930 IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, no.
3, May/June 1978
A CALCULATION METHOD FOR IMPULSE VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION
AND TRANSFERRED VOLTAGE IN TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
A. Miki T. Hosoya
Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd.
Ibaraki, Japan
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a calculation method for im-
pulse voltage distribution in the complex winding ar-
rangement encountered in large power transformers. This
method takes into account the electrostatic and elec-
tromagnetic combinations of windings, and, therefore,
permits a precise analysis of voltage response in the
windings to which an impulse voltage is applied and of
the transferred voltage in other windings to which an
impulse voltage is not applied directly.
The necessary multi-winding equivalent network is
made up by adding mutual inductance and capacitance
between windings to the equivalent networks of individ-
ual windings which are based on the traditional net-
work of a single winding. The multi-winding network is
marked by the precise subdivision of transformer wind-
ings according to the unit coil. A unit coil may be
defined as one pair of disk coils or one layer coil.
The results of experimental investigations in the
determination of winding constants and comparison be-
tween the calculated and measured impulse voltage re-
sponses for various types of transformers demonstrate
that this calculation method for impulse voltage dis-
tribution and transferred voltage in transformer wind-
ings can be applied to the transformer winding design
with satisfactory accuracy.
INTRODUCTION
The distribution of impulse voltage in transformer
windings has an important effect on the design of high
voltage transformers. In the past, this phenomena was
elucidated by theoretical analyses which assumed that
transformer windings have uniformly distributed capaci-
tance and inductance1. Calculations with this assump-
tion were not applicable to the transformer winding
design in practice.
After Lewis 2 proposed a ladder network having a
finite number of uniform sections for the transformer
winding, others advanced Lewis' studies and, using
digital computers, attempted numerical solutions for
a network having non-uniformly distributed winding con-
stants . Thus, calculation of impulse voltage dis-
tribution in a transformer winding having arbitrarily
selected winding constants became possible. This method
was very effective in obtaining the impulse voltage
distribution in a transformer winding in a very short
time and in having the flexibility necessary for design
work, as compared with experimental analyses using a
scale-model transformer6.
F 77 583-8. A paper recaurended and approved by
the IEEE Trensfor!rs Candittee of the IEEE Pcwer En-
gineering Society for presentation at the ITEEE PES
Sunrr Meeting, Mexico City, Mex., July 17-22, 1977.
Manuscript submitted January 28, 1977; made available
for printing April 6, 1977.
0018-9510/78/0500-0930$00.75 @ 1978 IEEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE. Downloaded on February 8, 2010 at 08:08 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
K. Okuyama
Kokubu Works, Hitachi, Ltd.
Ibaraki, Japan
However, recently higher voltage and larger capaci-
ty power systems have been developed, so that a greater
reliability of transformer windings against applied im-
pulse voltage is required. Therefore, a more precise
analysis of the impulse voltage distribution in trans-
former windings becomes important, in order to analyze
the voltage distribution in an impulsed winding, and in
order to predict transferred voltage in a non-im-
pulsed winding. The latter point is especially impor-
tant for two reasons. It is necessary to determine the
most suitable insulation composition and construction
features which take into account the secondary oscil-
lation in the winding facing the impulsed winding. And
secondly, it is necessary to optimize the insulation
coordination with other power apparatus which ar.e con-
nected to the non-impulsed winding. This means that a
calculation method for impulse voltage distribution in
multi windings must be established. An approach to this
problem was proposed by Fergestad and Henriksen7.
In this work, a more precise calculation method for
impulse voltage distribution in impulsed windings and
for transferred voltage in non-impulsed windings in
large power transformers which is directly applicable
to the routine design work of transformer winding insu-
lation is presented. The development of this method
was conducted through the following steps:
(1) to determine a precise multi-winding equivalent
network composed of such subdivided elements as one
pair of disk coils or one layer coil;
(2) to determine the appropriate value of inductance
of the transformer winding by systematically in-
vestigating whether the existence of an iron core
influences impulse voltage response;
(3) to determine the optimum calculation method for se-
ries capacitance by comparing measured impulse
voltage response with calculations obtained from
various calculation methods; and
(4) to verify the accuracy of the method for impulse
voltage distribution and for transferred voltage by
comparing the calculated and measured impulse volt-
age responses of various types of transformer wind-
ings.
EQUIVALENT NETWORK
Typical winding constructions used in core-type
transformers are shown in Fig. 1. In general, impulse
voltage distribution can be analyzed using a ladder
network which is composed of lumped constants such as
self and mutual inductances, series capacitance and ca-
pacitance to earth8. An equivalent network for a multi-
winding transformer can be established by using mutual-
inductance and capacitance between windings to combine
a few traditional networks with each other. This multi-
winding network must satisfy the following conditions
in order to determine the impulse voltage distribution
in each winding for various types of winding con-
"tructions.
(a) The network must be applicable not only to disk
type but also to layer type windings.

1 2
3 WINDING SPLIT WtJDING Au TRANs
931
Then one inductance element in the proposed equivalent
3 network represents one pair of coils in a disk winding
or one layer coil in a layer winding and each induc-
tance element is combined with a mutual inductance
of any other inductance element. This allows for a

DEUjDEI
more accurate representation of multi-winding trans-
DISK formers. Analysis of this network enables calculation
of the precise impulse voltage distribution in each
TYPE winding of multi-winding transformers. It also enables
calculation of the potential differences between wind-
LV MV HV TAP TAP HV LV HV LV MV W TAP ings facing each other which is of primary concern to
the design engineers in determining suitable insulation
construction of transformer windings and optimum in-
sulation coordination with other power apparatus. In
LAYER this network, damping of oscillation caused by copper
loss, core loss and dielectric loss is not taken into
account.
TYPE
LV MV HV TAP IA VHV LV MV HV NETWORK ANALYSIS
Assuming that [V] is a nodal voltage vector and [I]
a current vector through an inductance element, equa-
Fig. 1. Typical winding construction used in core type tions for a multi-winding equivalent network are obta-
transformers. ined in matrix form as follows.
d (1)
(b) The network must be suitable for analyzing impulse
voltage distribution in impulsed wiuidings and
(2)
transferred voltage in associated windings, taking [Bt [I] = -[E] d v(t) + [F] dd [V
into account the effects of other windings.
where [A] and [B] are the transformation matrices de-
(c) It must be possible to calculate precisely the termined by network conditions; [B]t is the transposed
voltages between adjacent coils in a winding and matrix of [B]; [M] is inductance matrix; [El and [F]
the voltages between windings facing each other. are capacitance matrices; and v(t) is applied voltage,
which is shown as
An example of an equivalent network for a trans-
former with three disk windings obtained under the
above conditions is shown in Fig. 2. This network has v(t) =V0(e -at-e -/Jt) : for full wave
(3)'
the feature that any node can be joined with any other v( t) =V0( e - t - e -#t) -V0(e - (t-t-) -e -6(( t-)
node in another winding network by the capacitance be-
tween the windings. Therefore, each winding in a
transformer can be subdivided into the arbitrary number : for chopped wave (4)
of elements.
and VO, a, VIo,y, 6, and to
S, are constants which de-
termine the shape of the wave.

Eliminating [I] from Eqs. (1) and (2), a linear

differential equation of the second order for [V] is
obtained as written in Eq. (5).

dt0 2 [VI -([PI dt2+ EQ] )v( t)-[ER] [VI

L.dt
(5)
where

[P]=[FI-1 [El

[Q]=[F]- I[ B]t [MI-' [A]

[R] = [F] -1 [B] ' [M]-' [B]

The initial conditions are given by Eq. (6).

mV
IRON

CORE
LV HV TANK
[V] =O (6)
dt [V] = p] dd v t)lt=(

Although Eq. (5) can be solved in various ways,

Fig. 2. Equivalent network of a multi-winding trans- Milne's method18, an iterative technique based on a
former. Ci = series capacitance, Gi= capacitance to numerical integration method is used in this paper be-
earth, Ki. = capacitance between windings, Li = self cause of its stability in solving large simultaneous
inductanc MN., = mutual inductance. equations of over one hundred unknown variables.
ij

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932
DETERMINATION OF WINDING CONSTANTS
Formulas to determine the winding constants have
already been proposed in a number of papers 9'13. But,
the calculation of exact inductance for the transfor- 10
~II6
mer winding is very difficult because of the non--line-
arity of the permeability of an iron core, and the cal- ~II
culation of series capacitance is also difficult be-
cause many capacitances which are continuously dis- PU. * PU.
tributed along the winding, such as capacitance between 1.0
turns or between coils, must be lumped together in cal-
culations. For these reasons a more precise investi-
gation in the determination of winding constants was
required.
o.o m 00
In this paper, more appropriate formulas for wind- 0 90 40 0 20 40
ing inductance are derived after the effect of an iron TIME-P S TIME-P S
core on impulse voltage distribution in transformer (a) WITH IRON COIIRE (b) WITHOUT IRON CORE
windings is examined through systematic experiments.
A formula which produces the optimum series capaci-
tance values is selected after comparing calculated and
measured voltage responses in several model windings. Fig. 3. Comparison of voltage responses in a winding
with and without an iron core when neutral is ground-
EFFECT OF IRON CORE ed.
In an ordinary lightning impulse voltage test, main
flux in the iron core will be cancelled by the flux
caused from a short-circuited non-impulsed winding, so
that only leakage flux contributes to impulse voltage
response in the windings. As a result, it has been as-
sumed that the inductance of a transformer winding with
an iron core was approximately similar to that of a
winding without an iron core,and that the impulse volt- 12
age distribution in transformer windings could be ana-
lyzed using the inductance values of a winding without PU. PU.
an iron core. But, in order to obtain accurately the 1.0 2.0
potential differences between coils and transferred
voltage in non-impulsed windings, it is necessary to 1.0
make clear the difference between the impulse voltage
response in windings with and without an iron core. 0.0
This is investigated systematically with various types 0.0
of model windings. 0 20 40 0 20 40
TIME-PS TIME- P S
A comparison between measured waveshapes of the im- (a) WITH IRON CORE (b) WITHOUT IRON CORE
pulse voltage response in a single winding with and
without an iron core made with the neutral terminal
grounded is shown in Fig. 3. The difference between
the voltage responses in two different conditions is Fig. 4. Comparison of voltage responses in a winding
negligible. On the other hand, a comparison made with with and without an iron core when neutral is iso-
the neutral terminal isolated is shown in Fig. 4. In lated.
this case, the voltage response in the winding with an
iron core is different from that in the winding without
an iron core. This seems to indicate that magnetic
flux exists in the iron core when the neutral terminal
is isolated. The damping effect caused by iron
keeps the peak value of the voltage response in
loss
the
winding with the iron core lower than that in the wind-
rio
ing without the iron core.
When an inner winding, such as a l.v. winding, is RU.
112
provided and is short-circuited, the voltage response 2.0
in an impulsed h.v. winding with an iron core is simi-
lar to that in the winding without an iron core, even
when the neutral terminal of the impulsed winding is 1.0
isolated, as shown in Fig. 5. Since the capacitance
distributions in both cases shown in Figs. 4 and 5, QO
either with or without iron cores, are approximately 0 20 40 0 20 40
same, the similarlity of voltage responses shown in TIME-PS TIME-PS
Figs.5(a) and (b) indicates that the magnetic flux in (a) WITH IRON CORE (b) WITHOUT IRON CORE
an iron core is cancelled by the short-circuited wind-
ing and the impulse voltage distribution is affected by
leakage flux through air.
Fig. 5. Comparison of voltage responses in a winding
A comparison between transferred voltages in a with and without an iron core when l.v. winding is
winding with and without an iron core is shown in Fig. short-circuited and neutral is isolated.
 933

WY
The above-mentioned results show that Impulse volt-
age distribution in transformer windings under the ter-
minal connections for an ordinary impulse voltage test
can be analyzed using the 'air' inductance without se-
I I3. rious error.
13~ Is CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE
2 3. 4 Formulas for the calculation of self inductances
PU. without an iron core are well known. They are appli-
1.0 cable to the calculation of impulse voltage distribu-
tion in any transformer windings.
1.
0.0 Mutual inductance between the coils which have any
cross-sectional size and shape must be calculated accu-
0 20 40 rately. Mutual inductance of two coaxial circular
PU PU. filaments of negligible cross-section as shown in Fig.7
020Q
0.2
0
is calculated with the following formulal .

PU.0 20 40 M22= k k)K(k)- E(k)|I (7)

1.0
where
/4ab
0.0 0.0 1/( -T b )2 yd 2

PU. 0 20 40
0.2 r l _ th0 is permeability in a vacuum, a, b, and d are
Q0o the dimensions shown in Fig. 7 and K(k) and E(k) are
the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second
kinds respectively. However, if a cross-section of a
0 20 40 0 20 40
TIME-IJS TIME-pS
(a) WITH IRON CORE (b) WITHOUT IRON CORE
Fig. 6. Comparison of transferred voltage in a wind-
ing with and without an iron core. A COIL
1. Neutral is grounded and secondary is isolated
2. Neutral and secondary are grounded d
3. Neutral and secondary are isolated
4. Neutral is isolated and secondary is grounded 8 COIL(-
6. A summary of this comparison i3 given by the fol-
lowing three ponts.

(1) When both terminals of the l.v. winding are ground- Fig. 7. Mutual inductance between two coaxial circu-
ed, the difference between the transferred voltages lar filaments.
in the windings with and without an iron core is
negligible, independent of whether the neutral ter-
minal of the h.v. winding is grounded or isolated.
(2) When both terminals of the l.v. winding are isolat-
ed and the neutral terminal of the h.v. winding is NO.1 COIL
grounded, the peak valves of transferred voltage
near the terminals of the l.v. winding with an
iron core tend to be slightly larger than those
in the winding without an iron core. But
this distinction is probably caused by the differ-
ence of capacitances to earth due to the elec-
trostatic fringing effect of a yoke, and not by the

fH-E-_-,1I.
difference in the inductances of windings with and
without an iron core. This is indicated from the
fact that the oscillation frequency of the trans- i
ferred voltage in the winding with an iron core is I
almost the same as that in the winding without an NO.2 COIL
iron core. I IjIm
(3) When both terminals of the l.v. winding and the
neutral terminal of the h.v. winding are isolated, CENTER LLNE
the difference between the transferred voltage in
the winding with and without an iron core increases
with increasing distance from the line terminal of
the h.v. winding. The peak values of transferred Fig. 8. Calculation method for mutual inductance be-
voltage in the winding with an iron core is smaller tween two coils of arbitrary cross-sectional size and
than that in the winding without an iron core. shape.
 934
coil is not negligible as shown in Fig. 8, mutual in-
ductance between No. 1 and No. 2 coils must be calcu- MEASURED
lated by sulmming the mutual inductance between small STEI NlO
elementsof No. 1 coil and of No. 2 coil. In Fig.8, No. -- J A YARAM19
1 coil is subdivided into m' x n' elements and No. 2 P. U.
coil is subdivided into m x n. Since the cross sec-
WALDVOGEL3
1.0
tion of each element is small, the mutual inductance
between the (k, Q) element of No. 1 coil and the (i, j)
element of No. 2 coil is written as follows. 0.5
I
1 -3
4
mNl
N2
M (k, i~, ) _'ao J.
(2-~ -k) K(k) _- E k (8)
-5
-6
0.0 1
7
0 2 4 6 8 10
where
k
(RP=
/4R1 I Rj
4(Ri Hki
)+ P.U.
(a )
T I M E- pS
N1 N2 0.2
z -I I

ml x n' and m x n are the number of turns in each I

-I
element of No. 1 and No. 2 coils respectively, and R., 0.0 -

R. and Hki are the dimensions shown in Fig. 8. 0 2 4 6 8 10

J ki
Consequently, summing Eq. (8) for all elements of (b) TIME - pS
No. 1 and No. 2 coils, mutual inductance between No. 1
and No. 2 coil can be written as follows.
N1 N2 in
2 2 Fig. 9. Comparison of voltage responses calculated by
M =,U
m n
-, E E N E T/R1Rj
, mn 1i=
Ij=k= 1= 1(--k)K(k)--2E(k)l
k (9) several calculation formulas for series capacitance.
r--
(a) The voltage to earth at section 2
where (b) The voltage across sections 1 and 2
k= /4R1 Rj
d(Rl+Rj)2+Hk~~~~~~~i
R2

Eq. (9) is available to calculate mutual inductance WINDING CONDUCTOR SHIELDING CONDUCTOR
between two coils which have any cross-sectional size
and shape. \ /
I
CALCULATION OF CAPACITANCE
El El 113 0 El 0 13 9
Series capacitance, capacitance to earth and capa- A COIL
citance between windings are necessary for the calcula-
tion of impulse voltage distribution in transformer 1 11311310111101
windings. Capacitance to earth and capacitance between
windings can be calculated as the capacitance
coaxial cylindrical electrodes.
between
0 13 El 0 0 13 0
B COIL
A method of calculation of series capacitance has
been proposed in several papers3, 9, 1 However, it is 1 1 El 113101010113
very difficult to obtain an exact value for series ca-
pacitance in a winding as described before. So, in this
paper, an optimum calculation method for series capaci-
tance is selected by comparing the voltage responses
calculated by using several proposed calculation for- Fig. 10. Cross section of disk coils with shielding
mulas for series capacitance with measured voltage re- conductors and connections.
sponse in several transformer windings. As shown in
Fig. 9, it results that Stein's formulal which calcu-
lates series capacitance by summing electrostatically
stored energy between turns and between coils of a VERIFICATION OF THE CALCULATION METHOD
unit coil , has sufficient accuracy for the estima-
tion of series capacitance in the calculation of im- IMPULSE VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION IN MULTI-WINDING
pulse voltage responses. TRANSFORMERS
In our practice, the high voltage disk winding of A comparison between calculated and measuresi volt-
power transformers has shielding conductors to improve age responses in various types of experimental models
its impulse voltage distribution. A typical and actual transformers was made.
disk winding with shielding conductors is shown in Fig.
10. Shielding conductors have an effect of making se- Fig. 11 shows a comparison between calculated and
ries capacitance of disk windings increase equivalent- measured impulse voltage distributions irn both h.v.
ly. Therefore, uniform impulse voltage distribution in winding to which an impulse voltage is applied and l.v.
h.v. windings can be easily accomplished by changing winding to which an impulse voltage is not directly ap-
the number of turns of shielding conductors or their plied. The winding in Fig. 11 is split in that the h.v.
connections s, 16 . The series capacitance of shielded winding is constructed of a series connection of 5 lay-
winding is mainly determined by the capacitance between er coils and 20 pairs of disk coils, and the l.v. wind-
shielding conductor and winding conductor, which can be ing of a series connection of 20 pairs of disk coils.
calculated as the capacitance between coaxial cylindri- This model aims to confirm the accuracy of calculation
cal electrodes. of impulse voltage distribution in such a complex

Authorized licensed use limited to: MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE. Downloaded on February 8, 2010 at 08:08 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 935
transformer winding arrangement. The results of the
calculations of impulse voltage response in the h.v.
winding and transferred voltage response in the l.v.
winding agree well with the measurements as shown in
Fig. 12.
5 5

Fig. 13 shows the calculated and measured wave-

shapes of voltage responses in a three-winding model
1.0 transformer composed of 60 pairs of disk coils.
HV LV HV

w
(D
1"- x x CALCULATED
- MEASURED
-J VOLTAGE TO EARTH
0

a
P.U.
o
1.0

5 10 Q5-

(a) o.o
30 40
TIME -PS TIME - &

P[] VI/L TAI. TO FADrTh P.U.

P.U.
02 0.5 ~4

0.0 0.0' 0 10 20 3 40
0 10 20 30 40
TIME- pj
0.0e25 30 35 4- ..
(a)
TIME - Ps
MEASURED (b) CALCULATED
SECTION NUMBER
( b) Fig. 13. Comparison of waveshapes of voltage to earth
in a winding of three disk winding construction.
Fig. 11. Full wave impulse voltage distribution in a
winding with secondary grounded.
(a) Impulse voltage distribution throughout the h.v.
winding Figs. 14-16 indicate good agreement between cal-
(b) Transferred voltage distribution throughout the culated and measured voltage responses in actual
l.v. winding multi-winding transformers under various conditions of
impulse voltage application.
The calculated peak values and oscillation frequen-
cies of impulse voltage responses in various types of
P.U. transformer windings agree with the measured ones
within ±15%. These good agreements demonstrate that
the calculation method in this paper can be used with
0.5 satisfactory accuracy for determining not only the
voltage distribution in impulsed windings, but also the
0.0 L .0 transferred voltage in non-impulsed windings, no matter
10 20 30 40
what the structural design of the multi-winding trans-
P.U TIME- uS P.U. TIME- pS
0.5 former.
0.5

0.0 ~`_vf~-
0 10 20 30
,o
40
Analysis of impulse voltage distribution in multi-
winding transformers is very important for insulation
I
TIME- pS design of transformer windings, because it now becomes
TIME -iS possible to predict the maximum potential difference
RU. eU
0.1[ between the windings facing each other, and consequ-
0.0 ently, to establish more suitable insulation construc-
_%_4\f_ tion features, especially between h.v. and l.v.
ings.
wind-

0 10 20 .10 .0
For instance, the maximum potential
TIME- pS
difference
between the h.v. and l.v. windings exceeds the ap-
TIME - pS
plied voltage as shown in Fig. 16, because the trans-
(a) MEASURED (b) CALCULATED ferred voltage at the midpoint of the l.v. winding os-
cillates when both terminals of the l.v. winding are
Fig. 12. Comparison of waveshapes of voltage to earth grounded. In this case, the potential difference comes
for the case shown in Fig. 11. up to 1.2 p.u. of the applied voltage.
 936

PU.
PU. 1.0 I

1.0
I

LU 0.8 10 II, ----- CALCULATED

0 7 MEASURED
LV MV HV
W 0.6 e10
I %
20 TIME-1IS
> 0.4 - CALCLATED
ME~WASURED
-02 - - I I IU
L0M
D 5 10 5 20 25 29
LV MV HV
SECTION NUMBER
(a)
I

Fig. 16. Maximum potential difference between windings

in a 262.5 kV transformer.
w
(a) The potential difference between sections U and
21 for 1 x 40 microsec full wave
0 (b) The potential difference between sections U and
21 for 1 x 40 microsec 3.5 microsec chopped wave
I-
-J
0

TRANSFERRED VOLTAGE IN A THREE-PHASE CONNECTION

Transferred voltage in non-impulsed windings is a
factor of significance for the insulation design of the
(b) winding itself. And transferred voltage in a three-
phase connection also becomes important in order to
achieve the optimum insulation coordination with other
power apparatus which are connected to the winding ter-
Fig. 14. Full wave impulse voltage distribution in a minals.
410 kV autotransformer.
(a) Throughout h.v. winding A three-phase connection for ordinary impulse volt-
(b) Throughout m.v. winding age tests is shown in Fig. 17 (a). Since the magnetic
linkage between the windings of different phases is ne-
gligible during an application of impulse voltage, it
can be assumed that the l.v. winding of non-impuilsed
phases is substituted for a parallel circuit wh1ich is
composed of one self inductance and one capacitance
PU. elements as shown in Fig. 17 (b).
r
II.v
I
Icr
w

01

-J
0 -CALCULATED
MEASURED

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
SECTION NUMBER (a) (b)

Fig. 15. Full wave impulse voltage distribution in a Fig. 17. Approximate calculation method for transfer-
262.5 kV transformer . red voltage in three phase. connection.

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 937
Therefore a three-phase equivalent network can be (2) In ordinary impulse voltage tests, impulse voltage
constructed by adding self inductance and capacitance response in transformer windings can be analyzed
to the terminals of a single phase network as shown in by using the inductances of a winding without an
Fig. 2. The transferred voltage for each phase can be iron core.
calculated by analyzing this network.
(3) A method of calculating mutual inductance between
For example, calculated results of transferred coils which have any cross sectional size and shape
voltage on the l.v. winding in a three-phase connection was developed.
are compared with measured transferred voltage in Figs.
18 and 19. The calculated, transferred voltages have a (4) Stein's series capacitance formula was confirmed as
similarity to the measured voltages in spite of the the optimum method from comparing measured impulse
lumping together the winding constants of non-impulsed voltage responses with the calculated values obta-
phases, so that the transferred voltage on the l.v. ined using that and several other well known for-
winding in a three-phase connection can be calculated mulas.
with the accuracy necessary for practical usage with
the above-mentioned equivalent network. (5) The calculated peak values and oscillation frequ-
encies of impulse voltage responses in various
types of transformer windings agree with the me-
asured ones within ±15%.
PU. u CALCULATED (6) Transferred voltage in a three-phase connection can
0.5- -~MEASURED be analyzed using the multi-winding network with
lumped self inductance and capacitance for non-im-
pulsed phases.
,0 . ° ° ,
0~~~~~
1

0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
u The authors wish to thank Mr. M. Moriyama and Mr.
0.2 w U _ _ S. Akimaru of Kokubu Works, Hitachi, Ltd., for their
0.0 _ support of this work, and Dr. Y. Kako, Mr. Y. Kamata
0 20\_40 60- and Mr. M. Higaki of Hitachi Research Laboratory,
TIME- P S Hitachi, Ltd., for their continued encouragement.
APPENDIX
Fig. 18. Transferred voltage in a three phase 275 kV
transformer. CALCULATION FORMULAS FOR INDUCTANCES 17
The self inductance of a disk coil (Fig. 20) is
calculated by Eq. (10).
CALCULATED L=,u, RN2(In 8R _2) ( 10)
-~MEASURED
where

7\, v In Rl=2 ln(a2 +b2 ) 2n( 1 2

U _0 _ u
-a22 bl+2)
+ 2a TYn~ 23b
3a aa-b
+2a 3bba1a
PU. %,,~
25
020 0 -0

20 40 6T
-I
80
U w
12
N is the number of turns in a pair of disk coils, and
~~~TIME- P S a, b, and R are the dimensions shown in Fig. 20.

Fig. 19. Transferred voltage in a three phase 275 kV

transformer.

CONCLUSIONS
A calculation method for the impulse voltage dis-
VA/X i a 4

tribution and the transferred voltage in transformer -a- b

windings was developed.
(1) An equivalent network of multi-winding transformers
was composed of self and mutual inductances, series Fig. 20. Disk coil with rectangular cross section.
capacitance, capacitance to earth and capacitance
between windings. The inductance in the network
represents one pair of disk coils or one layer
coil, and any node in the network was joined with
any other node by a capacitance between windings, The self inductance of a layer coil (Fig. 21) is
so that the precise impulse voltage response in calculated by Eq. (11).
multi-winding transformers can be calculated pre- L=,u,o KRN2 ( 11)
cisely, regardless of the winding constructions.

Authorized licensed use limited to: MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE. Downloaded on February 8, 2010 at 08:08 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 938
where works of the Type Representing Transformer and
Machine Windings", Proc. IEE, vol. 101, Pt. II,
2
K= 32 1 K(k) +(tan2
sina
a-l)E(k) -tan2 at 1954, pp. 541-553.

k= 1 [3] P. Waldvogel and R. Rouxel, "A New Method of Calcu-

4 2+R2 lating the Electric Stresses in a Winding Subjected
to a Surge Voltage", Brown Boveri Review, vol. 43,
No. 6, 1956, pp. 206-213.
2R
[4] J.H. McWhirter, C.D. Fahrnkopf and J.H. Steele,
N is the number of turns in one layer coil, and Q and R "Determination of Impulse Stresses within Trans-
are the dimensions shown in Fig. 21. former Windings by Computers", AIEE Trans., vol.
75, pt. III, 1957, pp. 1267-1279.
[5] B.M. Dent, E.R. Hartill and J.G. Miles, "A Method
of Analysis of Transformer Impulse Voltage Distri-
bution Using a Digital Computer", Proc. IEE, vol.
105, pt. A, 1958, pp. 445-459.
[6] P.A. Abetti, "Transformer Models for the Determi-
nation of Transient Voltages", AIEE Trans., 1953,
pp. 468-480.

[7] P.I. Fergestad and T. Henriksen, "Transient Oscil-

lations in Multiwinding Transformers", IEEE Trans.,
Fig. 21. Cross section of layer coil. vol. PAS-93, 1974, pp. 500-509.
[8] K. Okuyama, "A Numerical Analysis of Impulse Volt-
age Distribution in Transformer Windings", Elect.
The mutual inductance between layer coils which are Eng. Japan, vol. 87, No. 1, 1967, pp. 80-88.
arranged as shown in Fig. 22 is calculated by Eq. (12).
M°7(R N N2 R R31 2 [9] B.N. Jayaram., "Bestimmung der Stosspannungsverte
Lung in Transformatoren mit Digitalrechner", ETZ-A
2d T~~3-)I (12)
Heft 1, 1961, pp. 1-9.
where
12I [10] G.M. Stein, "A Study of Initial Surge Distribution
d:= 4 2+ in Concentric Transformer Windings", IEEE Trans.,
vol. PAS-83, 1964, pp. 877-893.
N1 and N2 are the number of turns in No. 1 and No. 2
layer coils respectively and Qi, k2, R1 and R2 are the [11] P.I. Fergestad and T. Henriksen, "Inductances for
dimensions shown in Fig. 22. the Calculation of Transient Oscillations in Trans-
formers", IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-93, 1974, pp. 510-
517.
[12] K.A. Wirgau, "Inductance Calculation of an Air-Core
Disk Winding", IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-95, 1976, pp.
394-400.
[13] M.F. Beavers, J.E. Holcomb, L.C. Leoni, "Magnetisa-
tion of Transformer Cores during Impulse Testing",
AIEE Trans., vol. 74, pt. III, 1955, pp. 118-124.

[14] J.C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magne-

tism, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1904.
[15] K. Okuyama, "Effect of Series Capacitance on Im-
Fig. 22. Disposition of coaxial layer coils. pulse Voltage Distribution in Transformer Wind-
ings", Elect. Eng. Japan, vol. 87, No. 12, 196 7,
pp. 27-34.

REFERENCES [16] K.Okuyama, United States Patent, No. 3,691,494

[1] R. Rudenberg, "Performance of Travelling Waves in [17] A. Gray, Absolute Measurements in Electricity and
Coils and Windings", AIEE Trans., vol. 59, 1940, Magnetism, Macmillian and Co. Ltd., 1921.
pp. 1031-1040.
[18] K.S. Kunz, Numerical Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book
[2] T.J. Lewis, "The Transient Behavior of Ladder Net- Company, Inc., 1957.

Authorized licensed use limited to: MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE. Downloaded on February 8, 2010 at 08:08 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Discussion
J. H. McWhirter (Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, PA): The
work reported in the paper by Mr. Miki and his co-authors is well done
and quite interesting. I am particularly interested in their experience
regarding the effect of the iron core. This experience is consistent with
the analysis reported by my co-authors and me in [4]. Our approach
is also suitable for the analysis of multi-winding transformers and the
calculation of induced voltages. Although our approach resolves many
difficulties and inconsistencies, it appears not to be understood in the
industry.
I will discuss the inductance aspect of the problem first in a
manner which is not inconsistent with the treatment by Mr. Miki, but
may differ in viewpoint or emphasis. Finally, I restate the computa-
tional approach used in [4] which I believe is more accurate than that
used by Mr. Miki, as well as essentially all other investigators of this
subject.
The keys to the analysis are the experimental facts that
1) Under most conditions, the transient response is the same whether
or not the core is present during the experiment.
2) Under some other conditions, notably voltages induced from one
winding into another, the experimental response will depend upon
the presence or absence of the core.
How can the first result be true? We consider the explanation that
the self and mutual inductances are unaffected by the core. Such a
suggestion is, obviously, ridiculous at 60 Hz, as the self and mutual
inductances associated with a winding or a part of a winding (all other
windings or parts of windings being open-circuited, of course) will
increase by several orders of magnitude when the core is inserted. This
is the purpose of the core. For rapid impulses, I believe that the self
and mutual inductances are similarly affected by the core. This has
been demonstrated by calculation of flux penetration into the lamina-
tions and, also, by direct experimental determination of the inductance
parameters.
A better explanation of 1) is
(a) If there is an iron core present, the ampere turns under transient
conditions will add to zero for the same reasons that they add to
zero in a transformer operating at 60 Hz.
(b) If there is no iron core but all the involved turns are closely
coupled because of proximity, the ampere turns may again be
approximated as adding to zero.
In either (a) or (b), the concept of leakage inductance is logically
introduced and the inductive part of the model can be treated as was
done in reference [4]. In order to explain the experimental results,
it is necessary to add one additional observation:
(c) The leakage inductance values are affected only to a small degree
(say, 10%) by the presence of the iron core.
in the cases where the presence of the core does affect the impulse
distribution, I suggest that the coils largely involved are not closely
coupled in the air core case, and it is not valid to assume that the
ampere turns add to zero. When the iron core is added, the ampere
turns will again add to zero and the experimental results will differ
from the air core case. It still may be valid to calculate the iron core
leakage inductances from air core values and use these values for a
calculation which is based on the use of leakage inductances. It may
be very inaccurate to use these same inductance values in an analysis
which directly uses air core self and mutual inductances and where the
ampere turns are not required to sum to zero.
Most or all of the above does not seem inconsistent with the
viewpoint of Mr. Miki and, also, that of Fergestad and Henriksen [7].
My final point is a suggestion which, I believe, will simplify and im-
prove the accuracy of the calculations. This suggestion is: calculate
leakage inductances directly and use them in the matrix form of re-
ference [4].
If we can agree that the leakage inductances are the important
parameters whether we use them directly or indirectly, their direct
Manuscript received October 27, 1977.
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939
calculation is likely to be more accurate. To illustrate this point,
suppose that a leakage inductance is ideally calculated as
L2=LI +L2-2M12= 100+ 100-2x95= 10
In the actual calculation, errors are introduced in the calculations
of the self and mutual inductances so that the calculation may proceed
as
105+ 105-2x90=30
The error is 200o. On the other hand, it is usually possible to
make a direct calculation of leakage inductance using simple formulae
which are accurate to well within, say, 20% which may be sufficient.
The example, the leakage inductances between coils 1 and 2 of Fig. 8
could be calculated directly. This comparison involves a well known
point of computational accuracy when large numbers are differenced
to give a relatively small result.
The mathematics of this approach are in reference [4]. It is un-
fortunate that some of the matrix equations of Appendix I are mis-
printed. However, knowing this, it may be possible for the reader to
follow the derivations and make the necessary corrections.
It would be of interest for Mr. Miki to comment on these ideas
in the light of his extensive experience and understanding of the im-
pulse distribution phenomenon.
A. Miki, T. Hosoya, and K. Okuyama: The authors greatly appreciate
the comment of Mr. McWhirter. His method of determining impulse
voltage distributions in [4] is based on the assumption of infinite core
permeability under impulse conditions. He stated it in two parts:
1. The summation of ampere-turns around a magnetic circuit is
zero.
2. The leakage flux paths and magnitudes are the same under
impulse conditions as they are at low frequencies.
In order to investigate the core effect, we measured the transientl
responses under various conditions. These results show that in ordinary
impulse voltage tests, transient responses are the same whether the core
is present or not (See Figs. 3,5, and 6). This fact means that the tran-
sient response in transformer windings can be analyzed by using air
core self and mutual inductances neglecting the iron core.
Fergestad and Henriksen analyzed the transient response as-
suming the relative permeability of the core is about 60 in [ 11].
For the analysis of transient phenomenon in transformer wind-
ings, there are various calculation methods and the most suitable wind-
ing constants to be used in each method according to the winding con-
nections, the conditions of impulse voltage application, and the loca-
tions to be analyzed in the windings. Even if the different winding
constants are selected for each calculation method, each method may
be considered to be correct in the case when it give sufficient results.
Our study presented in the paper showed that under most condi-
tions, the transient responses in the windings can be calculated by using
air core self and mutual inductances with satisfactory accuracy. But
there is also the fact this method can not give sufficient results under
some other conditions.
For these conditions the winding constants have to be estimated
by precise magnetic field analysis taking into account the permeability
characteristics of the core, and the core loss has to be introduced in
the calculation method. Although it is evident that these problems
require us to spend a considerable amount of time and effort, we wish
to continue further study.
Manuscript received October 27, 1977.