Analog Electronic Circuits Lab Manual

RGUKT, SRIKAKULAM ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB-1
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES
SRIKAKULAM
LABORATORY MANUAL
For
ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT - 1 LAB

Code :EC1801
Prepared by
M.V. TIRUPATAMMA M.Tech.,

Assistant Professor (C)
For 1st year B.Tech ECE- II Semester
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES, SRIKAKULAM
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES
SRIKAKULAM
CERTIFICATE
Name of the Laboratory : ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS – 1 LAB
Name of the Faculty : Smt. M.V. TIRUPATAMMA, M.Tech

Assistant Professor
Department : Electronics and Communication Engineering
Program : B.Tech
Year : I Year
Semester : II Semester
HOD – ECE

S.NO CONTENTS DESCRIPTION page
1. CE AMPLIFIER -SOFTWARE 8
2. CB AMPLIFIER – SOFTWARE 10
3. CC AMPLIFIER – SOFTWARE 12
4. CASCADE AMPLIFIER – SOFTWARE 14
5. CASCODE AMPLIFIER - SOFTWARE 16
6. VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITHOUT FEEDBACK- SOFTWARE 18
7. VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITH FB- SOFTWARE 20
8. VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITH FEEDBACK- SOFTWARE 22
9. VOTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITH OUT FB – SOFTWARE 24
10. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER – SOFTWARE 26
11. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR- SOFTWARE 28
12. WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR - SOFTWARE 30
13. HARTLEY OSCILLATOR- SOFTWARE 32
14. COLPITTS OSCILLATOR- SOFTWARE 34
15. INVERTING AMPLIFIER – SOFTWARE 36
16. NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER – SOFTWARE 38
17. SUMMING AMPLIFIER – SOFTWARE 40
18. CE AMPLIFIER 43
19 CB AMPLIFIER 47
0 CC AMPLIFIER 51
21 CASCADE AMPLIFIER 54
22 CASCODE AMPLIFIER 59
23 VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITHOUT FEEDBACK 63
24 VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITH FEEDBACK 63
25 VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITH FEEDBACK
6 VOTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER WITH OUT FEEDBACK
27 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 67
28 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 71
29 WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 74
30 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR 76
31 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR 78
32 INVERTING AMPLIFIER 83
33 NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER 83
34 SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies

SRIKAKULAM
Department of Electronics & Communications Engineering
I Year B.Tech ECE Semester-II L T P C
ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS-I

LABORATORY
Code: EC1801 0 0 3 2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design and analysis of Single stage amplifier(CE/CC/CB Configuration)
2. Design and Analysis of Multi Stage Amplifier (Cascade and Cascode amplifier).
3. Design and analysis of Feedback Amplifiers(Voltage series/Voltage Shunt Feedback
amplifier)
4. Differential amplifier ( Designing a specified value of CMRR)
5. Current mirror (using BJT Frequency response of CE, CB ,CC and differential amplifier
using current mirror.
6. Design of RC phase shift oscillator/ wein bridge oscillator and LC oscillators.
7. Design of Summing/Inverter using OP-AMP.
PART B: Equipment required for Laboratory
Software:
i. Multisim/ Pspice/Equivalent Licensed simulation software tool
ii. Computer Systems with required specifications
Hardware:
1. Regulated Power supplies
2. Analog/Digital Storage Oscilloscopes
3. Analog/Digital Function Generators
4. Digital Multimeters
5. Decade Résistance Boxes/Rheostats
6. Decade Capacitance Boxes
7. Ammeters (Analog or Digital)
8. Voltmeters (Analog or Digital) Active & Passive Electronic Components

List of Experiments
1. Single Stage CE Amplifier -frequency response
2. CB Amplifier – frequency response
3. CC Amplifier – frequency response
4. Cascade Amplifier (Two Stage RC coupled Amplifier – Multistage Amplifier)
5. Cascode Amplifier ( Common Emitter stage followed by Common Base stage – Multistage Amplifier)
6. Voltage-Series Feedback Amplifier (Feedback Amplifiers)
7. Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Feedback Amplifiers)
8. Differential Amplifier by using BJT.
9. Current Mirror using BJT
10. Current Mirror using Differential amplifier
11. RC Phase Shift Oscillator
12. Wein Bridge Oscillator
13. Hartley Oscillator
14. Colpitts Oscillator
15. Inverting Amplifier by using Op-Amp.
16. Non-Inverting Amplfier by using Op-Amp.
17. Summing Amplifier

CYCLE-WISE LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

CYCLE – I :
1. Single Stage CE Amplifier -frequency response

2. CB Amplifier – frequency response
3. CC Amplifier – frequency response
4. Cascade Amplifier (Two Stage RC coupled Amplifier – Multistage Amplifier)
5. Cascode Amplifier ( Common Emitter stage followed by Common Base stage – Multistage Amplifier)
6. Voltage-Series Feedback Amplifier (Feedback Amplifiers)
7. Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Feedback Amplifiers)
8. Differential Amplifier by using BJT.
CYCLE – II:
9. Current Mirror using BJT
10. Current Mirror using Differential amplifier
11. RC Phase Shift Oscillator
12. Wein Bridge Oscillator
13. Hartley Oscillator
14. Colpitts Oscillator
15. Inverting Amplifier by using Op-Amp.
16. Non-Inverting Amplfier by using Op-Amp.
17. Summing Amplifier

SOFTWARE
EXPERIMENTS

SINGLE STAGE CE AMPLIFIER

AIM: To design and simulate single stage CE amplifier.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: P SPICE SOFTWARE
DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
1. Open the P SPICE software workshop.
2. Open the main page, select the different components from menu, place them and connect them as
per the circuit diagram using wiring connections.
3. Give node names by clicking “show node names”.
4. Check for wiring connections.
5. Go to simulations, go to open the setup simulations and open AC SWEEP/NOISE ANALYSIS.
6. In this analysis, set the time required.
7. Run the simulations, go to edit plots and plot the required output waveform.
8. Go to circuit diagram, open file menu and select the net list operation, write net list.
9. For frequency response, go to simulation, setup simulation ac sweep analysis and set frequency
ranging from 10 Hz to 1MEGA Hz.
10. Run the simulation, go to edit plots and plot the graph in both time response and frequency response.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

SIMULATION RESULT:
Frequency response curve
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Check whether all the nodes in the circuit diagram are there or not.
2. Check the different grounds.
3. Take care in selecting voltage sources.
.

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design and simulate single stage CB amplifier.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
2. Open the main page, select the different components from menu, place them and connect them as per
the circuit diagram using wiring connections.
5. Go to simulations, go to open the setup simulations and open AC SWEEP/NOISE ANALYSIS.
ranging from 10 Hz to 1 MEGA Hz.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

SIMULATION RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:-
.

COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER
AIM: To design and simulate single stage CC amplifier.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
5. Open the main page, select the different components from menu, place them and connect them as per the
circuit diagram using wiring connections.
8. Go to simulations, go to open the setup simulations and open AC SWEEP/NOISE analysis.
ranging from 200 Hz to 100 KHz.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:-

CASCADE AMPLIFIER (TWO STAGE RC COLUPLED AMPLIFIER)
AIM: - To design and simulate Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: - P SPICE SOFTWARE
DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
ranging from 10 Hz to 1mega Hz.
10 . Run the simulation, go to edit plots and plot the graph in both time response and frequency response.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SIMULATION RESULT:
Frequency response
PRECAUTIONS:
:
CASCODE AMPLIFIER
AIM: - To design and simulate Cascode Amplifier.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
2. Open the main page, select the different components from menu, place them and connect them as per the
circuit diagram using wiring connections.
9. Run the simulation, go to edit plots and plot the graph in time response
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

SIMULATION RESULT:
Frequency Response
PRECAUTIONS:

VOLTAGE-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
(WITHOUT FEED BACK )
AIM: - To design and simulate Voltage-Series Feedback without Feed Back Amplifier.
DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

VOLTAGE-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

(WITH FEED BACK)
AIM: - To design and simulate Voltage-Series Feedback with Feed Back Amplifier.
DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

(WITH FEED BACK)
AIM: To find out the voltage gain and plot the frequency response of a Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier
(with feedback) using P SPICE.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: P SPICE
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
12.00V
R1 R2
33k 3.3k
C2
9.259V
10u
VDB
Q1 V1
c1
12Vdc
10u
Q2N2222
0V
0V
1.475V
836.0mV
25mVac V2
0Vdc
R3
R4 R5
4.7k
1k 100k
0V

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

(WITH OUT FEEDBACK)
AIM: To find out the voltage gain and plot the frequency response of a Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier
without feedback using P SPICE.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: PC & P SPICE
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
CIRCUITDIAGRAM:
12.00V
R1 R3
33k 3.3k
C2
9.259V
10u
VDB
Q1
C1
12Vdc V1
10u
Q2N2222 0V
0V
1.475V
836.0mV
25mVac R5
V2
0Vdc 1k
R2 R4 C3 0V
4.7k 1k 100u

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
AIM: - To design and simulate Differential Amplifier by using BJT.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
2. Open the main page, select the different components from menu, place them and connect them
as per the circuit diagram using wiring connections.
5. Go to simulations, go to open the setup simulations and open transient analysis.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM: - To design and simulate RC phase shift oscillator.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
The circuit diagram using wiring connections.
9. Run the simulation, go to edit plots and plot the graph.
10. Find the frequency of the output signal, compare the theoretical and Simulated wave.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

SIMULATION RESULT: -
PRECAUTIONS: -

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
AIM: - To design and simulate Wien bridge oscillator

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

SIMULATION OUTPUT:
PRECAUTIONS:

HARETLY OSCILLATOR
AIM: - To design and simulate Hartley Oscillator.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
AIM: - To design and simulate Colpitts Oscillator.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

INVERTING AMPLIFIER BY USING OP-AMP
AIM: - To design and simulate Inverting Amplifier by using OP-AMP.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
9. Run the simulation, go to edit plots and plot the graph time response.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER BY USING OP-AMP
AIM: - To design and simulate Non Inverting Amplifier by using OP-AMP.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

SUMMING AMPLIFIER BY USING OP-AMP
AIM: - To design and simulate Summing Amplifier by using OP-AMP.

DESIGN PROCEDURE: -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SIMULATION RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:
:
HARDWARE
EXPERIMENTS

COMMON EMITTER TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

AIM: To plot the frequency response and to determine the bandwidth of the amplifier.
APPARATUS:
1. Cathode Ray oscilloscope - 1 Nos
2. Signal Generator - 1 Nos
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors (33KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 220Ω, 10 KΩ, 1 KΩ) each 1 Nos
2. Capacitors (10µF – 2 Nos & 100µF - 1Nos)
3. Transistor BC107 / 2N2222 - 1Nos
4. Connecting wires
THEORY:
The CE amplifier is having voltage and current gains greater than unity. The values of input
resistance Ri and output resistance R0 lies between those for CB and CC amplifiers. The CE amplifier uses
self biasing or emitter biasing configuration. The power supply VCC, resistors R1,R2,Rc provide the biasing.
The emitter resistor RE is meant for stabilization. The coupling capacitor blocks the DC voltages but free
passes the signal voltages. If the input coupling capacitor C1 is not used, the dc applied to the input of
another amplifier without effecting it bias, because of the blocking capacitor C 2. The emitter resistor RE
provides stabilization as follows. If IC tends to increase, (let ICO has risen due to increase in temperature),
the current in RE is IE = IC + IB also increases. The voltage drop across RE also increases and the drop is in
the direction to reverse bias emitter junction so that the base currents decreased. Finally the collector
current, IC decreases. Hence IC will increase less than it would have, had there been no self biasing resistor
R E. The bypass capacitor CE is mainly used to prevent the loss of amplification due to negative feedback
provided by the RE. This bypass capacitor will effect the low frequency response of the amplifier.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Given specifications: VCC= 12V, IC=1.2mA, AV= 30, fI = 1 kHz, S=2, hFE= 150, β=100
To calculate RC: The voltage gain is given by, AV= -hfe (RC||RF) / hie
(i) h ie = β Re
re = 26mV / IE
hie =
Apply KVL to output loop,
VCC= IC RC + VCE+ IE RE ----- (1)
Where VE = IE RE (IC= IE)
VE= VCC / 10=
Therefore RE= VCE= VCC/2= 5V From equation (1)
RC=
(ii) To calculate R1&R2: S=1+ (RB/RE)
RB= (S-1) RE= R1 || R2 =
RB= R 1R2 / R1+ R2------- (2)
VB= VBE + VE =
VB= VCC R2 / R1+ R2 ------- (3)
Solving equation (2) & (3), R1= & R2=
Determine the values of RC, RE, R1,R2 for the network for the operating points indicated.
VCC = 12 V, ICQ= 5mA, VCEQ = 6V.
VEN= VCC / 10
RE = VEN / IE = VEN / IC ( IE ≈IC)

RC = VRC / IC = (VCC – VCEQ – VEN) / IC
VBN = VBE +VE =
R2 ≤ (1 / 10) x β x RE find R2, VBN = (R2 / (R1 + R2)) x Vcc Find R1 .
OBSERVATIONS:
Gain Gain in
Input Signal Input Voltage Output voltage
S.No Decibels
Vo
Frequency (Hz) Vi (mV) Vo (V) Av =
Vi 20 log (Av)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit with component values calculated.

2. Connect the signal generator with a sine wave of 1KHz frequency to the input and increase the
input to such a level that the output waveform of the signals observed on CRO is not distorted.
3. Measure the input and output voltages and calculate the gain of the amplifier
V
Av = o
Vi
4. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 50 Hz to 1 MHz in suitable steps and calculate gain
at each step. Plot the graph between voltage gain Vs frequency . Note down the half power
points and find the bandwidth of the amplifier.
5. Observe the phase relation between input and output signal at different frequencies.
MODEL GRAPHS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose & wrong connections

2. Polarities must be maintained.
3. Check the circuit before giving the supply.
QUESTIONS:
1. Why should we use CE amplifier in the intermediate stage of multistage amplifiers?

2. In active region the transistor acts as a current controlled current source and so that it can be used
as an amplifier explain?
3. Why a capacitor coupling is used to connect a signal source to an amplifier?
4. Why does the gain of the amplifier vary with the frequency?
5. How does the CE amplifier produce 1800 phase shift between output and input?

COMMON BASE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

AIM: 1. To plot the frequency response and to determine the bandwidth of the CB amplifier.
APPARATUS:
1. Cathode Ray oscilloscope - 1 Nos
2. Signal Generator - 1 Nos
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors (100KΩ – 3nos, 100Ω- 1nos, 2.2 KΩ-1nos 1 KΩ-2nos)
2. Capacitors 10µF – 2 Nos
3. Transistor BC107 /2N2222 - 1Nos
4. Connecting wires
THEORY:
A single-stage CB amplifier using NPN transistor following fig is given below

As seen, input ac signal is injected into the emitter-base circuit and output is taken from the
collector-base circuit. The E/B junction is forward-biased by VEE where as C/B junction is reverse-
biased by VCC. The Q-point or dc working conditions are determined by dc batteries along with
resistors RE and RC. In other words, values of IE, IB and VCB are decided by VCC, VEE, RE and
RC. The voltage VCB is given by the equation VCB= VCC – ICRC.
When no signal is applied to the input circuit, the output just sits at the Q-point so that there is no
output signal. Let us now see what happens when we apply an ac signal to the E/B junction via a
coupling capacitor C1 (which is assumed to offer no reactance to the signal).
Common-base amplifier has

1. Very low input resistance (30 – 150 Ω).
2. Very high output resistance (up to 500 K).
3. A current gain α < 1.

4. Large voltage gain of about 1500.
5. Power gain of up to 30 dB.
6. No phase reversal between input and output voltages.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Given specifications: VCC= 12V, IE=1mA, β=100
Split bias voltage drops about equally across the transistor.
VCE (or VCB) and VRE (o VB)
Choose VB = VCC / 2 = R1 = R2
Then choose / specified IE and the rest of the design follower.
𝑉𝐶𝐶⁄
𝑉𝐸 2 − 0.7
𝑅𝐸 = =
𝐼𝐸 𝐼𝐸
As with CE bias design table operating point = 𝑹𝑩 ≪ (𝜷 + 𝟏)𝑹𝑬

𝑹𝟏 𝑹
i.e. 𝑹𝑩 = 𝑹𝟏 ‖𝑹𝟐 = = (𝜷 + 𝟏) 𝟏𝟎𝑬 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝑹𝑬
𝟐

𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝑹𝑬
OBSERVATIONS:
Gain Gain in
Input Signal Input Voltage Output voltage
S.No Decibels
Vo
Frequency (Hz) Vi (mV) Vo (V) Av =
Vi 20 log (Av)
PROCEDURE:

2. Connect the signal generator with a sine wave of 1KHz frequency to the input and increase the input
to such a level that the output waveform of the signals observed on CRO is not distorted.
V
3. Measure the input and output voltages and calculate the gain of the amplifier Av = o
Vi
4. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 50 Hz to 1 MHz in suitable steps and calculate gain at
each step. Plot the graph between voltage gain Vs frequency . Note down the half power points and
find the bandwidth of the amplifier.
5. Observe the phase relation between input and output signal at different frequencies.
MODEL GRAPHS:
PRECAUTIONS:


VIVAVOICE:
1. What is the AC current gain in a common base configuration .

2. What is the advantage of CB amplifier.
3. What is the relation between α & β.
4. What is the base width modulation.
COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER (EMITTER FOLLOWER )

AIM: To design a common collector (emitter follower) amplifier and find its voltage gain.
APPARATUS
: 1. Power supply - 0-30V -1No
2. CRO - -1No
3. Digital Multimeter -1No
4. Signal Generator -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors -(470Ω, 47KΩ,27KΩ,2KΩ)- each 1nos
2. Capacitors - 10μF -2No
3. Transistors - 2N2222/BC107 -1No
THEORY:
When the output is taken from the emitter terminal of the transistor as shown in the figure the
network is referred to as Common Collector transistor amplifier. This configuration is also called as emitter
follower, because its voltage gain is close to unity. In other words the emitter follows the input signal.
In a.c analysis the collector is grounded, in a common collector configuration the input resistance Ri
of emitter follower is very high (hundreds of kilo ohms) and output resistance R 0 is very low (tens of ohms).
Hence the common collector circuit can be used as a buffer stage which performs the function of resistance
transformation. (From high to low resistance) over a wide range of frequencies, with voltage gain close to
unity. The emitter follower increases the power level of the signal, i.e., it provides power gain.
For the common collector amplifier, the current gain A I is high (approximately equal to common
emitter stage) AV is less than unity (but close to unity), R I is the highest and Ro is the lowest of the three
(CE,CB & CC) configurations. This circuit is widely used as a buffer stage between a high impedance
source and low impedance load. The emitter follower is frequently used for impedance matching purposes;
the emitter follower (due to its low output resistance) is often used to drive capacitive loads.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. above.

2. The operating point VCEQ, IEQ and VBE is measured.
input to such a level that the output waveform of the signal as observe on CRO is not distorted.
4. Measure the input and output voltages and calculate the gain of the amplifier AV=(Vo/p/Vi/p).
5. To measure the input impedance, find the voltage drop across the known resistance RS. The input
current therefore is measured as (the voltage across RS) / RS value. Input impedance is Zi=Vi/Ii.
6. To measure the output impedance, measure the output signal voltage Vo/p without any load.
Connect a resistive load and then adjust the load until the new output signal Vo/p equal to the one
half of the original signal. Remove the Rout from the circuit and measure its value. The measured
value is the output impedance of the circuit.
7. To measure the current gain AI note down the output signal voltage when Ro is connected and
divide it by R0 to get the output current. Now current gain = output current / input current. The
power gain is the product of voltage gain and current gain.
8. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 50Hz to 1MHz in suitable steps and calculate gain at
each step. Plot the graph between voltage gain versus frequency. Note down the half power
points and find the band width of the amplifier.
OBSERVATIONS:
Input Signal Input voltage Output voltage Gain

S.No
Frequency (Hz) Vi(milli volts) V0 (volts) (Av) = Vo/Vi
MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:

VIVAVOICE:
1. Why the common collector amplifier is called as emitter follower?

2. Which of the amplifiers (CE,CB or CC) has a highest input resistance (Ri)?
3. How will the size of the biasing resistor Ri effect the input impedance of the circuit?
CASCADE AMPLIFIER (TWO STAGE R-C COUPLED AMPLIFIER)

AIM: To design a Two stage RC coupled amplifier and obtain its voltage gain.
To plot the frequency response and to determine the bandwidth of the amplifier.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply - 0 – 30V -1No
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors - 100KΩ -2Nos,4.7 KΩ-2Nos,8.2 KΩ-2Nos,1 KΩ- 3Nos
2. Capacitors - 10 μF – 3No. 100 μF - 2No
3. Transistor -BC107/ 2N2222 -2No
THEORY:
This is most popular type of coupling as it provides excellent audio fidelity.

A coupling capacitor is used to connect output of first stage to input of second stage. Resistances R1,
R2,Re form biasing and stabilization network. Emitter bypass capacitor offers low reactance paths to signal
coupling Capacitor transmits ac signal, blocks DC. Cascade stages amplify signal and overall gain is
increased total gain is less than product of gains of individual stages. Thus for more gain coupling is done
and overall gain of two stages equals to A = A1*A2
A1 = voltage gain of first stage
A2 = voltage gain of second stage.
When ac signal is applied to the base of the transistor, its amplified output appears across the
collector resistor Rc.It is given to the second stage for further amplification and signal appears with more
strength. Frequency response curve is obtained by plotting a graph between frequency and gain in db .The
gain is constant in mid frequency range and gain decreases on both sides of the mid frequency range. The
gain decreases in the low frequency range due to coupling capacitor Cc and at high frequencies due to
junction capacitance Cbe.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:
The design of a single stage RC coupled amplifier is shown below.
The nominal value of collector current Ic and hfe can be obtained from the datasheet of the transistor.
Design of Re and Ce
Let voltage across Re; VRe = 10%Vcc ………….(1)
Voltage across Rc; VRc = 40% Vcc. ……………..(2)
The remaining 50% will drop across the collector-emitter .
From (1) and (2) Rc =0.4 (Vcc/Ic) and Re = 01(Vcc/Ic).
Design of R1 and R2.
Base current IB = Ic/hfe.
Let Ic ≈ Ie .
Let current through R1; IR1 = 10Ib.
Also voltage across R2 ; VR2 must be equal to Vbe + VRe. From this VR2 can be found.
Therefore VR1 = Vcc-VR2. Since VR1, VR2 and IR1 are found we can find R1 and R2 using the following
equations.
R1 = VR1/IR1 and R2 = VR2/IR1.

Finding Ce.
Impedance of emitter by-pass capacitor should be one by tenth of Re.
i.e, XCe = 1/10 (Re) .
Also XCe = 1/2∏FCe.
F can be selected to be 100Hz.
From this Ce can be found.
Finding Cin.
Impedance of the input capacitor(Cin) should be one by tenth of the transistors input impedance (Rin).
i.e, XCin = 1/10 (Rin)
Rin = R1 parallel R2 parallel (1 + (hfe re))
re = 25mV/Ie.
Xcin = 1/2∏FCin.
From this Cin can be found.
Finding Cout.
Impedance of the output capacitor (Cout) must be one by tenth of the circuit’s output resistance (Rout).
i.e, XCout = 1/10 (Rout).
Rout = Rc.
XCout = 1/ 2∏FCout.
From this Cout can be found.
Setting the gain.
Introducing a suitable load resistor RL across the transistor’s collector and ground will set the gain. This is
not shown in Fig1.
Expression for the voltage gain (Av) of a common emitter transistor amplifier is as follows.
Av = -(rc/re)
re = 25mV/Ie
and rc = Rc parallel RL

From this RL can be found.
OBSERVATIONS:
Input Signal Input voltage Output voltage Gain Gain in Decibles

S.No
Frequency (Hz) Vi(milli volts) V0 (volts) (Av) = Vo/Vi 20 log(Av)
PROCEDURE:

2. Verify the co-ordinates of operating point and note down any deviations from the designed values
(VCEQ, ICQ and VBE) .
input to such a level that the output waveform of the signal as observed on CRO is not distorted.
4. Find ;out the output impedance of the circuit and connect a load resistor (RL of that value. This
RL acts as the matched load to the amplifier.
5. Measure the input and output voltages and calculate the gain of the amplifier. Av = (Vo/p / Vi/p)
6. To measure the input impedance, find the voltage drop across the known resistance RS. The input
current therefore is measured as the voltage across RS / (RS Value). Input impedance Zi=Vi/Ii.
7. To measure the current gain AI note down the output signal voltage when Ro is connected and
divide it by R0 to get the output current. Now current gain = output current / input current. The
power gain is the product of voltage gain and current gain.
8. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 50Hz to 1MHz in suitable steps and calculate gain at
each step. Plot the graph between voltage gain versus frequency. Note down the half power
points and find the bandwidth of the amplifier.
9. Observe the phase relationship between input and output signals at different frequencies.
MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:


VIVAVOICE:
1. What is the effect of transistor junction capacitances on frequency response of an amplifier?

2. What are the functions of bypass capacitor and blocking capacitors?
3. What is the use of coupling Capacitor in the amplifier circuit?
CASCODE AMPLIFIER

Aim: To measure voltage gain and find the bandwidth of the cascade Amplifier.
APPARATUS:
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors - 33KΩ -2Nos,22 KΩ-1Nos,12 KΩ-1Nos,1 KΩ- 2Nos
THEORY:
An important amplifier configuration is known as cascode amplifier. It consists of a common-emitter (CE)

stage followed by a common-base (CB) stage as shown in figure 3. The common-emitter configuration
presents a relatively high input resistance (  ac + 1) * re to the signal source.
The common-base configuration presents a very low input resistance, re . By replacing the collector
Vcc
R1 Rc
Cc2 Vo
CB
Q2
R1
Vs RS Vb Cc2
Q1
RL
Vs
R2
RE CE

resistance RC in the CE amplifier stage with a common base CB amplifier stage, the CE-CB configuration
virtually eliminates the Miller effect of Cu1 . This will lead to higher 3dB frequency than is possible with a
simple common-emitter amplifier. An extension in the upper cutoff frequency is achieved without reducing
the midband gain (Gain-Bandwidth rule), since the collector of Q2 carries a current almost equal to the
collector current of Q1. Another reason for extending the upper cutoff frequency is that, in the CB
configuration the Miller effect does not exist and does not limit the high-frequency response. Notice that the
effective load resistance seen by the CE transistor Q1 is very low and equal to the input resistance re of the
CB transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 acts as a current buffer or an impedance transformer. Tables 2 and 3
show the summary of the theoretical formulas of the ain and the 3dB frequencies for CE and Cascode
amplifiers.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Design:
IB1=VCE-VBE/RB1
IC1=IE2=IC2=ßIB1
VC1=VE2=VB2-VBE
VC2=VCC-IC2*RC2
VCE2=VC2-VE2
Rin=RB1││ß1RE1
Av1=-RL1/RE1=-1
Ro=RC2
RL2=RC2││RL
AV2=RL2/RE2
Av=AV1*AV2
OBSERVATIONS:
Gain in
Input Signal Input voltage Output voltage Gain
S.No Decibles
Frequency (Hz) Vi(milli volts) V0 (volts) (Av) = Vo/Vi
20 log(Av)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set Vi =50 mV, using the signal generator.
3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 10 Hz to 1M Hz in regular steps and
note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Calculate the voltage gain, input resistance and output resistance of cascade Amplifier.
MODEL GRAP:
PRECAUTIONS:


VIVAVOICE:
1. What are the requirements of biasing and coupling circuits in BJT amplifiers?
2. What is the use of CE in RC coupled amplifier and give its influence in frequency response?
3. Give the advantages and disadvantages of cascade amplifier.
4. W hat i s h al f - po w er fr e qu en c y?
5. In amplifiers, why mid frequency gain is independent to frequency?
6. What is bode-plot?
7. What is the method to increase the output voltage swing of an amplifie r?
8. How load resistances influence the gain of BJT amplifiers?

VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Aim: To conduct an experiment to plot the frequency response of an two stage amplifier with and
without feedback and to find the voltage gain.
APPARATUS:
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors - 100KΩ -2Nos,51 KΩ-1Nos,2.2 KΩ-2Nos,1 KΩ- 1Nos
30 KΩ-1Nos,200 Ω-2Nos,4 KΩ-1Nos
THEORY:
Feedback is the process of combining a portion of output signal with input signal. There
are two types of feedback namely positive feedback and negative feedback. If the signal fed
back is in phase with the input signal we call it as positive feedback and if the fed back signal is
out of phase with the input signal we call it as negative feedback.
Positive feedback is used in oscillators to develop oscillations, where as negative

feedback is used in amplifiers to improve the characteristics of amplifiers. There are four types
of feedback concepts name voltage series feedback, current series feedback, voltage shunt
feedback and current shunt feedback. In this experiment we discuss voltage series feedback. In
voltage series feedback the input impedance will increase, output impedance will decrease,
bandwidth increases and distortion decreases which are all advantages but the voltage gain
decreases which is a disadvantage which can be improved by cascading with other amplifier.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(WITHOUT FEEDBACK)
WITH FEEDBACK:

DESIGN:
VCC = 2VCE =
Let VRE = 10% VCC =0.5 V RE =

VRE / ( IC + IB )
IB = IC /  =
Choose RE = 1K 
Apply KVL to collector loop

VCC – IC RC – VCE – VE = 0
RC = ( VCC – VCE – VE ) / IC =
Let IR1 = 10 IB =
VR2 = VBE + VE =
( Since transistor is silicon make VBE = 0.6 V )
R2 = VR2 / ( IR1 – IB ) =
R1 = ( VCC – VR2 ) / IR1 =

XCE < < RE ; XCE = RE / 10
1 / ( 2  f CE ) =
OBSERVATIONS:
Tabular Column: Vi = V
Without Feedback With Feedback

f in Hz
Vo Gain in dB Vo Gain in dB
AV = Vo / Vi AVf = Vo / Vi
in Volt = 20*log AV in Volt = 20*log AVf
PROCEDURE:
1. Components / Equipment are tested for their good working condition.
2. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. By keeping the voltage knobs in minimum position and current knob in maximum
position switch on the power supply.

4. By disconnecting the AC source measure the quiescent point (VCE and IC)
To find frequency response:

1. Connect the AC source. Keeping the frequency of the AC source in mid band region
(say 10 kHz) adjust the amplitude to get the distortion less output. Note down the
amplitude of the input signal.
2. Keeping the input amplitude constant, Vary the frequency in suitable steps and note
down the corresponding output amplitude.
3. Calculate AV and gain in decibels. Plot a graph of frequency Vs gain in dB. From the
graph calculate fL, fH and bandwidth.
4. Calculate figure of merit.
Result:
With Feedback
1. Voltage Gain ( AV ) =
2. Bandwidth (BW) = Hz
Without Feedback
1. Voltage Gain ( AV ) =
2. Bandwidth (BW) = Hz
PRECAUTIONS:


DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Aim: To construct a differential amplifier using BJT and to calculate the CMRR and also to determine the
dc collector current of individual transistors.
APPARATUS:
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors - 1KΩ -5Nos,
2. IC LM741/µA741 – 1Nos
3. Connecting wires
THEORY:
The differential amplifier is a basic stage of an integrated operational amplifier. It is used to amplify
the difference between 2 signals. It has excellent stability, high versatility and immunity to noise. In a
practical differential amplifier, the output depends not only upon the difference of the 2 signals but also
depends upon the common mode signal.
Transistor Q1 and Q2 have matched characteristics. The values of RC1 and RC2 are equal. Re1 and
Re2 are also equal and this differential amplifier is called emitter coupled differential amplifier. The output
is taken between the two output terminals.
For the differential mode operation the input is taken from two different sources and the common
mode operation the applied signals are taken from the same source. Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(CMRR) is an important parameter of the differential amplifier. CMRR is defined as the ratio of the
differential mode gain, Ad to the common mode gain, Ac.
CMRR = Ad / Ac
In ideal cases, the value of CMRR is very high.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Observation:
Common mode Gain (Ac) = VO / VIN
Differential mode Gain (Ad) = V0 / VIN

Where VIN = V1 – V2
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) = Ad/Ac

Where, Ad is the differential mode gain
Ac is the common mode gain.

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To determine the common mode gain, we set input signal with voltage Vin=2V and determine Vo at the
collector terminals. Calculate common mode gain, Ac=Vo/Vin.
3. To determine the differential mode gain, we set input signals with voltages V1 and V2. Compute Vin=V1-
V2 and find Vo at the collector terminals. Calculate differential mode gain, Ad=Vo/Vin.
4. Calculate the CMRR=Ad/Ac.
5. Measure the dc collector current for the individual transistors.

MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:

VIVA VOICE:
1. Differential amplifier is capable of amplifying or not?

2. In ideal differential amplifier the common input signal is given to both inputs, what is output?
3. What is CMRR?
4. What is an operational amplifier?

SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATORS
Sinusoidal Oscillator is a feedback amplifier designed to have a closed loop poles on the j-axis at the
frequency of the desired output. An oscillator is a feed back amplifier (the gain with feed back Af = A /
(1+Aβ)) with the closed loop gain, Aβ = -1. When Aβ = -1, Af becomes infinite thus, an infinitesimal signal
(noise voltage)can provide measurable output voltage and this circuit acts as an oscillator even without a
input signal.
BARKHAUSEN CRITERIA:
The two condition to be satisfied by a circuit to sustain oscillation are.
1. The phase shift through the amplifier and feed back network must be 3600.
2. The magnitude of the product of the gain of the amplifier and feedback network must be unity.
These two conditions indicates that – Aβ = 1. This is called the barkhausen Criteria.
The RC Phase shift Oscillator, Wein bridge Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator, Hartley Oscillator are the
examples of sinusoidal oscillator. All these oscillators should satisfy the Barkhausen criteria to produce
Oscillations.

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM: To design and to find the frequency of the RC phase shift Oscillator.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply -0-30V -1No
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors - 47KΩ -1Nos,10 KΩ-3Nos,3.3 KΩ-2Nos,1 KΩ- 1Nos
470 Ω-1Nos
2. Capacitors -100µF -1No, 0.1µF-3Nos
3. Transistors -BC107/2N2222 -1No
THEORY:
The RC Phase Shift Oscillator consists of transistor amplifier and three cascaded (series) RC
sections. The output of the last RC combination is returned to the base of the transistor, if the loading of the
phase shift network on the amplifier can be neglected. The amplifier introduces 1800 phase shift to the
voltage which appears on the base. The three RC sections will give additional phase shift, at some
frequency the phase shift introduced by the RC network will be equal to 1800, at this frequency the total
phase shift from the base around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly zero. This particular
frequency will be the oneat which the circuit will oscillates, provided the magnitude of amplification is
sufficientl
large. The frequency of oscillation is given by
1 1
𝐹= ×1
2𝜋𝑅𝐶 ⁄
√6+4𝐾
=
When K = Rc / R. =
The requirement is that the magnitude of Aβ must exceed unity. In order for oscillations to start, the circuit
needs the condition.
hFE  4K + 23 + (29 / K )
The phase shift oscillator is particularly suited to the range of audio

frequencies. At frequencies in the range of Mega hertz, has no marked advantage over circuits employing

tuned LC networks. The frequency of oscillations can be varied by changing any one of the impedance
elements ( R or C) in the phase shifting network.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Design a CE amplifier.
K = 2.7 = Rc / R, find out the value of R.
1
C=
2Rf 0 6 + 4 K
Find out the value of C for a frequency of 1 KHz.
OBSERVATIONS;
Resistance C apacitor THEORITICAL PRACTICAL

SL.NO value value Frequency Frequency
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. above.
2. First check the amplifier section (i.e., find out the operating point).

3. adjust the potentiometer such that oscillations are sustained. Monitor the output waveform using
CRO
4. Measure the voltage at each RC Section.
5. Measure the Phase shift introduced by each section forming Lissajous figures. Use the sine wave
as reference voltage.
6. Measure the waveform frequency and compare it with theoretical value.
MODEL GRAPH:
VIVAVOICE:
1. How the Barkhausen Criteria is satisfied in the RC phase-shift oscillator?
2. How do you vary the frequency of the RC phase-shift oscillator?
3. What is the maximum phase-shift that can be obtained by a single RC section?
4. Under what conditions the amplifier behaves as an oscillator?
5. What is the frequency range that can be obtained by the RC phase shift oscillator?

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
AIM: To design a Wien Bridge Oscillator and study its performance.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply (dual Channel) - 0-30V -1No
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors - 4.7 KΩ-2Nos, 68 KΩ-2Nos, 10KΩ-2Nos
1 KΩ-2Nos,100Ω- 1Nos
2. Capacitors -( 0.1μF- 2Nos,10 μF-3 Nos)
3. Transistor BC107/2N2222 -1No
THEORY:
An oscillator, in which a balanced bridge is used as the feedback network is known as wien bridge
oscillator, is shown below; The active element is an operational amplifier which has a very large positive
voltage gain, if the bridge balance is desired, in order to get oscillations, then R1 and R2 must be chosen so
that, Vi=0, (R4 / (R3 + R4) = 1/3 or R3 = 2R4.) The frequency of oscillation (f0 = 1/2πRC) is precisely the
null frequency of the balanced bridge. Continuous variation of frequency is accomplished by varying
simultaneously the two capacitors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Trace the wired circuitry according to the circuit diagram given.
2. Switch on the trainer and connect the output of the wein bridge oscillator to the oscilloscope.
3. Observe the output signal and note down the frequency & amplitude with the help oscilloscope.
4. Compare the output frequency with the theoretical value. Theoretical value can be achieved by
f = 1 / 2πRC.
Where R = R1 = R2 =10KΩ
Note: R2 includes R2’ and R”2 i.e. 8.2KΩ +1.2KΩ + 1KΩ preset
C = C1 = C2 = 0.01μF
OBSERVATIONS;
Resistance C apacitor THEORITICAL PRACTICAL

SL.NO Value value Frequency Frequency
MODEL GRAPH:
VIVAVOICE:
1. How the Barkhausen criterion is satisfied in the Wien Bridge Oscillator?
2. What condition determines the frequency of oscillations?
3. How do you vary the frequency of oscillations?
4. What is the frequency range of oscillations in a Wien Bridge Oscillator?

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
AIM: To design a Hartley oscillator and find the frequency generated.
APPARATUS:
1. Power Supply 0 – 30 V -1No
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors 470 Ω-1Nos, 100 KΩ-1Nos, 15KΩ-1Nos
2.2 KΩ-1Nos,100Ω- 1Nos
2. Capacitors - 0.1μF- 1Nos,10 μF-2 Nos, 100 μF-1 Nos
3. Inductor 200mH -2Nos
4. Transistors BC107/2N2222 -1No
THEORY:
The Harley oscillator uses the LC network as a feedback network. This Harley oscillator is formed by
changing the capacitors in the Colpitts tank circuit to inductors and by changing the tunable inductor to an
adjustable capacitor. Both the Colpitts and Harley oscillator configuration requires an amplifier with
inverting (1800Phase shift) gain in order to sustain oscillations.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:
Choose L2 = 200mH, C2 = 0.01 μF
h fe =   L1 / L12 Find out L1.
L = L1 in series with L2 , find out L.
1
Find out the values of frequency for different values of C by using the formula f 0 =
2 LC
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

2. The output oscillations are to be observed by CRO.
3. Vary the values of C for sustained oscillations and compare these values with theoretical values.
4. Now vary the L1and L2 and note down the frequency of oscillations and compare them with
theoretical ones.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Value of L1 Value of L2 Value of C f0 theoretical f0 practical
MODEL GRAPH:
QUESTIONS:
1. How the Barkhausen criterion is satisfied in Hartley oscillator?

2. What is the feedback network in Harley oscillator?
3. What is the frequency range that can be obtained by Harley oscillator?
4. What is the frequency stability criterion for sinusoidal oscillations?

COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
AIM: To design a Colpitts oscillator and study its performance.
APPARATUS:
1. Power supply 0 - 30V -1No
2. CRO -1No
COMPONENTS:
1. Resistors 470 Ω-1Nos, 100 KΩ-1Nos, 15KΩ-1Nos
2.2 KΩ-1Nos,100Ω- 1Nos
2. Capacitors - 2μF- 2Nos,10 μF-2 Nos, 100 μF-1 Nos
3. Inductor 30mH -1Nos
4. Transistors BC107/2N2222 -1No
THEORY:
The RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators are RC tunable oscillators. That is the frequency of
oscillator is determined by the resistance and capacitance values used. These oscillators are particularly
suited to one range of frequencies from several Hertz to several hundred Kilo hertz and so include the range
of audio frequencies. At frequencies in the Megahertz range, these have no advantages over circuits
employing tuned LC networks.
Tuned LC oscillators are used in many applications, including radio transmitters, AM and FM
receivers, and sinusoidal function generators. One popular LC oscillator configuration, shown in fig. given
below is called the COLPITTS oscillator. The resonant combination of C1,C2 and L is called the tank
circuit. The oscillation frequency is changed via the adjustable inductor L.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
Choose L = 1mH , C2 = 0,01 μF
h fe =   C2 / C1
Find out C1
C = C1 in series with C2, find out C.
1
Find out the values of frequency for different values of L by using the formula f 0 =
2 LC
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.

2. The output oscillations are to be observed by CRO
3. Vary the values of C1 for sustained oscillations and compare these values with theoretical values.
4. Now vary the L and note down the frequency of oscillations and compare then with theoretical
values.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Value of C1 Value of C2 Value of L f0 theoretical f0 practical
MODEL WAAVE FORMS:
VIVAVOICE:
1. How the Barkhausen criterion is satisfied in Colpitts Oscillator?
2. What is the feedback network in Colpitts Oscillator?
3. What is the frequency range that can be obtained by the Colpitts oscillator?
4. What are the applications of LC tuned oscillators?

IC A 741 OP-AMP
1. Supply voltage:
A 741A, A 741, A 741E ----------------- 22V
A 741C ------------------- 18 V
2. Internal power dissipation

DIP package ---------------------- 310 Mw.
3. Differential input voltage ---------------- 30 V.
4. Operating temperature range

Military (A 741A, A 741) -- ---------- -550 to +1250 C.
Commercial (A 741E, A 741C) ---------- 00 C to +700 C.
5. Input offset voltage ------------ 1.0 mV.
6. Input Bias current ------------ 80 nA.
7. PSSR -------------- 30 V/V.
8. Input resistance ------------- 2M.

9. CMMR -------------- 90.
10. Output resistance ---------- 75.
11. Bandwidth ----------- 1.0 MHz.
12. Slew rate ------------ 0.5 V/ sec.

INVERTING AND NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER
AIM: To find the voltage gain of Inverting and Non- Inverting amplifier Using IC 741 OP-AMP.
APPARATUS: 1. Bread board Trainer
2. 1MHz Function generator.
3. 20MHz C R O.
4. Digital multimeter.
5. Power supply.
6. Connecting wires.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
741IC - 1No
10K resistor - 2No
100K resistor- 1No
THEORY:
INTRODUCTION:
When the input signal to an op-amp is supplied to the inverting input with non-inverting input at
ground, the amplifier operates in the inverting mode that input terminals. (Apply the sine wave in mill volts.
Take care not to saturate is the output differs in phase by 180 degrees with respect to the input. In an
R
inverting amplifier the gain is given by the relation A = - F . Where RF and R1 are the feedback and input
R1
resistor respectively. When operated in the non-inverting mode, the input signal is applied to the non-
inverting input with the inverting terminal grounded through a resistor. The gain in this case is given by the
R
relation A = 1+ F
R1
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
In an inverting amplifier circuit, the operational amplifier inverting input receives feedback from the
output of the amplifier. Assuming the op-amp is ideal and applying the concept of virtual short at the input
terminals of op-amp, the voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to non-inverting terminal. The non-
inverting input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground. As the gain of the op amp itself is very
high and the output from the amplifier is a matter of only a few volts, this means that the difference between
the two input terminals is exceedingly small and can be ignored. As the non-inverting input of the
operational amplifier is held at ground potential this means that the inverting input must be virtually at earth
potential.

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Non-Inverting amplifier is one in which the output is in phase with respect to the input. The feedback
is applied at the inverting input. However, the input is now applied at the non-inverting input. The output is a
non-Inverted (in terms of phase) amplified version of input. The gain of the non-inverting amplifier circuit
for the operational amplifier is easy to determine. The calculation hinges around the fact that the voltage at
both inputs is the same. This arises from the fact that the gain of the amplifier is exceedingly high. If the
output of the circuit remains within the supply rails of the amplifier, then the output voltage divided by the
gain means that there is virtually no difference between the two inputs.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1)

2. Switch ‘ON’ the power supply and apply  15V to the circuit.
3. Apply input signal from the function generator of 1 KHz to the reference the amplifier due to
excessive input voltage. It is preferred to keep the input below1 V).
4. Connect the 20MHz C.R.O at the output terminals.
5. Observe and record the output voltage waveforms.
R
6. Calculate the Vo of the inverting Amplifier as Vo = - F  Vin and find its gain.
R1
7. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2).
8. Apply an input sine wave of 1V p-p at 1KHz from the function generator.
9. Connect the CRO at output terminals.
10. Observe and record the output voltage waveforms
R
11. Calculate the Vo of the Non-inverting amplifier as Vo = 1 + F  Vin and find its gain
R1
12. Verify the results with theoretical values.
13. Repeat the above steps for input voltages.

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
PRECAUTIONS:

VIVA VOICE:
1. Define an integrated circuit and classify them.
2. What is an op-amp and what are its types?
3. How to define the symbol of op-amp?
4. What are the various terminals of op-amp 741 IC?
5. What is the operating voltage range of IC 741?

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RGUKT, SRIKAKULAM ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB-1

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES

ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT - 1 LAB

M.V. TIRUPATAMMA M.Tech.,

For 1st year B.Tech ECE- II Semester

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Name of the Laboratory : ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS – 1 LAB

Name of the Faculty : Smt. M.V. TIRUPATAMMA, M.Tech

Department : Electronics and Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 2

S.NO CONTENTS DESCRIPTION page

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 3

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies

I Year B.Tech ECE Semester-II L T P C

ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS-I

PART B: Equipment required for Laboratory

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 4

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 5

CYCLE-WISE LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Single Stage CE Amplifier -frequency response

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 6

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 7

SINGLE STAGE CE AMPLIFIER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 8

Frequency response curve

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 9

COMMON BASE AMPLIFIER

AIM: To design and simulate single stage CB amplifier.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 10

Frequency response curve

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 11

COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER

AIM: To design and simulate single stage CC amplifier.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 12

Frequency response curve

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 13

CASCADE AMPLIFIER (TWO STAGE RC COLUPLED AMPLIFIER)

AIM: - To design and simulate Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 14

AIM: - To design and simulate Cascode Amplifier.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 16

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 17

VOLTAGE-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

(WITHOUT FEED BACK )

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 18

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 19

VOLTAGE-SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 20

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 21

VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 22

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 23

VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 24

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AIM: - To design and simulate Differential Amplifier by using BJT.

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RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: - To design and simulate RC phase shift oscillator.

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