experience of the athletes specifically to the mental health of an injured athlete.
Furthermore, this study will be beneficial to the following:
Statement of the problem
The study aims to investigate the impact of sports injury to the mental health of
an amateur athlete.
Specifically this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the amateur Athletes in Naga City as to:
i. Personal profile
ii. Field of sports
iii. kind of injuries experienced
2. What are the effects of injuries to the amateur athlete’s mental health in terms
of :
A. Behavior
B. Emotional stability
C. Social attributes
3. Is there a significant relationship between the sports injury and mental health
of athletes in Naga City?

Assumptions
This study was premised on the following assumptions:
1. Every person who is actively participating in sports is prone to Injury.
2. Awareness about the mental health of an athlete who experienced injury is
inadequate among the readers.
3. Every injury that an athlete had experienced has an impact to their mental
health.

Hypothesis
1. The athletes’ mental health is affected by the sports injury they had
experienced.
2. Athletes were given enough support in overcoming an injury.
3. Athletes’ mental health were being considered before, during and after they
were engaged in sports activities.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

 The study focused on investigating the impact of sports to the mental health of
the amateur athletes in Naga City. The study determined the profile of the thirty (30)
amateur athletes that have experienced a sports injury in Naga City.

Definition of Terms
Terms used in this study was defined in operational way for clarity and better
understanding providing the readers a better grasp of their meaning.

Amateur Athlete- are athletes that play for passion not for money. It can be a student
athlete as long as they are not paid
Mental Health- refers to the psychological and emotional well-being of an amateur
athlete who experience sports injury.
Sports Trauma- is the result of an overwhelming amount of stress after an injury or
accident happened to an amateur athlete. It is the long term effect on the mental health
of an amateur athlete brought by a sport injury.
Psychological Trauma- a damage to the mind than occurs as a result of a severely
distressing event focusing on the mental impact to an amateur athlete.
Anxiety- is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent
event or something with an increase outcome.
Depression-is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how an
amateur athlete feel, the way they think and how they act after a sport injury.
Sportsman- a word used to refer to an athlete. It is person who takes part in sports,
especially as a professional.
Sports Injury- is the result from an acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with
athletic activities.
Behavior- the way in which an amateur athlete acts or conducts oneself, especially
toward others after the sport injury.
Social Stability- It refers on how the athletes react to people after being injured,
example of this is being disconnected with people and wanting to be alone.
Emotional Stability- it refers to what an amateur athlete is feeling after the injury or
while recovering from an injury, example of this is feeling anxious or nervous while
playing that an accident may happen again.
Mild Injury- An injury that last in a short period of time and has a very small impact
on the athlete’s performance after recovery from injury.
Moderate injury- an injury that last longer than mild injury, it can make a big
difference in an athlete’s performance after recovering from injury.
Severe Injury- a long-term injury that may cause an athlete to be paralyzed or worse
is death.

End Notes
Cory Stieg (2018) How physical Injuries affect your mental health,. Retrieved from,
https://www.refinery29.com/sports-injury-psychology-mental-health

Margot Putukian (n.d.) Mind,Body and Sport: How being injured affects mental
health,. Retrieved from, http://www.ncaa.org/sport-science-institute/mind-body-and-
sport-how-being-injured-affects-mental-health

Injuries in Athletics: Causes and Consequences pp 243-267| Cite as Psychological

Trauma: Unfortunate Experience in Athletics,. Retrieved from,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-72577-2_11

Matthew Jussim (2018) 13 Athletes Who Made Amazing Comebacks After Career-
threatening Injuries., Retrieved https://www.mensjournal.com/sports/13-athletes-who-
made-amazing-comebacks-after-career-threatening-injuries/
 CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-
depth search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the
theoretical and conceptual framework to fully understand the research done. There are
books that the researchers used as a tool for studying the research topic presented
which is “Impact of Sports Injury to Mental Health of Naga City Athletes.”
Sports are an integral part of Filipinos it is attributed by being taught in school at
a young age how to play sports and outside the classroom some were engage in sports
like boxing, cycling, and martial arts like taekwondo.[1] Sports contributes to the
long-term health of the one exercising it despite the beneficial effects of sports
[2]injuries are likely to happen.
Sport injuries are defined as injuries that occur during a sports event. In recent
years, the researchers have become increasingly concerned with the effect of sports
injury to the mental health of an athlete. According to Janse (2011), sports injury has
become a major stressor for athletes[3]and athletes’ bodies undergoes fight-or-flight
reactions to avoid injuries or other threatening situations .Beyond the physical effects,
getting injured can affect mental health, whether you're an athlete, a casual exerciser,
or just an active person. "An injury is a realization of the fact that you’re not
invincible, and that things can take us all out at different times," says Deborah Roche,
PhD, clinical psychologist at the Hospital for Special Surgery who specializes in
sports psychology. Sport injury affects the athlete physically and psychologically. It
tends to be strongest in a close proximity to injury occurrence and deteriorate over the
course of treatment or rehabilitation.[4] When the injury is more serious and requires
surgery it can quickly become a distressing setback, an event often appraised as
impeding progress.
In the study of Freshwater (2017), psychological impact of an injury varies with
the involvement in sport. [5] The experience of severe injury brought negative affect
and retarded recovery. The author wants to prove that incapacitation for those who are
not involved in sport and exercise before injury may have much the same affective
impact as it does for those with considerable involvement. This suggests that it may
be important to assess affective reactions and perceived recovery during the re-entry
phase. Emotional or psychological impact in some athletes may also be related to
performance failure. When athletes sustain bodily injury associated with time loss
from their sport, they can suffer physically and emotionally with a decrease in their
quality of life.
Depending on unique athlete psychology, each will respond in a different way
exhibiting a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses (Wiese‐
Bjornstal, D. M. ,2010). Physical sport activity is beneficial to one’s well-being but
extreme sport may be harmful to one’s mental health. Stress and high incidence to
injury of elite level sport are vulnerable to mental illness. Moreover, injury,
competitive failure, ageing, retirement from sport and other psychosocial stressors,
precipitate depression in athletes.
Cited in the study of the Mental health Athletes of athletes, physical impacts of
sports were well-documented however study on the effects of sports injury in the
mental health of an athlete is limited. (Rice et. Al, 2016)[10] In the same way, a
concensus statement was concluded that sport injury occurrence in high‐intensity
sport is an adverse and stressful health event associated with a complex multitude of
risks, consequences and outcomes. [7](Wiese‐Bjornstal,D. M., 2010). Athletes
requiring surgery and a greater absence from participation in sport or physical activity
are at greater risk for experiencing lingering mental health concerns following their
physical recovery and should be encouraged to seek services from sport
psychologists.[11]
In the Philippines, sports injury prevention were given focus rather than the
impact to the athlete’s well-being. In a review of Ingles (2016) of the Sports law,
establishing a standard care in a sports competition were given an emphasis.[12] In
the same way, speed distance‐based classification system for injury prevention were
also established in the United States of America.[13] And lastly in the study of
injuries and training variables of Filipino Judo athletes by Maciejewski and Callanta
(2016) , the injury rate is not affected by the gender of an athlete. Furthermore the
results also revealed that concussions and abrasions is the most common sports injury
in judo.[14]

END NOTES
Empowering Filipino athletes and inspiring a culture of hard work and
perseverance. (July 13,2018). Business World. Retrieved from:
1
https://www.bworldonline.com/empowering-filipino-athletes-and-inspiring-a-
culture-of-hard-work-and-perseverance/
Maffulli, N., Longo, U. G., Gougoulias, N., Loppini, M., & Denaro, V. (2010).
2 Long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries. British journal of sports
medicine, 44(1), 21-25.
Janse van Rensburg, D. C., & Nolte, K. (2011). Sports injuries in adults:
3 overview of clinical examination and management. South African Family
Practice, 53(1), 21-27.
Abenza, L., Olmedilla, A., & Ortega, E. (2010). Efectos de las lesiónes sobre las
variables psicológicas en fubolistas juveniles [Effect of injuries on psychological
4
variables among under-19 soccer players.]. Revista Latinoamericana de
Psicología, 42, 265–277
Freshwater, S. (July 20,2017) .Psychological Impact of Physical Injury.
5 Retrieved from: https://spacioustherapy.com/psychological-impact-physical-
injury/
6 Ardern, C. L., Taylor, N. F., Feller, J. A., & Webster, K. E. (2013). A systematic
 review of the psychological factors associated with returning to sport following
injury. Br J Sports Med, 47(17), 1120-1126.
Wiese‐Bjornstal, D. M. (2010). Psychology and socioculture affect injury risk,
7 response, and recovery in high‐intensity athletes: a consensus
statement. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 103-111.
Hughes, L., & Leavey, G. (2012). Setting the bar: athletes and vulnerability to
8
mental illness. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 95-96.
Reardon CL, Factor RM. Sport psychiatry: a systematic review of diagnosis and
9
medical treatment of mental illness in athletes. Sports Med 2010; 40: 961–80
Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D., & Parker, A.
10 G. (2016). The mental health of elite athletes: a narrative systematic
review. Sports medicine, 46(9), 1333-1353.
Wolanin, A., Gross, M., & Hong, E. (2015). Depression in athletes: prevalence
11
and risk factors. Current sports medicine reports, 14(1), 56-60.
Ingles, I. M. D. (2016). Philippine Sports Torts: Adopting a Standard of Care for
12 Sports Competitions and Establishing Vicarious Liability for Professional
Coaches. Marq. Sports L. Rev., 27, 1.
Axe, M. J., Strube, M., Osinski, D., Andrews, J. R., & Snyder‐Mackler, L.
(2014). A SPEED DISTANCE‐BASED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR
13 INJURY PREVENTION AND RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL AND
DOMESTIC YOUTH BASEBALL PLAYERS. International journal of sports
physical therapy, 9(3), 346.
Maciejewski, R., & Callanta, H. (2016). Injuries and training variables in
14
Filipino judo athletes. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 8(1), 165-172.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Sports Injury Performance of

Athletes in Naga
 Severe City
 mild
 moderate

Effects to Athletes
in Naga City

 MENTAL
HEALTH

This study focuses on the impact of sports injury to the mental health of
athletes in Naga City bringing up one idea that sports injury whether it is severe,
moderate and simple, may affect the performance of the athletes in Naga City. It may
show manifestation of the effects of the injuries to the mental health of the athlete
whether it is simple or traumatic.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the methods and procedures that were used by the

researcher to undertake the study. It told about the research’s method, setting

and respondents of the study, research procedure, ethical considerations, and

summary.

Research Method

This study is a mixed-method of research, whereby the worthiness of

the study was carefully appraised. In which qualitative data were gathered

through a survey-questionnaire were administered in order to determine the a)

profile of the amateur Athletes in Naga City as to personal profile, field of

sports, kind of injuries experienced; b) effects of injuries to the amateur

athlete’s mental health in terms of behavior, emotional stability, and social

attributes. While quantitative data were gathered using five-point Likert scale

to determine the impact of sports injury to the mental health of athletes.

Setting and Respondents of the Study

The study was undertaken in Naga City, and the subject of the study

and targeted respondents were the 30 amateur athletes.

Research Procedure

The steps undertaken to conduct the research included the following :

(a) preparation of the research proposal, (b) preparation of the research

instrument, (c) validation of questionnaire, (d) administration and retrieval of

questionnaire, (e) statistical analysis and interpretation of data, and (f) report

writing and results presentation.

Preparation of research proposal. The research proposal that was

prepared include the first three chapters of this study. Highlighted in the

proposal were the research title, the background, and context of the study,

methodology and literature. The research proposal was subjected to evaluation

committee and suggestions given by the panel were followed.

Preparation of research instrument. The research instrument was

crafted to answer the problems stated in this study.

Administration and retrieval of the questionnaire. The

questionnaires were administered and retrieved personally by the researcher.

All targeted respondents were informed about the purpose and importance of

the study and that honest answers would serve well the study.

Statistical analysis and interpretation of data. The statistical

treatment included tallying, tabular and graphical presentation and statistical

computations using average weighted mean.

Weighted Mean. Weighted mean was used in determining the average

of the responses in each of the given questions. This was used to find a single

value out of the different results and in interpreting the data about a given

condition. The weighted mean of the test results was obtained using the

formula (Buenavente, 2013):

WM = ___Ʃ fx___
N

Where: WM is the weighted mean

 Ʃ fx is the summation of the product of the
frequencies and the weight of responses

F is the frequency

x is the weight

N is the total number of respondents

Report writing and results presentation. After statistical

computations, analysis, and interpretation of data, the results on the impact of
the sports injury to the mental health of the athletes were presented.
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data gathered from the questionnaire and the
findings after statistical tools were used in the treatment of these data.

I. Profile
Naga City athletes were one of the strong contenders in any sports event held in the
country. Based on table 1, 83.3 % of among amateur athletes interviewed are male
and 16.7% are female. In terms of age 53.3% are 20-22 year old, 33.3% are 16-19
year old and 13.3% are 23-25 year old. Mostly sports are dominated by boys and
some girls may have joined but still a large portion of the athletes are boys.
Table 1. Profile of the amateur athletes in Naga City

Profile Categories Frequency Percentage

Female 5 16.7
Gender
Male 25 83.3
23-25 4 13.3
Age 20-22 16 53.3
16-19 10 33.3

II. Fields of Sports

Filipinos are flexible and malleable. They can easily learn or adapt any sports they
wanted. Based from the results shown in figure 3 among the respondents 43%
played basketball, 17% played taekwando, 13% played volleyball, 7% played
karatedo , arnis and 3% played table tennis, futsal and badminton.

43%

17%
13%
7% 7%
3% 3% 3%

Figure 3. Field of Sports

 III. Injuries Experienced
A person playing sports is prone to injuries. Shown in Table 1 were the injuries
experienced by the respondents in playing sports. Ankle sprain with 28% athletes
among the respondents who experience this injury rank first in the sports injuries
acquired of amateur athletes in Naga City. Second in rank is the cramping muscles
with a 17% of respondents who acquired the injury while playing sports. Third is the
dislocated bone injury, this injury were acquired by 10% respondents.
Table 1. Injuries experienced of the Amateur athletes in Naga City
Severity Injuries Percentage Rank
Ankle Sprain 28% 1
Groin Pull 6% 5
MILD

Hamstring Strain 8% 4
Abrasion 3% 7
Cramping Muscles 17% 2
Runner's Knee 4% 6
Tendonitis 0%
MODERATE

Concussion 0%
Shin Splints 0%
Sciatica 8% 4
Bursitis 6% 5
Knee Injury 4% 6
Dislocated Bones 10% 3
SEVERE

Head Injury 0%
Fractures 3% 7
Neck Injuries 1% 8
Torn Rotator Cuff 3% 7

In terms of severity, ankle sprain and cramping muscles which is commonly

experienced by the athletes were only mild sports injury while dislocating a bone
while playing sports is categorized as a severe kind of injury.

IV. Effects of injuries to the amateur athlete’s mental health

Table 2. Behavior Impact of Sports Injury

WEIGHTED VERBAL
IMPACT
MEAN DESCRIPTION
1. Coping with the medication 3.7 AGREE

2. Work under pressure 4.43 AGREE

3. “bounce back” and overcome
4.33 AGREE
failure
4. Focus 4.03 AGREE
5. Unwillingness to participate 2.1 DISAGREE

6. Emotions is in check 3.93 AGREE

7. Nervous-wreck 3.33 NEUTRAL
8. Frustrated 2.8 NEUTRAL
Average 3.58

The 1st table shows the result of the status of mental health of the amateur athletes in Naga City
in terms of behavior after they encountered sports injury. The first question is under the neutral likert
scale, while numbers 2 to 4 is under the agree likert scale with different weighted mean. The numbers
5 and 6 are both under the neutral likert scale. In this table, it is clearly seen that most of the
respondents experienced an impact to their behavior after a sport injury because the result shows
that most of them had labeled agree on the likert scale.

Table 2. Emotional Stability Impact of Sports Injury

WEIGHTED VERBAL
IMPACT
MEAN DESCRIPTION
1. Seeking help from a psychologist/
2.7 NEUTRAL
psychiatrist

2.Immediate comeback 4.33 AGREE

3. Wanted rest 3.83 AGREE

4. Avoidance of upsetting matters 3.77 AGREE

5. Trouble concentrating on things 3 NEUTRAL

6. Stress-eating 3.5 NEUTRAL

Average 3.52

The second table shows the level of the mental health of the athletes with regard to the
emotional stability of an amateur athletes in Naga City. This shows that the weighted mean for
athletes who are coping with the medication is 3.70 which falls to agree in the likert scale. Same with
numbers 8 to 10 the weighted mean for each number falls to the likert scale: agree. The weighted
mean for the question about on not coming back to the sports fell under the scale of disagree.
Therefore, most of the players still wants to continue playing even they already experienced an injury.
Clearly, this table shows that most of the amateur athlete had no stable emotions after experiencing
sports injury.
Table 3. Social attributes

WEIGHTED VERBAL
IMPACT
MEAN DESCRIPTION
1.Jealous of other athletes playing 3.53 AGREE
2. Became aloof or snob 2.17 DISAGREE

3. Acquired new social relationships 3.4 NEUTRAL

4. Reach out to others 3.77 AGREE

5. Avoid social events 2.7 NEUTRAL
6. Against to be the center of
3.13 NEUTRAL
attraction
Average 3.12

The third table shows the status of the mental health of the amateur athletes regarding to their
social attributes after they encountered sports injury. The first question falls under the agree likert
scale with the weighted mean 3.53 which means most athletes were jealous of others playing,
question number two is under the disagree likerts scale with the weighted mean 2.17 which means no
one feels aloof or snob after experiencing sports injury, the third question having the weighted mean
of 3.40 falls to neutral likert scale, question number four is under agree likert scale and questions
number five and six fall under the neutral likert scale. In this table, the average of the weighted mean
for these questions resulted to neutral. It shows that the social attributes of an amateur athlete was
not affected that much.