Book Review of Communication System by Roy Blake

Book Review of Communication System Communication System By: Roy Blake
Rizal Technological University

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology
Boni Ave. Mandaluyong City
In partial fulfillment of
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
In Review of ESAT:
Book Review of
Communication System 2nd Edition
By: Roy Blake
Prepared By:
Rubi Gelynne Mae L.

Bayubay Jennifer T.
Sto. Domingo Selina Nicole P.
Fajutag Sheila Marie A.
Oxina Danny N.
Submitted to:
Engr. Jaime P. Licuanan PECE, ACPE
September 4, 2019
Book Review
Of
Communication System
2nd Edition of Roy Blake
By: Gelynne Mae L. Rubi

Chapter 1: ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Definition Terms
 When did the first practical electric communication
began? 1837
 It was the first electric communication to be Morse telegraph system

commercially successful.
 It converts the electrical signal into sound that could sounder

be perceived by the operator?
 Telegraph cables were run under water in the 1866

beginning of that year.
 By ____, there were twelve transatlantic cables in 1898

operation.
 Voice communication by electrical means began telephone

with this invention.
 When was the first transatlantic communication by 1901

radio?
 Who accomplished the first transatlantic

communication? Guglielmo Marconi
 When the regular radio broadcasting did began?

1920
 It was one of the first applications of electrical

technology. Communications
 It contains frequencies from about 300 Hz to 3 kHz.

analog voice signals
 Needs frequency range of approximately 20 Hz to 20

KHz. analog high-fidelity music
 This signal can be analog or digital.

source
 It can carry the information signal directly.

channel
 This carrier wave will be altered by the information

signal in such a way that the information can be modulating signal
recovered at the destination.
 The carrier frequency is generally much higher than
that of the information signal, the frequency Baseband
spectrum of the info signal is called?
 The three are equivalent in communication schemes
involving modulated carriers information signal, modulating signal,
baseband
Definition Terms
 It takes place at the receiver to restore the original
baseband signal. demodulation or detection.
 It is used to refer to the combining of two or more

information signals. multiplexing
 It is the division of the available frequency range

among the signals. frequency-division multiplexing
 The entire bandwidth is used for each signal, but

only for a small part of the time. time-division multiplexing
 Frequency from 3 MHz to 30 MHz and also known

as short waves. high frequency signal
 Sometimes called as long waves.

low frequency signal
 Any other changes in the baseband signal which has

a rupting effect in the signal. distortion
 Harmonics of some of the baseband components

are added to the original signal. harmonic distortion
 Additional frequency components generated by

mixing the freq. components in the original signal. intermodulation signal
 Some baseband components are amplified more

than the others. nonlinear frequency response
 Phase shift between components of the signal.

nonlinear phase response
 If more than one signal uses the same transmission

medium, the signals may interact with each other. interference
 A representation of a signal's power as a function of

frequency. frequency domain
 It gives a frequency-domain representation of

signals. spectrum analyzer
 Any well-behaved periodic waveform can be

represented as a series of sine and/or cosine waves Fourier series
at multiples of its fundamental frequency plus a dc
off-set.
 Who discovered Fourier Series in the course of
research on heat conduction. Joseph Fourier
 It consists of undesired, usually random, variations

that interfere with the desired signals and inhibit noise
communication.
Definition Terms
 This noise is generated by equipment that produces
sparks. equipment noise
 It is often called static because lightning is a

principal source of this type of noise. atmospheric noise
 A way to improve communication by simply disabling

the receiver for the duration of the burst. noise blanking
 When heavenly bodies emit radiation and its

intensity is received by the earth. space noise
 This noise is generated in all electronic equipment. internal noise
 It is produced by the random motion of electrons in a

conductor due to heat. thermal noise or white noise
 The only way to reduce thermal noise is to decrease

the temperature or the bandwidth of the circuit. cryogenics
 This type of noise has a power spectrum that

resembles that of a thermal noise. shot noise
 Is the time a charge carrier spends in the device. transmit time
 Is similar to shot noise but only occurs in devices partition noise

where a single current separates into two or more
paths.
 It is also called flicker noise or pink noise because excess noise
there is proportionately more energy at the low
frequency end of spectrum than with white noise.
 This high-frequency noise occurs when the time transmit-time noise
taken by charge carries may diffuse back across the
junction.
 Is one of the most important specifications of any signal-to-noise ratio
communication system
 Is a figure of merit, indicating how much component noise figure

degrades the signal-to-noise ratio.
 Is another way of specifying the noise performance
of a device equivalent noise temperature
 It sets either the center frequency of the sweep or frequency control

the frequency at which it begins.
 It adjusts the range of frequencies on the display. span control
 Adjusts the filter bandwidth at the 3 dB points. bandwidth control
 It is the fourth major adjustment so that the
amplitudes are measured with respect to a reference reference level control
level at the top of the display.
 It used to reduce strong signals to a level that can be attenuator
handled by the input mixer.
Chapter 2: RADIO-FREQUENCY CIRCUITS
Definition Terms
 It is a point where the two reactance are equal and the self-resonant circuit
capacitor becomes a series-resonant circuit.
 It is another way to reduce interactions between shielding
components.
 A length of solid insulated hookup wire will be seen,
connected at only one end, it provides a small capacitance to gimmick
ground that is adjusted during circuit alignment.
 Removal of an unwanted signal by providing a low- bypassing
impedance path to ground.
 It reduces the gain of the circuit at high frequencies by Miller effect
feeding back some of the output signal to the input.
 Are rare in low frequency applications but quite common at common-base amplifiers
radio frequencies.
 The amplifiers used for the baseband part of the system. wideband amplifiers
 Amplifiers are classified according to the portion of the input conduction angle
cycle during which the active device conducts current.
 These are generally operated in Class A, where the
transistor conducts current at all times for a conduction angle single-ended audio amplifiers
of 360.
 It can be linear if at least one of the two transistors is push-pull amplifiers
conducting at all times.
 Most audio power amplifiers use this which is a compromise Class AB
between Class A and Class B.
 This amplifier class conducts for less than 180 of the input Class C
cycle.
 It is accomplished by deliberately feeding back a portion of
the output signal to the input in such a way that it has the neutralization
same amplitude as the unwanted feedback but the opposite
phase.
 It operates at lower efficiencies than straight-through frequency multipliers
amplifiers, they are used at low power levels.
 Most multipliers operate at second or third harmonic of the doublers or triplers
input frequency and are known as?
 It can be used in cascade if greater multiplication is required. multipliers
 Any amplifier can be made to oscillate if a portion of the
output is fed back to the input in such a way that the Barkhausen criteria
following criteria are satisfied.
 A gain will be usually be less than 1, and only part of the feedback fraction
output will be fed back to the input.
 This oscillator type can be recognized by its use f a tapped Hartley oscillator
inductor, part of a resonant circuit, to provide feedback.
 It uses a capacitive voltage divider instead of a tapped Colpitt’s oscillator
inductor to provide feedback.
 It is a variation of the Colpitt’s circuit, designed to swamp Clapp oscillator
device capacitances for greater stability.
 Inductors are typically tuned by moving a ferrite core into or slug tuning
out of the coil.
Chapter 2: RADIO-FREQUENCY CIRCUITS
Definition Terms
 A reverse biased diode used as a voltage variable varactors
capacitor.
 It achieve greater stability by using a small slab of quartz as crystal oscillator
a mechanical resonator, in place of an LC tuned circuit.
 Quartz is a __________ material, deforming it mechanically
causes the crystal to generate a voltage, and applying a piezo material
voltage to the crystal causes it to deform.
 It uses the crystal in place of the inductor in a series- Pierce circuit
resonant consisting of C1, C2 and a crystal.
 The frequency of a crystal oscillator can be adjusted slight variable crystal oscillator
by placing a variable capacitance in series or in parallel with
a crystal, depending on the type of circuit.
 Is a nonlinear circuit that combines two signals is such a
way as to produce the sum and difference of the two input mixer
frequencies at the output.
 It produces only the two input signal frequencies. linear summing
 When input contains two different frequencies, we get cross intermodulation distortion
products that are not wanted.
 Is the simplest to understand mathematically, and it closely square-law mixers
models the actual performance of mixers using FETs.
 Is one in which the input frequencies do not appear at the balanced mixer
output.
 It is the basis of practically all modern synthesizer design. phase-locked loop (PLL)
 That is the frequency at which it operates when the control free-running frequency
voltage is zero.
 The range over which the reference frequency can be capture range
varied and still achieve phase lock
 The total frequency range within which lock, once achieved, lock range
can be maintained.
 The minimum frequency step is called. resolution
 This is a divider that can be programmed to divide by either pre-scaler

of two consecutive integers.
 The movement of a block of frequencies. frequency translation
 An artificial ground, often consisting of an area of foil left on ground plane

one side of a circuit board.
Chapter 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Definition Terms
 A modulation scheme in which the amplitude of a
high frequency signal is varied in accordance with amplitude modulation
the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal.
 It produces a signal with an envelope that closely
resembles the original information signal. full-carrier amplitude modulation
 The curve produced by joining the tips of the

individual RF cycles of a modulated wave. envelope
 The higher-frequency signal that is combined with an

information signal to produce the modulated carrier
waveform.
 Measure of the extent of modulation of a signal. modulation index
 When modulation index is greater than 1. overmodulation
 Seldom used to transmit sine waves. AM systems
 Is one of the most important characteristics of any signal bandwidth

modulation scheme.
 It is the easiest way to look at the power in an AM frequency domain

signal.
 The power measured at modulation peaks in an AM

or single-sideband signal. peak envelope power (PEP)
 Recovery of the two information signals requires

_______________ using two balanced synchronous detection
demodulators.
 Transmission of two separate information signals
using two amplitude-modulated carriers at the same Quadrature AM
frequency but differing in phase by 90.
 A signal component in a modulated signal, at a side frequency
frequency different from that of the carrier.
 All of the side frequencies to one side of the carrier
frequency. sideband
 Any AM scheme in which only one of the two

sidebands is transmitted. single-sideband (SSB)
 An AM signal in which the carrier-frequency

component is eliminated and only one or both suppressed-carrier signal
sidebands are transmitted.
 Colloquial term used to describe additional side
frequencies produced by overmodulation or splatter
distortion in an AM system.
 A signal consisting of two audio frequencies, not
harmonically related, used to test single-sideband two-tone test signals
transmitters.
Chapter 4: ANGLE MODULATION
Definition Terms
 A general term that includes frequency and phase angle modulation
modulation.
 Changing of the amplitude of a sine wave generated sidebands / side frequencies
extra frequencies.
 The deviation that is proportional to the amplitude of linear modulation
the modulating signal .
 The ability of an FM receiver to receive the stronger capture effect
of two signals, ignoring the weaker.
 The frequency of a signal before modulation is
applied; in contrast to AM signals, the power carrier frequency
transmitted at the carrier frequency varies with
modulation for an FM signal.
 It is the phase shift, rather than the frequency phase modulation
deviation, that is proportional to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal.
 Use of low-pass filter in a receiver to remove the de-emphasis
effect of pre-emphasis on the frequency response.
 The amount by which the frequency of an FM signal frequency deviation
shifts to each side of the carrier frequency.
 In FM and PM, the peak amount in radians by which modulation index
the phase of a signal deviates from its resting value.
 FM with a relatively low modulation index narrowband FM
 Use of high-pass filter in an FM transmitter to
improve the signal-to-noise ratio; always used with pre-emphasis
de-emphasis at the receiver.
 The frequency of the unmodulated carrier of an FM rest frequency
signal; a synonym for carrier frequency.
 A secondary carrier that can carry an additional
modulating signal and is itself modulated onto the subcarrier
main carrier.
 The noise-reduction effect that occurs with strong threshold effect
FM signals.
 FM with a relatively large modulation index. wideband FM
 It is the representation of normalized voltages for the
various frequency components of an FM or PM
signal, that is, the numbers in the tables represent Bessel function
actual voltages if the unmodulated carrier has an
amplitude of 1V.
 What type of amplifier does FM transmitter use? Class C
 To generate the carrier frequency and to apply the use voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
modulating signal to the oscillator what method
should be use?
 The peak phase deviation, in radians, is defined as? phase modulation index
 The baseband signal is passed through a low-pass
filter with frequency response shown and is often integrator
referred as?
 There is an approximation that can be used to find Carson's rule
the bandwidth of an FM signal.
Chapter 5: FM TRANSMITTERS
Definition Terms
 Is required to amplify the very small signal from a audio circuitry
microphone to a sufficient level to modulate the
transmitter.
 A scheme for keeping a transmitter or receiver tuned automatic frequency control (AFC)
to the correct frequency.
 A circuit for keeping the amplitude of a signal within automatic-level control (ALC)
prescribed limits
 An amplifier stage used to isolate two other stages buffer
from each other.
 The accuracy and stability of the transmitter carrier oscillator
frequency are essentially fixed by?
 Change of carrier amplitude with modulation in an carrier shift
AM transmitter.
 System that provides more gain for low-level than for compression
higher-level signals.
 Any system that generates FM without using phase direct FM
modulation.
 Device that allows a signal moving along a directional coupler
transmission line in one direction to be measured.
 Amplifier which supplies the required input signal driver
power for a power amplifier.
 A noninductive power resistor used to simulate an dummy load
antenna.
 Ratio of time on to total time. duty cycle
 Ratio between largest and smallest signals at a point dynamic range
in a system.
 The part of a transmitter that operates at low power exciter
levels.
 Ability of a transmitter to tune rapidly from one frequency agility
operating frequency to another.
 Is a "mature technology" but it is still in widespread Full carrier FM
use.
 Amplitude modulation of the output element of the high-level modulation
output stage of a transmitter.
 Any method that generates FM using a phase indirect FM
modulator and an integrator.
 Transmitter power amplifier stage immediately intermediate power amplifier (IPA)
before the output stage.
 Modulation of a transmitter at any point before the low-level modulation
output element of the output stage.
 Oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a binary numerically-controlled oscillator
number written to an internal register.
 Ratio of the power output of a device to the total overall efficiency
power required from its power supply.
 Absence of spurious signals in the output of a spectral purity
transmitter
 Any emission from a transmitter other than the spurious signals
carrier and sidebands required by the modulation
scheme in use.
Book Review
Of
By: Jennifer T Bayubay

Chapter 6: RECIEVERS
Definition Terms
 The communications channel immediately above or below Adjacent Channel
the desired channel in frequency.
 Another way of specifying selectivity; it is commonly used Adjacent Channel Rejection
with channelized systems.
 The next communications channel beyond the adjacent Alternate Channel
channel.
 Also used in systems, such as FM broadcasting, where
stations in the same locality are not assigned to adjacent Alternate Channel Rejection
channels.
 Another type of dynamic range which is essentially the Audio Dynamic Range
usable range of modulation depth with a given carrier level.
 A combined mixer and local oscillator that uses one Autodyne Converter
transistor or tube for both.
 A circuit to adjust the gain of a system in accordance with Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
the input signal strength.
 Reduction of gain for a weak signal due to a strong signal Blocking
close to it in frequency.
 A bandpass filter using piezoelectric ceramic elements. Ceramic Filter
 A combination of a mixer and a local oscillator that is used to Converter

move a signal from one frequency to another.
 A bandpass filter that uses piezoelectric quartz elements. Crystal Filter
 Circuit to recover the baseband signal from a modulated Demodulator

signal.
 Another name for demodulator. Detector
 Specialized microprocessor designed to perform arithmetic Digital Signal Processor
operations on digitized communication signals.
 Any detector for FM or PM signals. Discriminator
 It used to described the same phenomenon as image Double-Spotting

response, but seen from a different point of view.
 The ration between two signals levels and expressed in Dynamic Range
decibels.
 An AM demodulator that works by rectifying the signal and Envelope Detector
low-pass filtering the result.
 A coil wound around a ferrite rod. Ferrite Loopstick
 The first stage of a receiver. Front End
 The most two-way radio schemes. Full-Duplex
 The station transmits and receives alternately. Half-Duplex

 A type of distortion that occurs when the frequencies
generated are multiples of those in the original modulating Harmonic Distortion
signal.
 Application to a mixer of a signal from a local oscillator that High-Side Injection
operates at a frequency above that of the incoming signal.
 In a frequency converter, a second input frequency that Image Frequency
produces the same ouput frequency.
 The ratio of voltage gain at the input frequency to which the Image Rejection
receiver is tuned to gain at the image frrequency.
Chapter 6: RECIEVERS
Definition Terms
 A frequency to which a signal shifted as an intermediate step Intermediate Frequency (IF)
in reception or transmission.
 A type of distortion that takes place when frequency Intermodulation
components in the original signal mix in a nonlinear device,
creating sum and difference frequencies.
 An oscillator used in conjuction with a mixer to shift a signal Local Oscillator
to a different frequency.
 Application to a mixer of a signal from a local oscillator that Low-Side Injection
operates at a frequency below that of the incoming signal.
 A bandpass filter that uses mechanical resonators. Mechanical Filter
 A type of filter that can be tuned to the frequency of the Notch Filter
interfering carrier, greatly attenuating it and avoiding the
audible whistle.
 Low-level carrier signal transmitted to facilitate regeneration Pilot Carrier
of the carrier at the receiver.
 A detector for suppressed-carrier AM signals that works by Product Detector
multiplying the signal with a regenerated carrier.
 The strength of an unmodulated carrier that reduces the Quieting Sensitivity
noise output of an FM receiver by a specified amount.
 FM detector that is based on a 90-degree phase-shift Quadrature Detector
network.
 A type of FM detector. Ratio Detector
 Ratio of signal-plus-noise and distortion to noise-plus- SINAD
distortion (closely related to signal-to-noise ratio).
 A meter on a receiver that indicates the strength of the S-Meter
received signal.
 The ability of a receiver to reject signals of frequencies other Selectivity
than the frequency to which the receiver is tuned.
 The ability of a receiver to receive weak signals with a Sensitivity
satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio.
 For a bandpass filter, the ratio between the bandwidths for Shape Factor
two specified amounts of attenuation.
 A type of troubleshooting when the object is to follow the
signal through the receiver and see where it disappears or Signal Tracing
becomes severely distorted.
 Reduction in effective cross-sectional area of a conductor Skin Effect
with increasing frequency.
 Reception of signals at frequencies other than that to which Spurious Response
a reciever is tuned.
 A system that disables the output of a receiver in the Squelch
absence of a suitable signal.
 A reciever in which the signal is moved, using a mixer, to an Superheterodyne Receiver
intermediate frequency before demodulation.
 A filter that uses acoustic waves on the surface of a Surface-Acoustic-Wave (SAW) Filter
substrate to achieve the desired response.
 A transmitter and a receiver in the same box. Transceivers
 Adjustment of two or more tuned circuits so that they can be Tracking
tuned simultaneously with one adjustment.
 A reciever in which the signal is amplified at its original Tuned-Radio-Frequency (TRF)
frequency before demodulation. Receiver
 The FM signal strength with defined deviation, required to Usable Sensitivity
produce a specified SINAD in a receiver.
Chapter 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Definition Terms
 Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when coding Aliasing
an analog signal for digital transmission.
 A data code that uses both polarities of voltage or current. Bipolar Code
 Device that converts sampled analog signal to and from its PCM Codec (Coder-Decoder)
or delta modulation equivalent.
 Conversion of a sampled analog signal into a PCM or delta Coding
modulation bitstream.
 Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at Companding
the receiver of a communications system.
 Amplification of a signal in such a way that there is less gain for Compression
higher0level input signals than for lower-level input signals.
 Conversion of a PCM or delta modulation bitstream to analog Decoding
samples.
 A coding scheme that records the change in signal level since the Delta Modulation
previous sample.
 Filtering of signals by converting them to digital form, performing
arithmetic operations on the data bits, then converting back to Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
analog form.
 Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and-hold circuit, Flat-Topped Sampling
such that the sample has the same amplitude for its whole
duration.
 Another name for aliasing. Foldover Distortion
 Bits added to a digital signal to help the receiver to detect the Framing Bits
beginning and end of data frames.
 A system for translating logic ones and zero into voltage or current Line Code
levels for transmission.
 The mathematical process used to generate the filter parameters Linear Predictive Coder
from an analysis of the voice signal.
 A type of bi-phase code, every bit has a level transition in the Manchester Code
center of the bit period.
 A combination of modulator-demodulator. Modem
 Sampling of an analog signal, so that the sample amplitude Natural Sampling

follows that of the original signal for the duration of the sample.
 A logic system in which a low level represents logic one and a Negative Logic
high level represents logic zero.
 A data line code in which the voltage or current does not NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero)
necessarily return to zero between bits.
 A logic system in which a high level represents logic one and a Positive Logic
low level represents logic zero.
 A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each pulse represents Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
the amplitude of the information signal at a given time. (PAM)
 A series of pulse, in which the amplitude of the information signal Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)
at a given time is coded as a binary number.
 A series of pulses, in which the duration of each pulse represents Pulse-Duration Modulation (PDM)
the amplitude of the information signal at a given time.
 A series of pulses, in which the timing of each pulse represents Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM)
the amplitude of the information signal at a given time.
 Another term for Pulse-Duration Modulation (PDM). Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
Chapter 7: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Definition Terms
 Representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a
number of discrete values. Quantizing
 Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a continuously

varying quantity as one of a number of discrete values. Quantizing Errors
 Another name for quantizing errors.

Quantizing Noise
 A device that decodes and recodes a digital signal s well as

amplifying it. Regenerative Repeater
 Method of data compression by encoding the length of a string of

ones or zeros instead of transmitting all the one or zero bits Run-Length Encoding
individually.
 A line code in which the voltage or current returns to zero at the
end of each bit period. RZ (Return-to-Zero)
 A device that detects the amplitude of an input signal at a

particular time called the sampling time and maintains its output at Sample-and-Hold Circuit
or near the amplitude until the next sampling time.
 A theorem shows that bandwidth and information rate are
interchangeable. Shannon-Hartley Theorem
 In delta modulation, an error condition that occurs when the

analog signal to be digitized varies too quickly for the system to Slope Overload
follow.
 A group of twelve frames.
Superframe
 A line code in which the polarity of the voltage or the direction of

the current remains the same at all time. Unipolar Code
 Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate by using knowledge of

the way in which voice sounds are produced. Vocoder
Chapter 8: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Definition Terms
 Method of providing high-speed data transmission on twisted-pair Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber
telephone loops by using high-frequency carriers. Line (ADSL)
 The central office supply. Battery
 In ISDN, channels that carry subscriber communication. B (Bearer) Channels
 Use of bits that normally carry payload information for other Bit Robbing
purposes such as controlling the communication system.
 Addition of bits to a bitstream to compensate for timing variations. Bit Stuffing
 Failure to connect a telephone call because of lack system Call Blocking

capacity.
 Switch in a telephone system that connects to local subscriber Central Office
lines.
 Communication system in which a dedicated channel is set up Circuit-Switched Network
between parties for the duration of the communication.
 Use of a separate signaling channel in a telephone system, so Common-Channel Signaling
that voice channels do not have to carry signaling information.
 A control system for telephone switching that sets up one call and Common Control
then goes on to set up another call, without being tied up for the
duration of the first call.
 A switching system that uses a matrix arrangement of incoming Crosspoint Switch
and outgoing lines.
 Interference between two signals multiplexed into the same Crosstalk
channel.
 In ISDN, a communication channel used for setting up calls and D (Data) Channel
not for user communication.
 Signaling using combinations of two audio tones transmitted on Dual-Tone Multifrequency (DTMF)
the voice channel. Dialing
 Another name for the local central office. End Office
 Use of optical fiber for telephone connections to individual Fiber-in-the-Loop (FITL)

customers.
 A switching network that does not use a hierarchical structure but Flat Network
instead relies on a computer to find the most direction route
between two points.
 A type of communication system that allows communication in Full Duplex
both directions simultaneously.
 A frequency-division multiplexing scheme that allows twelve voice Group
signals to be transmitted on one channel.
 A specialized transformer (or its electronic equivalent) that allows
telephone voice signals to travel in bothe directions Hybrid Coil
simultaneously on a single twisted-pair loop.
 Control signals sent in a voice channel at voice frequencies. In-Band Signals
 Control signals using the same channel as a voice signal. In-Channel Signals
 Telephone system using digital local loops for both voice and Integrated Services Digital
data, with the codec in the telephone equipment. Network (ISDN)
 A frequency-divison multiplexed signal consisting of six Jumbogroup
mastergroups or 3600 voiceband channels.
 A formal name for bit stuffing. Justification
Definition Terms
 Inductance added to a twisted-pair telephone line to reduce its Loading Coil
losses for voice frequencies.
 An area consisting of several central offices and handled by a Local Access and Transport Area
local carrier. (LATA)
 Small data network covering one or several buildings. Local Area Network
 The link from the central office to an individual subscriber’s Local Loop
premises.
 A frequency-division multiplexed signal carrying 10 supergroups Mastergroup
or 600 voice channels.
 A system for setting up long distance calls using pair of tones sent Multifrequency (MF) Signaling
along voice channels; a form of in-band signaling.
 A term used to describe a telephone instrument that is ready for Off Hook
use, with the handset removed from its cradle.
 A term used to describe a telephone instrument whose handset is On Hook
on its cradle, ready to receive a ring signal.
 A control or supervisory signal that is transmitted on a voice Out-of-Band Signal
channel, but at dc or at such a frequency that it will not be heard.
 A communication system that works using data divided into
relatively short transmissions called packets; these are routed Packet-Switched Network
through the system without requiring a long-term connection
between sender and receiver.
 Place where one telephone networks connects to another. Point of Presence (POP)
 A term used to discribe ordinary voive telephony. POTS (Plain Old Telephone
Service)
 Small telephone switch located on customer premises. Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
 The ordinary public wireline phone system. Public Switched Telephone

System (PSTN)
 Dialing that works by interrupting the dc loop current; used by dial- Pulse Dialing
type telephones and some electronic phones.
 The earpiece in a telephone. Receiver
 The red wire in a telephone circuit; it normally has negative Ring

polarity.
 Signal sent by the network to the calling telephone to indicate that Ringback Signal
the called telephone is ringing.
 A low-level voice signal sent to a telephone receiver from the Sidetone
transmitter in the same telephone.
 System used in telephony which transmits all call setup Signaling System Seven (SS7)
information on a packet-data network that is seperate from the
voice channels used for telephone conversations.
 Telephone switch that connects only to other switches, and not to Tandem Office
individual costumers.
 A term for extra bits. Stuff Bits
 The circuit board that connects a local loop to the central office. Subscriber Line Interfavce Card
(SLIC)
 A frequency-division multiplexed signal consisting of five groups or Supergroup
60 voice channels.
Definition Terms
 A frequency-division mulitiplexed signal consisting of three Superjumbogroup
jumbogroups or 10,800 voiceband channels.
 A switch that connects central offices together but is not directly Tandem Office
connected to any subscriber lines.
 The green wire in a telephone loop; it normally has positive Tip
polarity.
 A long-distance telephone switch. Toll Station
 The layout of a sytem such as a telephone network. Topology
 AT&T trademark for DTMF dialing. Touch-Tone Dialing
 The microphone in a telephone. Transmitter
 A connection between telephone offices. Trunk Line
 The signal loss in decibels between the transmitting and receiving Via Net Loss (VLN)
ends of a telephone connection.
Chapter 9: DATA TRANSMISSION
Definition Terms
 An error control system based on the repetition of data blocks that Automatic Request for
contain errors. Retransmission (ARQ)
 Bits that do not carry the message, for example, those used for Bit Overhead
timing and error control.
 Addition of extra bits to a data block to avoid the accidental Bit Stuffing
generation of a flag pattern.
 A set of rules that translates alphanumeric characters into binary Character Code
numbers.
 Another name for character code. Character Set
 Another error-detection method consists of adding together all the Checksum
data words in a block.
 An error-detecting method in which the binary number Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
corresponding to the group of bits to be checked is divided by a
predetermined binary number, and the remainder is transmitted as
aa check.
 A standardized relationship between signaling element characters. Data Code
 A telephone connection via the public switched telephone Dial-Up Line
network.
 It is used when data must kept secret from unauthorized persons. Encryption
 An error-correcting system in which errors are corrected at the Forward Error Correction (FEC)
receiver using reduntant transmitted data without using
retransmission requests.
 A group of bits sent between framing signals in a bit-oriented Frame
synchronous communication system.
 An extra check bits. Hamming Bits
 Allow single errors in a block of data to be corrected without any Hamming Code
need for retransmission.
 A data-compression scheme that uses fewer bits to represent Huffman Coding
more frequently occuring charaters or bit patterns and more bits to
represent those that occur less frequently.
 An extension of parity that can provide some error correction as Longitudinal Redundacy Check
well as detection. (LRC)
 A line condition corresponding to a binary one. Mark
 Simultaneous transmission of multiple data bits using several Parallel Transmission
channels.
 A simple means of error detection. Parity
 A data-compression scheme that replaces repeated characters or Run-Length Encoding
bit patterns with a code indicating the character or pattern and the
number of repetitions.
 Data transmission using only one channel. Serial Transmission
 A line condition corresponding to a binary zero. Space
 In asynchronous communication, this bit alerts the receiver to the Start Bit
beginning of a transmitted character by changing the line from the
mark to the space condition.
 In asynchronous communication, this bit marks the end of a Stop Bit
transmitted character and returns the line to the mark condition.
 A device, generally an integrated circuit, that converts from Universal Asynchronous
parallel to serial format when transmitting and from serial to Receiver-Transmitter (UART)
parallel format when receiving; it also adds start, stop, and parity
bits and checks for errors.
 Sometimes called for parity bit. Vertical Redundancy Check
(VRC)
Chapter 10: LOCAL AREA NETWORK
Definition Terms
 The information signal (data in the case of LANs).
Baseband
 A system in which the baseband signal is used to modulate a

higher-frequency carrier signal. Broadband System
 A simpler network topology. Bus
 A system for controlling network traffic; it allows any station to

transmit without relying on central control but has provisions to Carrier Sense Multiple Access
recover from situations in which two or more stations transmit at with Collision Detection
once. (CSMA/CD)
 A network in which a physical connection from one end to the other

of a data path is maintained for the duration of a period of Circuit-Switched Network
communication; for example, the public switched telephone
network.
 A network with one or more specialized nodes (servers) that contain
files and operating software for the network; the other nodes, called Client-Server Network
clients, use the resources of the server.
 The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same
time on a network. Collision
 A situation that arises when two or more terminals try to transmit on

the network at the same time. Contention
 An Ethernet cable that has the transmit and receive connections

reversed at one end, for direct connection of two computers without Crossover Cable
a hub.
 A type of LAN that has a logical bus structure using CSMA/CD; the Ethernet
physical structure can be either a bus or a star.
 Contains the software to be used to a single printer.
File Server
 Two-way communication in both directions at the same time.

Full Duplex
 The central connecting point of a star network, to which all other

nodes connect. Hub
 A type of LAN that is a physical star and a logical token-ring.

IBM Token Ring System
 The large and most famous.

Internet
 Sending a random data continuously.

Jabber
 A small data network that typically operates within one building or a

localized group of buildings. Local-Area Network (LAN)
Chapter 10: LOCAL AREA NETWORK
Definition Terms
 The hub of an IBM token-ring network.
Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
 A term used to describe a computer operating system that allows

multiple programs to run simultaneously without interfering with Multitasking
each other.
 A plug-in circuit board for a computer that contains the necessary
hardware and firmware to connect the computer to a local area Network Interface Card
network.
 One station (terminal or computer) that is attached to a network.
Node
 The smallest block of data transmitted over a network.

Packet
 A network in which all nodes can contribute network resources and

also run local programs. Peer-to-Peer Network
 A network node dedicated to interfacing between the network and

one or more printers. Print Server
 A modem that modulates data onto a very high frequency carrier;

used in broadband netwroks and recently in experimental systems Radio-Frequency (RF) Modem
using cable-television system for data transmission.
 A network topology in which data circulates from one computer to
the next in sequence. Ring
 A device that links two or more networks, passing only that

information from one network that is intended for another. Router
 A network topology in which all nodes are connected individually to

a central point. Star
 In an Ethernet network, a device that can send incoming packets to

one of several destinations, based on the packet address. Switch
 A method of network control that involves a short packet that

circulates around the network, giving each node in turn permission Token Passing
to transmit.
 Messages to be transmitted over a network.
Traffic
 A special cable that consists of two parallel wires with a grounded

shield around them. Twinax Cable
 The ratio between the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic

energy through a medium or along a transmission line, and the Velocity Factor
speed of light in a vacuum.
 A large network extending over an area greater than that of city.
Wide-Area Network
Book Review
Of
By: Selina Nicole P. Sto Domingo

Chapter 11: WIDE AREA NETWORK AND THE INTERNET
Definition Terms
 The network that became the basis for the Internet. Based on a concept
first published in 1967. It was developed under the direction of the U.S. ARPANET
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
 A versatile data-transmission system using 53-byte packets and designed
to enable various kinds of data, including live audio and video, to be Asynchronous Transfer
multiplexed. Mode (ATM)
 Bridges are slightly more complex than repeaters. Bridges operate at the
second layer, the data link layer of the OSI model. Bridges
 A way to organize a wide-area network is to use circuit switching. This

method is actually very similar to placing a call on the ordinary switch Circuit Switching
telephone network.
 Detects the and corrects errors within frames of data and also provides
“flags” (the bit patterns that indicate the beginning and end of a frame). Data Link Layer
 The _____________ has a set of documents which define the network

architecture in general, state the specifications for each layer of the
architecture, and describe the protocols which operate within each layer. DEC Network
Architecture (DNA)
 A method whereby messages can be left for individual network users;

messages are generally stored on the server in such a way that only the Electronic Mail (E-Mail)
designated recipient can accept them.
 The _____________ is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of

computer files between a client and server on a computer network. File Transport Protocol
(FTP)
 Software to prevent unauthorized access to computers on a network by

computers outside the network. Firewall
 A bit or sequence of bits that indicates the beginning or end of a packet.

Flag
 It is very similar to X.25, except that it has less built-in-error correction. Frame Relay
 A computer system, normally run by a nonprofit organization, that provides

modern access to the public at no charge a typical ______ has bulletin Freenet
board areas for local messages, and many have Internet access.
 Gateways are used to connect computers running otherwise incompatible

systems, such as different types of mainframes or different electronic-mail Gateways
systems.
Definition Terms
 A sequence of bits at the beginning of a packet, containing information
about the type of packet and/or routing. Header
 _________________is the standard markup language for documents Hypertext Markup

designed to be displayed in a web browser. Language (HTML)
 __________ is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and
this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and Hypertext Transport
what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various Protocol (HTTP)
commands.
 The ___________________ is an international standard-setting body

composed of representatives from various national standards International Standards
organizations. Organization (ISO)
 A worldwide public network of networks that connects a very wide variety

computers, applications, and users. Internet
 It is known as a connectionless protocol because it simply sends

messages, called diagrams, onward toward their destination, without Internet Protocol
keeping track on them after that.
 A private network that uses the same TCP/IP protocol suite as the Internet. Intranet
 ___________ are available with data rates from 56 Kbs up. Leased Lines
are most suitable when data must be transferred between two centers on a Leased Lines
continuous basis.
 A network that encompasses a city and its environs. Metropolitan-Area

Network
 Sets up the path to transmit data between terminals and arranges data into
packets. Network Layer
 Any data communications network requires some system to organize the

flow of data. The system is normally specified as a hierarchy of protocols. Network Protocol
 Electronic bulletin boards devoted to a wide variety of subjects, accessible

via Internet. Newsgroups
 A system for organizing data-transmission protocols developed by the Open System

International Standard Organization (ISO). Interconnection (OSI)
 _________ was founded with the desire to provide seamless and

complete solutions for any client that seeks quality IT support. Packet Layer
 _______________ is a way to organize the lines of a wide-area network.

Each packet begins with a header that includes the address of the node to Packet Switching
which the packet is being sent.
 Determines the function of the packet, specifically, whether it contains Packet Type Identifier
information or control signals. (PTI)
Definition Terms
 Concerns the way the hardware transmits data to network. Physical Layer

 A formal set of conventions governing the format and timing of messages. Protocol
 _________ are simply devices that regenerate and retransmit packets. Repeaters
 In which are even more complex than bridges, can change packets from
one protocol to another. Routers
 _______ is a push protocol and is used to send the mail whereas POP
(post office protocol) or IMAP (internet message access protocol) are used Simple Mail Transport
to retrieve those mails at the receiver's side. Protocol (SMTP)
 ______________ is a data communication technique in which a message

transmitted from a source node is stored at an intermediary device before Store-and-Forward
being forwarded to the destination node. Network
 ________________ is IBM's proprietary networking architecture, created in

1974. It is a complete protocol stack for interconnecting computers and System Network
their resources. Architecture (SNA)
 Is an application that allows a remote computer on the network to act as if it

were a dumb terminal. Telnet
 This transport level protocol is responsible for assembling a message into Transmission Control
datagrams for the IP layer. Protocol (TCP)
 A link between computers in which each recognizes a software connection

to the other; the physical connection is not continuous but it consists of Virtual Circuit
packets routed as transmitted.
 Any computer that extends for more than a short distance such as a
building or related group of buildings. Wide-Area Network
 A system that allows users to access documents from widely separated

sources on the Internet, using a common interface. World Wide Web
 The ___________ , developed by the CCITT, is used in many packet

networks to control the interface between an individual data terminal and X.25 Protocol
network.
Chapter 12: DIGITAL MODULATION AND MODEMS
Definition Terms
 This variant of QPSK uses two identical constellations which are rotated by
45° (𝜋/4 radians, hence the name) with respect to one another. Usually, 𝝅/𝟒 Delta Phase Shift
either the even or odd symbols are used to select points from one of the Keying
constellations and the other symbols select points from the other
constellation
 It _______________ refers to procedures between a “digital modem” and
an “analog modem”. The analog modem, which may be connected to the 56K Modem
PSTN through either an analog or digital interface, transmits V.34 signals
and receives G.711 PCM signals.
 Data transmission by varying the amplitude of the transmitted signal. Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)
 It uses a mark frequency of 2225 Hz and space frequency of 2025 Hz. Answer Modem
 A telephone local loop that combines analog telephone service with data
communication. The downstream data rate is greater than the upstream Asynchronous Digital
rate. Subscriber line
 Use of an audio tone of two or more different frequencies to modulate a Audio Frequency-Shift
conventional analog transmitter for data transmission. Keying (AFSK)
 Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication system. Baud Rate
 It is used for the transmission of call-display information to modern Bell 202 Modem
telephones.
 The ___________ modulation scheme defined a standard method of

transmitting full-duplex asynchronous serial data at 1.2 Kbit/s over Bell 212A Modem
analogue transmission lines. The equivalent, but incompatible ITU-T
standard is V.22.
 The _______, which was the first commercial computer modem, is an

AT&T standard for asynchronous 300 bps full-duplex modems that use Bell 103 Modem
frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation on dial-up lines.
 Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital communication system. Bit Rate
 A device to allow data communications over cable-television wiring, as well

as television signals. Cable Modem
 Variant of QAM used with ADSL data communication system. Carrier less Amplitude
Phase (CAP) Modulation
 Community antenna television: a cable television system that receives
television broadcasts by antenna and relays them by cable to paying CATV
subscribers in areas where direct reception is either poor or not possible.
 The computer does most of the processing, including data compression Class 1 Modem
and error correction.
 It can do internally, freeing the associated computer to do other tasks while Class 2 Modem
fax is being transmitted or received.
Definition Terms
 A cable modem termination system or CMTS is a piece of equipment, CMTS
typically located in a cable company's headend or hub site, which is used
to provide high speed data services, such as cable Internet or Voice over
Internet Protocol, to cable subscribers.

 The strings command returns each string of printable characters in files. Its Command String
main uses are to determine the contents of and to extract text from binary
files.
 In digital communication, a pattern showing all the possible combinations of Constellation Diagram
amplitude and phase for a signal.
 A modem. Data Communication

Equipment (DCE)
 It allows a modem to achieve data rates greater than would normally be Data Compression
possible over a telephone lines by eliminating redundant data.
 A terminal or computer that communicates via a modem Data Terminal Equipment

(DTE)
 Digital modulation scheme that represents a bit pattern by a change in Delta Phase-Shift Keying
phase from the previous state. (DPSK)
 Any digital modulation scheme that codes two bits of information per Dibit System
transmitted symbol.
 Modulation scheme for ADSL data communication systems that uses many Discrete Multi-Tone
carriers at different frequencies, each modulated using QAM. (DMT) Modulation
 Refers to data sent from a network service provider to a customer. Downstream
 Users get a high speed bandwidth connection from a phone wall jack on DSL
an existing telephone network.
 It is the process of detecting errors in transmitted messages and Error Correction

reconstructing the original error-free data. Error correction ensures that
corrected and error-free messages are obtained at the receiver side.
 The _____________ or eye pattern is simply a graphical display of a serial Eye Diagram
data signal with respect to time that shows a pattern that resembles an
eye.
 A transmission speed that is less than the maximum of which a modem is Fallback
capable and that the modem is capable and the modem resorts to when
line conditions do not permit transmission at its maximum speed.
 A device for the transmission and reception of facsimile document; it may Fax Modem
be used with a microcomputer or built into a stand-alone fax machine.
 A means of ensuring that a transmitter sends data only when the Flow Control
associated receiver is ready to receiver it.
 Digital modulation scheme using two or more different output frequency. Frequency-Shift Keying
(FSK)
Definition Terms
 The term _________ refers to the shape of a filter that is used before the Gaussian
modulator to reduce the transmitted bandwidth of the signal.

 Variant of FSK which uses the minimum possible frequency shift for a Gaussian Minimum-Shift
given bit rate. Keying (GMSK)
 A series of commands transmitted to be modem whenever a Initialization String

communication software program is loaded.
 The International Telecommunication Union, originally the International International

Telegraph Union, is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is Telecommunications
responsible for issues that concern information and communication Union (ITU)
technologies.
 1200 bits per second duplex modem standardized for use in the general
switched telephone network and on point-to-point 2-wire leased telephone- ITU V.22
type circuits.
 A modem operating at data signaling rates of up to 33 600 bit/s for use on

the general switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire ITU V.34
telephone-type circuits.
 A digital modem and analogue modem pair for use on the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN) at data signaling rates of up to 56 000 bit/s ITU V.90
downstream and up to 33 600 bit/s upstream.
 In digital communication, a logic one. Mark
 The mark frequency is 1200 Hz. Mark Frequency
 Acronym for modulator-demodulator; device to enable data to be

transmitted via analog channel. Modem
 A cable used to make a direct connection between two devices using their
serial ports; it is wired to simulate the presence of a link via modem Null Modem
between the devices.
 The modem that places the call; it transmits with a mark frequency of 1270
Hz and a space frequency of 1070 Hz. Originate Modem
 A means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the transmitted Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
signal.
 A Phase-Shift Keying that employs four different phases and allows two Quadrature Phase-Shift
bits of information to be transmitted simultaneously. Keying (QPSK)
 A means of transmitting data by shifting both the amplitude and the phase Quadrature Amplitude
of the transmitted signal. Modulation (QAM)
 The _________ is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with

frequencies from 30 hertz to 300 GHz. Electromagnetic waves in this Radio Spectrum
frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern
technology, particularly in telecommunication.
Definition Terms
 RS-232, Recommended Standard 232 refers to a standard originally
introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It RS 232
formally defines signals connecting between a DTE such as a computer
terminal, and a DCE, such as a modem.
 Binary Zero. Space
 The space frequency is 2200 Hz. Space frequency
 A transmitted signal that can have two or more possible states. Symbol
 A series of tones transmitted by a modem to allow the automatic Training Sequence

adjustment of line equalization.
 Telephone Modems employ all three of the modulation techniques FSK, Telephone Modems
PSK and QAM.
 Refers to the direction in which data can be transferred from the client to Upstream
the server.
Chapter 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUE
Definition Terms
 The call will not go through
Blocked
 A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components

inside a computer, or between computers. Bus
 Extra bits used to spread the signal in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum

system. Chips
 System to allow multiple users to use the same frequency with sequence Code-Division Multiple
PN codes and a spread-spectrum modulation scheme. Access (CDMA)
 A digital switch is a device that handles digital signals generated at or

passed through a telephone company central office and forwards them Digital Switching
across the company's backbone network.
 Technique for increasing the bandwidth of a transmitted signal by Direst-Sequence Spread

combining it with a pseudo-random noise signal with a higher bit rate. Spectrum
 One extra bit. Framing Bit
 Form of spread-spectrum communication in which the RF carrier

continually moves from one frequency to another according to prearrange Frequency Hoping
pseudo-random pattern.
 Sharing of a communication channel among multiple users by assigning Frequency-Division

each a different carrier frequency. Multiple Access (FDMA)
 Combing of a several signals into one communication channel by assigning Frequency-Division

each a different carrier frequency. Multiplexing (FDM)
 It shows that time and bandwidth are equivalent.

Hartley’s Law
 Each of the time switches has a separate bus.

Highway
 Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a

resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Interference
 Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter. Multiple Access
 Use of a single channel by more than one signal. Multiplexing
 A transmitted series of ones and zeros that repeats after a set time, and Pseudo-Random Noise
which appears random if the sequence is not known to the receiver. (PN) Sequence
 Pulse-code modulation is a method used to digitally represent sampled Pulse Code Modulation
analog signals. (PCM)
 Variation in received signal strength due to multipath propagation. Rayleigh Fading

Chapter 13: MULTIPLEXING AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUE
Definition Terms
 A method of switching that provides a separate physical path for each
symbol. Space Switching
 Improvement in interference rejection due to spreading in a spread-

spectrum system. Spreading Gain
 A group of twelve frames.

Superframe
 The _______ carrier is the most commonly used digital transmission

service in the United States, Canada, and Japan, it consists of 24 separate
channels using pulse code modulation (PCM) signals with time-division T1
multiplexing (TDM) at an overall rate of 1.544 million bits per second
(Mbps).
 The __________ is a member of the series of carrier systems developed

by AT&T Bell Laboratories for digital transmission of multiplexed telephone T-Carrier
calls.
 System to allow several transmissions to use a single channel by assigning Time Division Multiple
time slots to each. Access (TDMA)
 System to combine several data streams onto a single channel by Time Division
assigning time slots to each. Multiplexing (TDM)
 A method of switching that moves a signal from one time slot to another on
the same physical path. Time Switching
 Twisted-pair lines can be specifically conditioned for use as T1 and T2

carriers. Twisted-Pair Line
Chapter 14: TRANSMISSION LINE
Definition Terms
 A device for coupling balanced and unbalanced lines. Balun
 The ratio between voltage and current on an infinitely long transmission Characteristic Impedance
line.
 A transmission line containing concentric conductors. Coaxial Line
 This device allows the measurements of power moving along the line in Directional Coupler
each direction.
 A transmission line that is terminated in its characteristic impedance is Matched Line

called matched line.
 A transmission line containing parallel conductors separated by spacers. Open-Wire Line
 Parallel lines are usually operated as balanced lines; that is, the impedance Parallel Lines
to ground from each of the two wires is equal.
 The amount of electrical power required for a particular device. Power rating
 The speed at which signals travel down a transmission line. Propagation Velocity
 A section of transmission line, electrically a quarter-wavelength in length, Quarter-Wave

that is used to change impedance on a transmission line. Transformer
 The ratio of reflected to incident voltage on a transmission line. Reflection Coefficient
 Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to become Skin Effect
distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near
the surface of the conductor, and decreases with greater depths in the
conductor.
 The slotted line is a very straightforward way of conducting transmission Slotted Line
line measurements.
 A graphical transmission line calculator. Smith Chart
 The interaction between the incident and reflected waves, which are both Standing Wave
travelling waves, causes what appears to be a stationary pattern of waves
on the line.
 The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage on a transmission line. Standing –Wave Ratio
(SWR)
 A short section of line, usually short-circuited at one end, used for Stub
impedance matching.
 The surge impedance is the ratio of voltage and current at any point along Surge Impedance
an infinitely long line.
 The SWR concerns magnitudes only and is thus a real number. SWR
Chapter 14: TRANSMISSION LINE
Definition Terms
 The most important use of TDR is to determine the position and type of Time Domain
defects on a line. Reflectometry

 Any pair of conductors used to conduct electrical energy.
Transmission line
 A wave in which the medium moves in the direction of propagation.

Travelling Wave
 Ratio of the speed of propagation on a line to that of light in free space.

Velocity Factor
 Wavelengths represent a repeating pattern of traveling energy, such as

light or sound. Wavelength
Chapter 15: RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Definition Terms
 The reduction in signal strength due to spreading of the waves at a Attenuation of Free
distance from the transmitter. Space

 The fields vary together, both in time and in space, and there is definite
ratio between electric field intensity and the magnetic field intensity. Characteristics Ratio
 The magnitude of the electric field required to cause breakdown and

arching in a dielectric. Dielectric Strength
 A means of propagation in which the waves are confined within a refractive

region of the troposphere or between such a region and the ground. Ducting
 A device that allows a transmitter and receiver, operating at different

frequencies, to be connected to the same antenna and operate Duplex
simultaneously.
 The area from which the receiving antenna can be considered to extract all
the energy in an electromagnetic wave. Effective Area
 The ratio of an electric force on a charge to the charge, at a given point

(units are volts per meter). Electric Field Intensity
 A vacuum that allows radio wave to propagate without any obstruction. Free Space
 A vertically polarized electromagnetic wave that propagates along the

surface of the earth. Ground Wave
 The ratio of the phase velocity of a wave in free space to that in the
medium under consideration. Index of Refraction
 The ionized region of earth’s atmosphere. Ionosphere
 A hypothetical antenna having zero physical sized and no loss and

radiating equally in all directions. Isotropic Radiator
 Magnitude of the magnetic field vector (units are ampere per minute). Magnetic Field Intensity
 The highest frequency that will be returned by the ionosphere at a given Maximum Usable
point. Frequency
 Changes to the baseband signal caused by multipath reception. Multipath Distortion
 A situation in which signal receives at a receiving antenna via two or more

paths (usually one of these paths is direct from the transmitting antenna Multipath Reception
and the other involves reflection).
 A line drawn perpendicular to the interface between two media. Normal
 The ratio between the signal appearing at the transmitting antenna

terminals and that at the receiving antenna terminals. Path Loss
Chapter 15: RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Definition Terms
 A quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon

 The direction of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave. Polarization
 The power flowing through a unit cross sectional area normal to the
direction of travel of electromagnetic wave. Power Density
 The process by which waves travel through a medium.

Propagation
 A receiver capable of receiving several versions of the same signal with

different arrival times, and combining the received versions into a signal Rake Receiver
with better quality. Sectorization
 The wave rotates in a clockwise direction as it recedes.

Right Hand
 In cellular radio, the division of a cell into sectors by the use of directional
antennas at a single cell sites. Sectarization
 An electromagnetic wave that is returned to earth by the ionosphere.

Sky Wave
 An electromagnetic wave that propagates directly from the transmitting to

the receiving antenna. Space Wave
 Propagation along or near the surface of the earth. Terrestrial Propagation
 This means that the electric field, magnetic field, and the direction of travel Transverse
of the wave are all mutually perpendicular. Electromagnetic (TEM)
 The region of the atmosphere closest to the earth.

Troposphere
Book Review
Of
By: Sheila Marie A. Fajutag

Chapter 16: ANTENNAS
Definition Terms
 It simple means it has two parts? Dipole
 It is a combination of a receiving antenna with Active antenna

a low-noise pre amplifier.
 It is the interference between these two media
and is thus a very important part of Antenna
communication path.
 ___ does not radiate uniformly in all directions. Half wave dipole
 An observer must be far enough away from the

antenna that any local capacitive or inductive far-field region
coupling is negligible.
 The distance from the center graph represents
the strength of the ______ in a given direction. radiation
 It is generally expressed in dB, in which case it front-to-back ratio

can be found by subtracting the gain in dBi or
dBd.
 It represents the power input multiplied by the
antenna gain measured with respect to a half- effective radiated power
wave dipole.
 If _____ is used, a balun (balanced-to-
unbalanced) transformer should be connected coaxial cable
between the cable and the antenna.
 Are complex because the characteristic of the
ground are so variable. Ground Effects
 The space close to the antenna is called the

______ and does not have the same direction near-field region
characteristics.
 It is the gain calculated assuming a lossless
antenna. Directivity
 It is simply the actual power going into the

antenna multiplied by its gain with respect to effective isotropic radiated
an isotropic radiator. power (EIRP)
 This allows the impedance lobe adjusted to delta matched

matched transmission line.
 Are complex because the characteristic of the Ground Effects
ground are so variable.
 It is characterized by a very wide bandwidth,
covering approximately a 10:1 frequency discone
range, and an omnidirectional pattern in the
horizontal plane.
 Antennas that are knowing as parasitic arrays. parasitic element
 _____ drives its name from the fact that the

feedpoint impedance is a periodic function of log-periodic antenna
the operating frequency.
Chapter 16: ANTENNAS
Definition Terms
 It is a simple combination of two dipoles turnstile array
designed to give omni-directional performance
in the horizontal plane, with horizontal
polarization.
 It is often mounted with the mounted with the Collinear antenna
main axis vertical.
 Acts in a similar way to an ordinary mirror. plane reflectors
 It is a feed horn in the center of the dish itself

radiates to a reflector at the focus of the Gregorian feed
antenna.
 It is the angle between the half-power points of Beam width of a directional
the main lobe. antenna
 The _____ of most simple antennas is the polarization
same as the axis of the antenna.
 It is an enclosure lined with material that anechoic chamber
absorbs electromagnetic radiation.
 An angle measured upward from the horizon.
Used to described antenna patterns and angle of elevation
directions?
 A measure of antenna gain: decibels with dBi
respect to an isotropic radiator.
 It is an antenna array, an individual conductor element
or group of conductors.
 In a monopole antenna, a wire extending along
the surface of the ground or just below it, away radial
from the antenna.
 It is an equivalent resistance at the feedpoint
corresponding to the radiation of energy by an radiation resistance
antenna.
 The direction straight up from the horizontal zenith
plane.
 It is a half-wave dipole or folded dipole. driven element
 It is slightly longer than one-half wavelength. Reflector
 It is slightly shorter than reflector. Directors

 _____ are often used for FM broadcast
reception, where they give reasonable Turnstile Antenna
performance in all directions without the need
for a rotor.
 Provides a simple and efficient method to feed horn antenna
power to the antenna?
 It is often used for a terrestrial microwave hog-horn
links.
 What is a measure of antenna gain: decibels dBd
with respect to a loss-less half-wave dipole?
 It is a portion of an antenna pattern between lobe
two nulls.
 What is an antenna with a current null at one
end and a maximum at the other, with no other Monopole
nulls in between?
Chapter 17: MICROWAVE DEVICES
Definition Terms
 Single mode propagation can achieved by
using only the mode with the lowest cutoff dominant mode
frequency. This mode is called?
 It is the actual speed at which a signal travels group velocity

down the guide.
 Limits the usefulness of waveguides with
pulsed signals and other types of modulation? dispersion
 The electrical energy that can propagate along

a waveguide? modes
 Provides an alternative at microwave

frequencies and it is essentially a pipe through Waveguide
which an electromagnetic wave travels.
 Waveguides operate essentially as ______. high-pass filter
 It has no radiation loss. Waveguide
 What describes the variation pf phase along

the wall of the guide and is the rate at which phase velocity
the wave appears to move along the wall of
the guide, based on the way the phase angle
varies along the walls?
 It is used to couple with the magnetic field in
guide. loop
 It is characterized by their insertion loss,

coupling and directivity. directional couplers
 _____ and _____ like waveguide, have a

critical frequency. striplines and microstrips
 It is carefully designed for gradual bends,

resembles plumbing and is just a tricky to rigid waveguide
install.
 It is used for awkward installation. flexible waveguide
 It is the other name for H-plane tee? shunt tee
 It is the other name for E-plane tee? series tee
 It is the combination of E-plane and H-planes

tees. hybrid or magic tee
 To launched a series of waves in a short cavity

section of guide called?
 It uses a carbon flat that can be inserted to

greater or lesser extent into the waveguide. flap attenuator
Definition Terms
 The carbon insert is designed to dissipate the terminating load of
energy in the guide without reflecting it. the waveguide
 It is rotated so that the electrical filed is

perpendicular to its surface, little loss occur,
but when the field runs along the surface of rotating vane
the vane, a much larger current is induced,
causing greater loss.
 It is designed to reduce capacitance to a
minimum. "fingers"
 Gallium arsenide is _____than the silicon and

is preferred in microwave applications. "faster"
 It is the other name for Gunn Device? Gunn diode
 Who discovered the negative resistance? J. B Gunn
 When was the negative resistance

discovered? 1963
 It has a large electric field formed in the

material and moved toward the positive
terminal. It forms when there is a small region Domain
with an electric field greater than in the rest of
the material, possibly due to some local
impurity.
 In this mode the devised is biased in the
negative resistance region but, the voltage LSA
swing is such that the device moves out of this limited-space-charge-
region once per cycle, so that the domain is accumulation
quenched.
 It has a PN-junction and in fact, it is often a IMPATT
four-layer device.
 It can operate with still higher power (about
100 W in the pulsed operation) efficiency TRAMPATT
levels, but it’s expensive, requires complex
circuitry and is noisier than the IMPATT.
 It use a means of providing a capacitance that
can be changed by varying the voltage that Varactor Diode
reverses the bias of the diode.
 It is operated with forward bias for most ot the
cycles of fundamentals. step-recovery or snap diode

 It was invented in 1972 and is the oldest
microwave tube design and its variations are
high-power, fixed-frequency oscillators, not Magnetron
noted for stability or ease of modulation but
simple, rugged and relatively efficient (about
40% and 70%).
Definition Terms
 The movement of the wave around the tube at
the rate much slower than the speed of light? slow-wave structure
 The cathode that reduces the life of the tube bombardment

and lower efficiency.
 The power average over time of magnetron (or
any other device that generates pulse) is the peak value
power in the pulses, which is generally called?
 It is caused by the interaction between the bunching or
electric field at the input cavity and the velocity modulation
electron in the beam.
 The inner conductor of the coaxial line probe
sometimes referred as?
 Radar requires that a transmitter emit a signal
using a directional antenna toward some target
object called?
 It is defined as the area of a perfectly
conducting plate, facing the source that would radar cross section
reflect the same amount of power toward the
receiver.
 It is when the radar cannot distinguish ambiguity
between the target and much a closer one.
 The transmitted pulse has a finite pulse pulse width
duration also called?
 The whole process can be made much more
efficient by installing a transmitter-receiver transponder
called?
 It has a special properties that make them just
as useful at microwave frequencies as at lower Ferrites
frequencies.
 It works by reflecting pulses from a target,
whose distance is gauged at the time taken for Pulse Radar
pulse to return.
 In a klystron, a cavity that velocity modulates buncher
the electron beam.
 It is the velocity modulation. Bunching
 It is a variation of velocity as a function of dispersion

frequency in a waveguide or medium.
 It is a microwave transmission lines
constructed on a printed circuit board, microstrip
consisting of a single conductor on one side of
the board and ground plane on the other side.
 Conventionally, electromagnetic radiation in microwave
the range above approximately 1 GHz.
Chapter 18: TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE SYSTEM
Definition Terms
 Terrestrial microwave links are useful for? short-range communication
 Repeaters are used for? long-range systems
 In digital system, the equivalent specification is Energy per bit noise

the? density ratio.
 It is the signal-to-noise ratio in the receiver at a

point before the detector? carrier-to-noise ratio
 It is the energy received in the time taken to

transmit one bit. energy per bit
 It is the region near an object in which

diffraction effects are significant. Fresnel Zone
 It is a single transmission path from transmitter

to receiver. hop
 Abrupt variations in the timing of a digital

signal. jitter
 It is the Terrestrial Microwave system for the MMDS

distribution of the television, Internet, and Multichannel multipoint
telephone services to businesses and distribution system
residences.
 Propagation that a microwave system use? Line-of-sight propagation
 Care must be taken to keep the microwave Signal loss due to

beam well above obstacles on the ground to diffraction
avoid?
 It is the deviation of wave as it passes as
obstacle or passes through a small surface? Diffraction
 What do you call of the use of more than one

frequency or transmission path, to improve diversity
systems reliability in the presence of fading?
 It is the variation field strength over time due to
changes in propagation conditions? fading
 It is the network using microwaves for two-way LMDS

transmission of telephony, television and high- Local Multipoint
speed data? Distribution Systems
 It is a receiver-transmitter combination that
amplifies and re-transmit a signal. repeater
 What so you call of the map showing surface topographic Map

features, including the elevation of the terrain?
Chapter 19: TELEVISION
Definition Terms
 NTS stands for National Television Systems Committee
 RGB stands for Red-Green-Blue
 The number of scan lines in an NTSC signal 525
 The number of NTSC frames sent per second 30
 The number of NTSC fields sent per second 60
 The aspect ratio of a standard TV receiver 4:3
 Luminance refers to Brightness
 Maximum luminance level Peak white
 The blanking level corresponds to a luminance Black
 Luminance is measured in IRE units
 The sync pulse level corresponds to a Blacker than black

luminance of
 The vertical blanking pulse is serrated to Maintain horizontal sync
 It is the smallest picture element Pixel
 Modulation used for the video signal in a Vestigial sideband AM

standard NTSC color TV receiver
 Modulation used for audio signal in a stand FM
band NTSC color TV receiver
 Modulation used for the chroma signal in a Suppressed-carrier AM
stand band NTSC color TV receiver
 SAP stands for Separate audio Program
 It is also called the horizontal output The flyback transformer

transformer
 It is a conductive coating on both inside and Aquadag
outside of the CRT in a TV.
 It is the color that the human eye is most green
sensitive
 It is the second anode of a CRT ultor
 It is usually the measurement of signal level in dBmV

cable TV systems
 It is where the antenna for a CATV system is head
located at
 It shows a color-bar signal with pre determined vectorscope
levels and phases
 It is called color intensity Saturation
 It controls in a color TV adjust the electron Convergence
beam to strike the correct triad of phosphor
dots
Chapter 20: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Definition Terms
 _____ television broadcasting via satellite is Digital
rapidly increasing its performance. Direct-to-home television
 It is especially useful for telecommunication in

remote areas where terrestrial cellular systems
are prohibited and expensive or impossible to Satellites
build.
 The orbital period of a satellite in a circular on its

orbit depends? distance from the earth,
 Satellites orbits are classified according to Low earth orbit LEO

their distance from the earth. Medium earth orbit MEO
Geostationary earth orbit GEO
 _____ appear stationary at a point above the
equator. Geostationary satellites
 Current satellites systems for mobile

communication use either? GEO or LEO satellites
 It is the point farthest from earth in a satellite

orbit. apogee
 It is a structure that orbits the earth and was

built by humans? artificial satellite
 It is a satellite transponder design that

receives signals and transmits them at higher
power at different frequency, without any other bent-pipe configuration
processing?
 It is a transmission of signals form a satellite

from the earth's stations. downlink
 It is a radio or optical connection directly

between satellites without going through an crosslink
earth stations.
 The satellite obit that is entirely above the

equator? equatorial orbit
 It is the change in the direction of polarization Faraday rotation

of signals passing through the ionosphere.
 It is a depiction of signal strength contours
from a satellite transmitter on the earth. footprints
 It is a satellite orbit in which the satellite

appears to remain stationary at a point above geostationary orbit
the equator.
Chapter 20: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Definition Terms
 It is an antenna beam on a geostationary
satellite but is any other processing hemisphere beam
 It is a satellite in orbit at a distance above the MEO

earth surface of approximately 8000 to 2000 medium-earth-orbit
Km.
 It is an artificial satellite orbiting the earth at an LEO

amplitude less than about 1500 Km. low-earth-orbit
 It is the point closest to the Earth in a satellite

orbit. perigee
 It is a satellite orbit passing over the north and

south poles? polar orbit
 It is the time taken for a signal to travel through

space from the transmitter to receiver propagation time
 It is the process of adjusting the orbit of

geostationary satellite so that it appears to station-keeping
remain stationary above the point on the
earth?
 In digital communication, the use of this device

to receive one or more data packets, store store-and -forward technique
them, and retransmit them later at a given
time.
 In a satellite communication what do you call

of the tracking and adjusting the position of a
directional antenna on the ground, so that it tracking
always points at the satellite?
 It has the advantage over the terrestrial modes

when mobile or point-to-point communication Satellite Communication
is required.
Book Review
Of
By: Danny N. Oxina

Chapter 21: CELLULAR RADIO

Definitions Terms
 It is the kind of transmission which transmits
from the base station to the mobile station. Forward Channel
 It is the kind of transmission which transmits

from the mobile station to the base station. Reverse Channel
 It is the process of transferring greater signal

strength to the cell sites adjacent to it. Hand-off
 It is type of signals to be sent out when there

is trouble or out of control in the control Paging Signals
channel as the mobile system responds.
 It is a type of wireless mobile service with
advanced coverage and that delivers services Personal Communication System
at a more personal level.
 It is a standard system for analog signal
cellular telephone service in the North America Advance Mobile Phone System
and is also used in other countries.
 It is a system where all cell sites in a region
are connected by a cooper cable or fiber or Mobile Switching Center
microwave link to a central office.
 It is another term for Mobile Switching Center
(MCS). Mobile Telephone Switching Office
 It is a process of using the same frequency

within a shorter distance to make cell sites Frequency Reuse
smaller
 It is a simply a 10 digit phone number for the
mobile phone translated according to a 34-bit Mobile Identification Number
binary number.
 It is where all phone number such as MIN are
being stored and programmed to assign Number Assignment Module
numbers to any phone that is within its system.
 It refers to the ability for a cellular customer to
automatically make and receive voice calls,
send and receive data, or access other
services, including home data services, when Roaming
travelling outside the geographical coverage
area of the home network, by means of using
a visited network.
 It is a 32 digit phone number assigned to the
phone at the factory. Electronic Serial Number
 It identifies maximum transmitted power or

ERP that is currently installed depend on its Station Class Mark
phone classes.
 It enables the mobile phone to determine
whether if it is communicating within its home System Identification Number
system or roaming.
 It is the identification that the co-channel
interference is being receive from another Digital Color Code
base station
Chapter 21: CELLULAR RADIO

Definitions Terms
 It is the year when the imports or selling of
scanner is banned in United States because of 1988
its capability to tune the cellular frequencies.
 It is a type of signal transmitted from the base
station to adjust the power of mobile station Mobile Attenuation Code
according to propagation station.
 It is the combination of the mobile cellular
phone and the cell site radio equipment. Air interference
 It takes control in taking care of the air

interference and assigning the MCS along a Base station Controller
transmission line operated by a cellular service
provider
 It is an event when all the channels are busy
and there is someone requesting into this Call Blocking
channel then this user has to hang up and try
again.
 The attempt by the system the hand off the call
to the new cell is frustrated by the lack of free Dropped call
channels and call must be terminated
 It is the amount of possible traffic per channel
for a given blocking probability.
 It is a reason a two-provider system is Trunking gain
theoretically less efficient than one using a
single provider.
 It is a process where the cell size is reduced to
increase the traffic. Cell Splitting
 It is a type of cell site that has a very small unit

that can be mount in a street light pole. Microcell
 It is a type of indoor reception signals that has

a very small cell used to receive wall shielded Picocell
signal coming from cell sites.
 It is a system uses packet-switched data and
tends to be expensive than using cellular Cellular Digital Packet Data
modems, especially when data needs to be
transmitted in short bursts.
 It is a type of shift keying commonly used in
CDPD to achieve a speed of 19.2kb/s and a Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying
form of FSK.
 It is a digital mobile network (2G) that is widely
used by mobile phone users in Europe and Global Systems for Mobile(GSM)
another parts of the world.
 It provides essentially the same information as
the supervisory audio tone in AMPS. Coded Digital Verification Color Code
 It provides for control signal exchange during

calls and essentially replaced the blank and Slow Associated Control Channel
burst signaling in AMPS.
 It is uses same control channel and formats as
AMPS and control information from the base Analog Control Channel
station to mobile station.
Chapter 22: PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Definitions Terms
 It refers to direct communication between
people rather than places. Personal Communication
 In North America the _____ PCS band consist

of 120 MHz to 1900MHz.
 It refers to bandwidth sufficient for voice Broadband
communication and distinguish this service
such as a narrowband service.
 In digital mobile communication it is another
term for forward channel. Uplink
 In digital mobile communication it is another

term for reverse channel. Downlink
 It allows data to be repeated, and help the

receiver to check the signal strength of the Hyperframe
other channels without missing data.
 It is used to transmit system parameters to all
mobiles and includes the structure of Fast broadcast Channel
superframe itself.
 It is less critical information that can be
transmitted over the course of several Extended Broadcast Channel
superframes.
 It is a process that allow the receiver to lock on
the beginning of transmission. Synchronizing
 It provides acknowledgement of from mobiles

and inform them about the status of reverse Shared Channel Feedback
control channel.
 It identifies the location of the time slot in a
larger frame that extend over 16 TDMA frames Coded Superframe Phase
or 32 blocks of control channel, represent a
time period of 640ms.
 It is bounded by network beacons and divided
into 16 equally sized slots in PCS system. Superframe
 It is used to control message to individual

telephones and short paging type of message Short message service Paging and Access
to be displayed on the phone. Channel(SPACH)
 It is the one logical channel of the RCCH to
use by the mobile to contact the base for Random Access Channel
registration, authentication, and call setup.
 It steals bits from the voice signals for urgent
message such as to inform the base stations Fast associated control channel
for handoff
 It is a smart card with 8kbps memory that can Subscriber ID Module
be plug into any GSM phone
 It contains all subscriber information including
telephone number and other user’s specified International Mobile Subscriber Information
information’s.

Definitions Terms
 It can be set up in the SIM that requires the
user to provide security to its phone when it is Personal Identification Number
lost or stolen.
 It is the process of rearranging the bits that
allows the error correction algorithms to Interleaving
correct more errors that could have occurred
during transmission.
 It allows the RF channel to used signaling
channel to change frequency during Frequency Hopping
transmission at regular intervals.
 It is a technique used in cellular networks that
requires the user’s connection to be entirely Hard Handoff
broken with an existing base station before
being switched with another base station.
 It is a technique used in cellular networks
where the user’s is simultaneously connected Soft Handoff
to another base station before it breaks to the
existing base station.
 It has 64 orthogonal RF channels to supports
the base station using a direct sequence CDMA channels
spread spectrum
 It is random sequence that has a random
sequence of bits but deterministically Pseudo-random Noise
generated.
 It is an error correction orthogonal codes and
develop for individual channels in CDMA. Walsh code
 It is a coding technique used in CDMA which

its purpose is for synchronizing channels in the Short code
spectrum
 It is a coding technique used in CDMA which
its purpose is for encryption of both voice and Long code
control system data and is not used for
spreading
 It is part of rake receiver which compensate
different propagation time in a different path Delay line
lengths.
 The system suffers from _______ in which the
weaker signals are lost in the noise created by Near/far effect
the bigger ones.
 It is part of CDMA system which reduced the
multipath interference by combining by Rake receiver
combining direct and reflected signals in the
receiver.
 It allows the short message and packet
switched data to be sent on the digital control TMDA PCS
channel or the digital traffic channel
 It is support by DCCH which is employed for
short message services. Cellular Messaging Teleservice

Definitions Terms
 It allows a brief paging type message and
short email message up to 239 characters. Short Messaging Service
 It is an internet protocol that allows the user to

connect to a network server that relays Generic UDP transport service
message to and from the internet.
 It uses packet switch data and at the same
time slots and modulations scheme as the
circuit switch system. General Packet Radio Service
 It does not require connection and has a
maximum data rate of 172.2kbps.
 It is compatible to all 2G and 3G system.
 It is a standard for accessing information over Wireless Application Protocol
a wireless mobile network in a de facto
standard.
Chapter 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING

Definitions Terms
 The traditional ____ is simply a fixed tuned
receiver that uses a transmitted code to Pager
identify message meant for it and uses both
VHF and UHF bands,
 It is a common protocol for one paging system
that can transmitted at three different data Post Office Code Standardization Advisory Group
rates: 512 1200 and 2400 bps.
 It is a system that allows four level FSK to
allow operation at 1600 3200 and 6400bps. FLEX
 It is the transmission of paging signal from

base to pager. Outbound channel
 It is the transmission of paging signal from

pager to base. Inbound Channel
 It is a unlicensed frequency band from 2.4 to Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM band)
2.484 GHz.
 It is protocol that specifies for CSMA/CA and
CSMA/CD. IEEE.802.11
 It used a wired Ethernet is that the radios are

only half-duplex, so they cannot detect CSMA/CA
collisions once they begun to transmit data
 It allows for a maximum bit rate of 11Mbps
using direct-sequence spread spectrum IEEE.802.11b
operation in a 2.4GHz band.
 It first introduced in September 1999.
 It is design as a future standard that allow data
rates up to 5.4Mbps in a 5GHz band. IEEE.802.11a
 It is a wireless networking scheme that

competes 802.11 and Bluetooth scheme. Home RF
 It is designated to be an open standard for

short range system, usable operating in a Bluetooth
distance of 10 cm up to 100cm
 It operates in the 2.4GHz ISM band.
 It is a full duplex operation, accomplished by
switching from transmit to receive between Time Division Duplex
slots.
 It consist of two or more devices occupying
physical channel which allows one master Piconet
device to interconnect up to 7 active slave
devices.
 It is a physical network that consist 2 or more
piconets. Scatternet
Chapter 23: PAGING AND WIRELESS DATA NETWORKING

Definitions Terms
 It is used to connect LAN segment in a high
speed dedicated microwave links that can Wireless Bridge
operate up to 10 km distance with a good line
of sight with a data rate up to 2Mbps.
 It is a short range infrared system that has
been used for some time to allow two devices Infrared Data Association
to communicate to each other.
 It is a systems that creates Ethernet infrared
LANs which uses a wired hub with infrared Clarinet System
transceivers connected into it by wires.
 It is type of modem that operates in a 2.4GHz
band and has a transmitter power similar to Wireless Modems
the wireless Ethernet systems but has a much
lower speed.
 It is a standard for wireless packet switched
data and first introduced as a commercial Mobitex
system in 1986 and developed by Ericsson.
 It is a standard for wireless packet switched
data created by IBM as a joint venture with Advanced Data Radio Information Services
Motorola for its own use for working outside
sales and service personnel.
Chapter 24: FIBER OPTICS

Definitions Terms
 It is an electromagnetic radiation with a longer
wavelengths than those visible light and Infrared
therefore invisible to human eye.
 It is surrounded by a medium with a lower

index of refraction typically a cladding of Core
different glass or plastic
 It causes the light to be confined to the core of
the fiber by total internal reflection. Cladding
 It is a dimensionless number that describe

how fast a light can pass through the material. Index of Refraction
 It can be used as a source in the fiber

communication system. LED or Laser Diode
 It is a transmission line that is immune to noise

and crosstalk. Fiber Cable
 It is caused by undesired capacitive or

inductive coupling from one circuit to another. Cross-Talk
 The phenomenon occurs when the angle of

incidence is greater than the critical angle. Total Internal Reflection
 It is the angle between a refracted ray and the

normal drawn at the point of incidence to the Angle of refraction
interface which refraction occurs.
 It states that the ratio of the sines of the angles
of incidence and refraction of a wave are Snell’s Law
constant when it passes between two given
media.
 The angle of incidence beyond which ray of
light passing through a denser medium are no Critical angle
longer refracted but totally reflected.
 The ___________ of the fiber is closely
related to the critical angle and often used
specifications for the optical fiber and the Numerical Aperture
components that work on it.
 It is defined as the maximum angle of ray
entering a fiber can have with the axis of the
fiber and still propagate by internal reflection.
 It is the maximum angle of ray at which hitting
the fiber which allow the incident of light to be Angle of Acceptance
guided by the core.
 It is a phenomenon in which the phase velocity

of the wave depends on its frequency Dispersion

Definitions Terms
 It has much less dispersion, but it is more
expensive to manufacture and its small
diameter coupled with the fact that its Single Mode Fiber
numerical aperture is less that the multimode
fiber.
 It has a large diameter core that allows
multiple modes of light to propagate. Multimode Fiber
 Its index of refraction changes sharply

between core and cladding. Step index Fiber
 It is a multimode fiber but its index of refraction

gradually decreases away from the center of Graded-index Fiber
the core, so light travels faster near the
outside.
 It is a distortion mechanism occurring in
multimode fibers and other waveguides, in
which the signal is spread in time because the Modal Dispersion
propagation velocity of the optical fiber is not
the same in all modes.
 It is a phenomenon in the single mode,
transmit light of different wavelengths at Chromatic Dispersion
different speed.
 It is a phenomenon when there is a delay in
time dispersion by the fact that the refractive Material Dispersion
index of the glass changes in accordance with
the change in signal frequency.
 It results from the fact that some of energy
propagates in the cladding than the core. Waveguide Dispersion
 It is a short length fiber that carries a light

away from the source. Pigtail
 It is a type of connection in the fiber cable in

which it is permanently connected. Splice
 It is a type of connection in the fiber cable that

can be removed when it is connected. Connector
 It is an electromagnetic energy can appear

only in a multiples of a discrete amount. Quantum
 It is an entity that is somewhere between a

wave and a particle. Photon
 It is an LED, in which its significant portion of

energy is radiated as photons of either infrared Infrared Emitting Diode
or visible light.
 The light is emitted from the surface of the
junction rather than its edge. Surface Emitting
 It is a diode that emit light through surface

emitting. Heterojunction Diode

Definitions Terms
 It generates a phase coherent light with much
narrow bandwidth that is possible with other Laser
sources.
 It is the most common type of detectors in
optical communication. PIN diodes
 It is a type of diode detector that is designated

to experience avalanche breakdown at a Avalanche diode
specified reversed bias voltage.
 It is a leakage of current in the absent of light.
Dark current
 It is a measure of the sensitivity of the detector

to light. Responsivity
Chapter 25: FIBER OPTICS SYSTEM

Definitions Terms
 It shows where the losses occur and the
amount of power delivered to the receiver. Loss Budget
 It is a margin of five to ten decibels generally

to require to allow for the deterioration of System Margin
components over time and the possibility that
the additional splices will be needed.
 As a pulse of light propagates down the fiber,
its duration increases. Pulse spreading
 It is a convenient method for determining

dispersion limitation of an optical fiber link. Rise time Budget
 It is a type of repeater that are used during

many retransmission of pulses in order to Regenerative Repeater
improve the quality of data transmission.
 It is an optical amplifier device that amplifies
an optical signal directly without the need to Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier
first convert it to an electrical signal.
 It is a form of frequency division multiplexing
That multiplex a number of optical carrier Wavelength Division Multiplexing
signals onto a single optical fiber by using
different wavelengths of light.
 It is a technique that uses 80 wavelength in
one fiber. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
 It is a North America standard especially

designed for high-data rate capability of fiber Synchronous Optical Network
optic transmission.
 It is a European standard design especially

design for high-data rate capability of fiber Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
optic transmission.
 It is a basic signal rate at the SONET.

Synchronous Transport Signal leveling one(STS-1)
 It is a fiber LANs with a high speed of

100Mbps Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet. Fiber Distributed Data Interface
 It is a generic term for any broadband network

architecture using optical fibers to provide all Fiber to the Loop(Fttx)
part of the local loop used for the last mile of
telecommunication
 It is refers to the installation and use of optical
cable directly near homes and businesses. Fiber to the Curb
 It is a replacement for the Plain old telephone
or POTS network.

Book Review of Communication System by Roy Blake

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Book Review of Communication System Communication System By: Roy Blake

Rizal Technological University

Rubi Gelynne Mae L.

By: Gelynne Mae L. Rubi

Chapter 1: ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

 It was the first electric communication to be Morse telegraph system

 It converts the electrical signal into sound that could sounder

 Telegraph cables were run under water in the 1866

 By ____, there were twelve transatlantic cables in 1898

 Voice communication by electrical means began telephone

 When was the first transatlantic communication by 1901

 Who accomplished the first transatlantic

 When the regular radio broadcasting did began?

 It was one of the first applications of electrical

 It contains frequencies from about 300 Hz to 3 kHz.

 Needs frequency range of approximately 20 Hz to 20

 This signal can be analog or digital.

 It can carry the information signal directly.

 This carrier wave will be altered by the information

Chapter 1: ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

 It is used to refer to the combining of two or more

 It is the division of the available frequency range

 The entire bandwidth is used for each signal, but

 Frequency from 3 MHz to 30 MHz and also known

 Sometimes called as long waves.

 Any other changes in the baseband signal which has

 Harmonics of some of the baseband components

 Additional frequency components generated by

 Some baseband components are amplified more

 Phase shift between components of the signal.

 If more than one signal uses the same transmission

 A representation of a signal's power as a function of

 It gives a frequency-domain representation of

 Any well-behaved periodic waveform can be

 It consists of undesired, usually random, variations

Chapter 1: ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

 It is often called static because lightning is a

 A way to improve communication by simply disabling

 When heavenly bodies emit radiation and its

 This noise is generated in all electronic equipment. internal noise

 It is produced by the random motion of electrons in a

 The only way to reduce thermal noise is to decrease

 This type of noise has a power spectrum that

 Is the time a charge carrier spends in the device. transmit time

 Is similar to shot noise but only occurs in devices partition noise

 Is a figure of merit, indicating how much component noise figure

 It sets either the center frequency of the sweep or frequency control

Chapter 2: RADIO-FREQUENCY CIRCUITS

Chapter 2: RADIO-FREQUENCY CIRCUITS

 This is a divider that can be programmed to divide by either pre-scaler

 An artificial ground, often consisting of an area of foil left on ground plane

Chapter 3: AMPLITUDE MODULATION

 The curve produced by joining the tips of the

 The higher-frequency signal that is combined with an

 When modulation index is greater than 1. overmodulation

 Seldom used to transmit sine waves. AM systems

 Is one of the most important characteristics of any signal bandwidth

 It is the easiest way to look at the power in an AM frequency domain

 The power measured at modulation peaks in an AM

 Recovery of the two information signals requires

 Any AM scheme in which only one of the two

 An AM signal in which the carrier-frequency

Chapter 4: ANGLE MODULATION