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Sarabandi
where J e (r) is the impressed volumetric current distribution. As shown previously the
electric field is usually calculated indirectly from the electric Hertz potential and is given
by:
E(r) = k 2 + ∇∇· Πe (r) (2)
where
iZ
Z
Πe (r) = J e (r ′ )g(r, r′ )dv ′ (3)
k v
The electric field expression given by (2) is valid for all r in this medium including source
points. Here
′
1 eik|r−r |
g(r, r ′ ) =
4π |r − r ′ |
1
is the scalar Green’s function satisfying the scalar wave equation
∇2 + k 2 g(r, r′ ) = −δ(r − r ′ ) (4)
x̂ x̂
J e (r) = δ(r − r ′ ) = δ(r − r′ ) (5)
iωµ ikZ
According to (3) and (2) the resulting electric field can be obtained from
1
x
G (r, r ) = 1 + 2 ∇∇· g(r, r′ )x̂
′
k
x
where G (r, r′ ) denotes the impulse response to an x-directed excitation. In a similar
manner the electric field in response to infinitesimal y-directed and z-directed currents
are given by
1
y
G (r, r ) = 1 + 2 ∇∇· g(r, r ′ )ŷ
′
k
1
z
G (r, r ′ ) = 1 + 2 ∇∇· g(r, r′ )ẑ
k
Using the compact dyadic notation, the electric field due to an arbitrary oriented
p̂
(along p̂) infinitesimal current ikZ δ(r − r′ ) can be obtained from:
p =
E (r, r′ ) =G (r, r′ ) · p̂
= x y z
where G (r, r′ ) = G (r, r′ )x̂ + G (r, r ′ )ŷ + G (r, r′ )ẑ is referred to as the dyadic Green’s
=
function of free-space. The explicit expression for G (r, r′ ) is given by
1
=
′ ′
G (r, r ) = 1 + 2 ∇∇· g(r, r )(x̂x̂ + ŷŷ + ẑ ẑ)
k
1
=
= 1 + 2 ∇∇· g(r, r′ ) I
k
= = =
where I is the unit dyad (idemfactor). Noting that ∇ · ψ I = ∇ψ· I = ∇ψ for any
differentiable scalar function ψ, the expression for the dyadic Green’s function is given
by
2
= 1 =
′ ′
G (r, r ) = I + 2 ∇∇ g(r, r ) (6)
k
= q
Referring to (1) each vector component of G (r, r ′ ) G (r, r′ ); q = x, y, z satisfies
q q
∇ × ∇ × G (r, r′ ) − k 2 G (r, r ′ ) = q̂δ(r − r ′ ) (7)
By juxtaposing a unit vector x̂, ŷ, or ẑ at the posterior position of the three vector
equations given by (7) and summing these equations, we obtain
= = =
∇ × ∇× G (r, r′ ) − k 2 G (r, r′ ) =I δ(r − r′ ) (8)
ZZZ = =
P · ∇ × ∇× Q −(∇ × ∇ × P ) · Q dv = (9)
v
ZZ = =
−
(n̂ × ∇ × P )· Q +(n̂ × P ) · ∇× Q ds .
s
an explicit expression for the electric field due to the impressed electric current can be
= =
obtained. By letting P = E(r) and Q=G (r, r′ ) it can easily be shown that
=
ZZZ
E(r ′ ) = ikZ Je (r)· G (r, r ′ )dv (10)
v
ZZ
= =
′ ′
−
(n̂ × ∇ × E(r))· G (r, r ) + (n̂ × E(r)) · ∇× G (r, r ) ds .
s
=
ZZZ
′
E(r ) = ikZ J e (r)· G (r, r ′ )dv (11)
v
ZZ
= =
−
ikZ(n × H(r))· G (r, r′ ) + (n̂ × E(r)) · ∇× G (r, r ′ ) ds
s
3
To find an expression for the magnetic field, we start with the vector wave equation for
the magnetic field given by
=
ZZZ h i
′
H(r ) = ∇ × J e (r) · G (r, r′ )dv (13)
v
ZZ
= =
′ ′
−
(n̂ × ∇ × H(r))· G (r, r ) + (n̂ × H(r)) · ∇× G (r, r ) ds
s
= = =
∇ · (a× b ) = ∇ × a· b −a · ∇× b ,
ZZZ
= = =
ZZZ h i
′ ′ ′
∇ × Je (r) · G (r, r )dv = ∇ · Je (r)× G (r, r ) + Je (r) · ∇× G (r, r ) dv
v v
= =
ZZZ ZZ
′ ′
∇ · Je (r)× G (r, r ) dv =
n̂ · Je (r)× G (r, r ) ds
v s
=
ZZ h i
=
n̂ × Je (r) · G (r, r ′ ) ds
s
=
ZZZ
H(r ′ ) = J e (r) · ∇× G (r, r′ )dv (14)
v
= =
ZZ h i
′ ′
+
ikY n × E(r) · G (r, r ) − (n̂ × H(r)) · ∇× G (r, r ) ds
s
4
2 Field Quantities Generated from Magnetic and
Electric Currents
Equations (11) and (14) provide the electric and magnetic field quantities in a bounded
region originated from an electric current distribution and a certain surface field quan-
tities at the surface of this bounded region. In this section these results are extended
to allow for the existence of both electric and magnetic currents. This can easily be
done by first obtaining the field expressions using a magnetic current distribution as
the excitation. The duality relations can be employed to find the field quantities for
a magnetic current excitation from those given by (11) and (14). We first point out
that the magnetic dyadic Green’s function for an unbounded homogeneous medium is
the same as the electric one. Apply the duality relations to (11) and (14) the following
expressions are obtained
=
ZZZ
′
H m (r ) = ikY J m (r)· G (r, r′ )dv (15)
v
ZZ
= =
−
−ikY (n̂ × E m (r))· G (r, r ′ ) + (n̂ × H m (r)) · ∇× G (r, r′ ) ds
s
=
ZZZ
′
E m (r ) = − J m (r) · ∇× G (r, r ′ ) dv (16)
v
ZZ
= =
−
ikZ(n̂ × H m (r))· G (r, r′ ) + (n̂ × E m (r)) · ∇× G (r, r′ ) ds
s
Superposition of (11) and (16) and (14) and (15) provides the total fields within S and
are given by
= =
ZZZ
′ ′ ′
E(r ) = ikZJ e (r)· G (r, r ) − J m (r) · ∇× G (r, r ) dv (17)
v
ZZ
= =
−
ikZ(n̂ × H(r′ ))· G (r, r ′ ) + (n̂ × E(r ′ )) · ∇× G (r, r′ ) ds
s
= =
ZZZ
′ ′ ′
H(r ) = J e (r) · ∇× G (r, r ) + ikY J m (r)· G (r, r ) dv (18)
v
ZZ
= =
′ ′
+
ikY (n̂ × E(r))· G (r, r ) − (n̂ × H(r)) · ∇× G (r, r ) ds
s
5
The electric field far away from the source and observation points satisfies
n o
lim r ∇ × E(r) − ikr̂ × E(r) = 0 (19)
r→∞
x y
The magnetic field also satisfies an identical equation. Using (19) for G (r, r′ ), G (r, r ′ ),
z
and G (r, r′ ) and by juxtaposing unit vectors x̂, ŷ, and ẑ at the posterior position of
each equation respectively and then adding the three resulting equations we get
= =
′ ′
lim r ∇× G (r, r ) − ikr̂× G (r, r ) = 0 (20)
r→∞
which is known as the radiation condition for the free-space dyadic Green’s function.
∂ ∂ ∂
∇= x̂ + ŷ + ẑ ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
the dyadic Green’s function can be represented, in matrix form, in the following manner
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
k2 +
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂x∂z ′
=
′ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 eik|r−r |
k 2 + ∂y
G (r, r ) = 2
(21)
∂y∂x
∂2 ∂2
∂y∂z
∂2
4πk 2 |r − r′ |
∂z∂x ∂z∂y
k 2 + ∂z 2
=
It is quite obvious from (21) that G (r, r′ ) is a symmetric dyad, i.e.
T
= =
′ ′
G (r, r ) = G (r, r ) (22)
= =
V · G (r, r ′ ) =G (r, r′ ) · V
6
=
Also noting that ∇ × ∇ = 0, ∇× G (r, r′ ) can easily be evaluated as follows
1
= = =
∇× G (r, r ) = ∇ × I + 2 ∇∇ g(r, r ′ ) = ∇ × I g(r, r′ )
′
k
=
′
= ∇g(r, r )× I
∂ ∂
0 − ∂z
∂y ik|r−r ′ |
∂ e
=
∇× G (r, r ′ ) = ∂
0 − ∂x (23)
∂z
4π|r − r ′ |
∂ ∂
− ∂y ∂x
0
=
which is obviously anti-symmetric (any dyad of the form C× I is anti-symmetric).
=
Another expanded form of G (r, r′ ) can be obtained by noting that
d 1
∇g(R) = g(R)∇R = (ik − )g(R)∇R
dR R
1
= ik − g(R)R̂ ,
R
where R = |r − r ′ | and
r − r′
R̂ = .
|r − r ′ |
Hence,
1 1
∇∇g(R) = ∇ ik − g(R) R̂ + ik − g(R)∇R̂ , (24)
R R
∇R̂ can be calculated easily noting that,
!
R ∇(R) 1
∇(R̂) = ∇ = + R∇
R R R
=
But ∇(R) =I and therefore
1
=
∇(R̂) = I −R̂R̂
R
After some algebraic manipulations it can be shown that
7
= 3 3i i 1 =
′
G (r, r ) = 2 2
− − 1 R̂R̂ + 1 + − 2 2 I g(R) (25)
k R kR kR k R
′
= eik|r−r |
=
′
G (r, r ) ≃ I −r̂r̂ (26)
4πr
ikr
e
= ′
≃ I −r̂r̂ e−ikr̂·r
4πr
Equation (26) indicates that the field quantities do not possess a radial component.
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
!
+ + + k02 g(r) = −δ(r) (27)
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
+∞
ZZZ
g̃(k) = g(r)e−i(kx x+ky y+kz z) dx dy dz
−∞
8
Conversely g(r) in terms of its Fourier transform is obtained from
+∞
1
ZZZ
g(r) = g̃(k)ei(kx x+ky y+kz z) dkx dky dkz (28)
(2π)3 −∞
+∞
1
ZZZ
δ(r) = ei(kx x+ky y+kz z) dkx dky dkz
(2π)3 −∞
1
g̃(k) = (29)
kx2 + ky2 + kz2 − ko2
+∞
1 1
Z
I(z) = eikz z dkz ; h2 = ko2 − kx2 − ky2 (30)
2π −∞ kz2 −h2
Considering the behavior of g(r), we expect that I(z) approaches zero at z = ±∞. This
is justifiable if we let h to be complex with Im[h] > 0. Such assumption is common
and corresponds to a slightly lossy media. After evaluation of the integral, the lossless
condition is restored by allowing Im[h] → 0. With this assumption the locations of the
poles of the integrand (30) are shown in Figure 1. The contour of integration is assumed
to be along the real axis. For z ≥ 0 the contour can be closed in the upper half-plane with
a semi-circle of a large radius (R → ∞) noting that Im[kz ] > 0 (a radiation condition
requirement). In this case the integrand along the semi-circle contour is zero.
For z ≤ 0, the contour can be closed in the lower half-plane. Using Cauchy’s residue
theorem to the contour integrals, I(z) can easily be evaluated and is given by
(
i eihz z ≥ 0 i ih|z|
I(z) = = e
2h e−ihz z ≤ 0 2h
q
where h = ko2 − kx2 − ky2 . Replacing h with kz and keeping in mind that kz is no longer
an independent parameter, (28) takes the following form
9
Im [kz]
Path of integration
for z > 0
kz = h
Re [kz]
kz = –h
ZZ+∞
∂2 1
g(r) = − eik⊥ ·r⊥ dk⊥ δ(z) −
∂z 2 (2π)2
−∞
10
ZZ+∞
i kz
eik⊥ ·r⊥ +ikz |z| dk⊥ f 2 (z)
(2π)2 2
−∞
+∞
2 1
eik⊥ ·r⊥ dk⊥ = δ(x)δ(y) and therefore
RR
But f (z) = 1 and 2
(2π) −∞
ZZ+∞
∂2 i kz i(k⊥ ·r⊥ +kz |z|)
2
g(r) = −δ(r) − e dkx dky (32)
∂z (2π)2 −∞
2
=
Substituting (31) in (6) and using (32) a simple expression for G (r) can be obtained.
∂ ∂
Interchanging the order of differentiation and integration and noting that ∂x , ∂y and
∂
∂z
can be replaced with ikz , iky and ±ikz ( + sign for z > 0 and − sign for z < 0 )
respectively it can easily be shown that
+∞
=
i 1
I − kk eik·r d k⊥ z > 0
RR
−ẑ ẑ
= 8π 2 −∞ kz k2
G (r) = δ(r) + +∞ (33)
k2
=
i 1
− KK iK·r
RR
8π 2 −∞ kz I k2
e d k⊥ z < 0
where
k = kx x̂ + ky ŷ + kz ẑ
K = kx x̂ + ky ŷ − kz ẑ
Equation (33) is the expansion of the free-space dyadic Green’s function in terms of a
continuous spectrum of plane waves (monochromatic) propagating along the vectors k
and K which are in general complex quantities.
Propagation vector K is the mirror image
of k in x-y plane K = k − 2(k · ẑ)ẑ and represents plane waves propagating along the
−ẑ direction. Another useful representation appropriate for planar boundaries can be
=
obtained by decomposing the vectors in G (r) into TE and TM components. Recognizing
that k/k is a unit vector (k̂) the horizontal (TE) and vertical (TM) unit vectors are,
respectively, defined by
k̂ × ẑ ky x̂ − kx ŷ 1
ê(kz ) = = q = (ky x̂ − kx ŷ)
|k̂ × ẑ| kx2 + ky2 kρ
−kz kρ
ĥ(kz ) = ê × k̂ = (x̂kx + ŷky ) + ẑ
kkρ k
The triplet ĥ, ê, k̂ form an orthonormal system, and therefore
11
=
I −k̂ k̂ = êê + ĥĥ (34)
K
A similar orthonormal system can be formed with K̂ = k
instead of k̂. In this system
the horizontal and vertical unit vectors are given by:
K̂ × ẑ
ê(−kz ) = = ê(kz )
|K̂ × ẑ|
ĥ(−kz ) = ê × K̂
and as before
=
I −K̂ K̂ = ê(kz )ê(kz ) + ĥ(−kz )ĥ(−kz ) (35)
Inserting (34) and (35) into (33) and translating the source from the origin to r ′ , the
free-space dyadic Green’s function takes the following form:
+∞
h i
i 1 ′
êê + ĥ(kz )ĥ(kz ) eik·(r−r ) d k⊥ z > z′
RR
−ẑ ẑ
= 2
8π −∞ kz
′ ′
G (r, r ) = 2 δ(r − r ) + +∞ (36)
k
i RR 1
h
êê + ĥ(−kz )ĥ(−kz ) e
i
iK·(r−r′ )
d k⊥ z < z ′
8π 2 −∞ kz
This form of the dyadic Green’s function is usually not appropriate for numerical eval-
uation, especially when z − z ′ << λ. In this case the convergence rate of the integral
is very poor.
J(r) = J(ρ)eikzi z
12
where ρ = xx̂ + y ŷ. The differential operator can also be made explicit with respect to
∂
∂z
which is replaced by ikzi, that is
∇ = ∇t + ikzi ẑ
∂ ∂
where ∇t = ∂x x̂ + ∂y ŷ. Since the dependence of J(r) with respect to z is explicit, in
field calculations the integral with respect to z can be carried out. Therefore the 2-D
dyadic Green’s function is given by
′
+∞ = 1 = 1 +∞ eik|r−r | ikzi z ′ ′
Z
=
Z
′ ′ ikzi z ′ ′
G (ρ, ρ ) = G (r, r )e dz = I + 2 ∇∇ e dz
−∞ 4π k −∞ |r − r ′ |
Using the identity
√
|ρ−ρ′ |2 +(z−z ′ )2
+∞ eik
Z
′ (1)
q eikzi z dz ′ = iπH0 (kρ |ρ − ρ′ |)eikziz (37)
−∞ |ρ − ρ′ |2 + (z − z ′ )2
q
2
where kρ = k 2 − kzi , the 2-D dyadic Green’s function takes the following form:
= i = 1
′ 2 (1) ′ ik z
G (ρ, ρ ) = I + 2 ∇t ∇t + ikzi∇t ẑ + ikzi ẑ∇t − kzi ẑẑ H0 (kρ |ρ − ρ |)e zi . (38)
4 k
1 ∂2 1 ∂2 ikzi ∂
1+ k 2 ∂x2 k 2 ∂x∂y k 2 ∂x
=
′
1 ∂2 1 ∂2 ikzi ∂
i (1)
G (ρ, ρ ) = 1+ H (kρ |ρ − ρ′ |)eikzi z (39)
k 2 ∂y∂x k 2 ∂y 2 k 2 ∂y
4 0
ikzi ∂ ikzi ∂ kρ2
k 2 ∂x k 2 ∂y k02
(1)
q 1 Z +∞ 1 ikx (x−x′ )+iky |y−y′ |
H0 (kρ (x − x′ )2 + (y − y)2 ) = e dkx (40)
π −∞ ky
13
q
where ky = kρ2 − kx2 . Substituting (40) in (39) and after some algebraic manipulations
it can be shown that
=
ieikzi z R +∞ 1 ′ ′
I − kk ei[kx (x−x )+ky (y−y ) dkx y > y ′
−ŷ ŷ
= 4π −∞ ky k2
′ ′ ik z
G (ρ, ρ ) = 2 δ(ρ − ρ )e zi +
R 1 =
(41)
k ieikzi z
− KK
′ ′
ei[kx (x−x )−ky (y−y )] dkx y < y ′
ky I
4π k2
where
k = kx x̂ + ky ŷ + kzi ẑ
K = kx x̂ − ky ŷ + kzi ẑ .
As before k can be considered as the propagation vector of a plane wave going along
positive y direction and K is that of a wave going along −y direction. kzi is a fixed
known quantity.
= T
ZZZ = T
= =
∇ × ∇× Q ·P − Q · ∇ × ∇× P dv = (42)
v
ZZ ( = T = T
)
= =
−
Q · n̂ × ∇× P + ∇× Q · n̂× P ds
s
will be employed. Let us consider two situations where in each case the source location
is at r a and rb respectively. The dyadic Green’s functions for each case must satisfy
= = =
∇ × ∇× G (r, r a ) − k 2 G (r, r a ) = δ(r − ra ) I (43)
= = =
2
∇ × ∇× G (r, rb ) − k G (r, rb ) = δ(r − rb ) I (44)
= = = =
Substituting G (r, r a ) for Q and G (r, rb ) for P in (42) and using the radiation condition
at infinity and equations (43) and (44) it can readily be shown that
14
T
= =
G (r a , r b ) = G (rb , ra ) (45)
That is, the dyadic Green’s function when the source is at rb and the observation point
is at r a is the transpose of the Green’s function when the source point is at ra and
the observation point is at r b . Although the proof is given for the free space Green’s
function, (40) is a general result. Equations (21) and (25) show that the free space
Green’s function is symmetric, i.e.,
T
= =
′ ′
G (r, r ) = G (r, r )
= =
′ ′
G (r, r ) =G (r , r) (46)
=
ZZZ
′
E(r ) = ikn Zn J e (r)· G (r, r′ ) dv (47)
v
=
ZZZ
H(r ′ ) = ∇′ × [Je (r)· G (r, r ′ )]dv (48)
v
=
The simple form of (47) is obtained by imposing certain boundary conditions on G (r, r ′ ).
To derive these boundary conditions consider a simple medium composed of two homo-
geneous media. Suppose the source exists only in medium 1 where we have
15
µ2 2
µ1 1
P.E.C.
µ3 3
= (11) = (11) =
∇ × ∇× G (r, r′ ) − k12 G (r, r ′ ) =I δ(r − r ′ ) (51)
= (21)
and the dyadic Green’s function in medium 2 by G (r, r ′ ) which satisfies
= (21) = (21)
∇ × ∇× G (r, r′ ) − k22 G (r, r ′ ) = 0 . (52)
The application of the vector-dyadic Green’s second identity to (49) and (51) gives:
= (11)
ZZZ
′
E 1 (r ) = iωµ1 J 1 (r)· G (r, r ′ )dv ′ (53)
v
= (11) = (11)
ZZ
′ ′
+ iωµ1 (n̂1 × H 1 (r1 ))· G (r, r ) + (n̂1 × E 1 (r)) · ∇× G (r, r ) ds
s
16
The application of the vector-dyadic Green’s second identity to (50) and (52) provides
= (21) = (21)
ZZ
′ ′
iωµ2 (n̂1 × H 2 (r))· G (r, r ) + (n̂1 × E 2 (r)) · ∇× G (r, r ) ds = 0 (54)
s
Noting that
= (21) = (21)
n̂1 × H 1 (r)· G (r, r′ ) = −H 1 (r) · (n̂1 × G (r, r′ ))
= (21) = (21)
n̂1 × E 1 (r) · ∇× G (r, r′ ) = −E 1 (r) · n̂1 × (∇× G (r, r ′ ))
the contribution from the surface integral of (53) can be shown to vanish if
= (11) = (21)
µ1 n̂× G (r, r′ ) = µ2 n̂× G (r, r′ ) (55)
and
= (11) = (21)
n̂ × ∇× G (r, r′ ) = n̂ × ∇× G (r, r′ ) (56)
Equations (55) and (56) are the necessary boundary conditions for the dyadic Green’s
function.
On the surface of perfect electric conductors
n̂(r) × E(r) = 0
=
which mandates n̂(r)× G (r ′ , r) = 0.
The symmetry property of the dyadic Green’s function can be shown easily by following
the same procedure outlined for the free space dyadic Green’s function. Let us consider
two experiments where in one experiment the source is placed at an arbitrary point ra
and the observation point is at r in the nth region. In the second experiment we place
the source point at an arbitrary point r b while keeping the observation point at the same
location r as shown in Figure 3. In both experiments the dyadic Green’s functions satisfy
(51) (without the superscripts). Applying the dyadic-dyadic Green’s second identity to
17
rb
r r
ra
n th n th
region region
Experiment #1 Experiment #2
these dyadic Green’s functions which satisfy the radiation condition, it can readily be
shown that
T
= =
G (r a , rb ) = G (rb , ra ) . (57)
It should be noted that it is not very easy to find a dyadic Green’s function for a
general piece-wise homogeneous media with arbitrary boundaries. In such cases it is
more convenient to use the free space dyadic Green’s function with surface integrals
given by (11) and (14).
In view of (57), equation (47) can be written as
=
ZZZ
E(r′ ) = i kn Zn ′
G (r , r) · J e (r) dv
v
and T
= =
′
G (r, r ) =G (r ′ , r).
=
ZZZ
′ ′ ′
E(r) = ikn Zn G (r, r ) · J e (r )dv (58)
v
18
11 Dyadic Green’s Function For Inhomogeneous Me-
dia
Consider an inhomogeneous isotropic medium whose permittivity and permeability are
functions of position and are, respectively, denoted by ǫ(r) and µ(r). As before we are
seeking simple expressions for electric and magnetic fields for an arbitrary source using
the impulse response of the medium. It should be emphasized that the evaluation of the
dyadic Green’s function for this type of problem, in general, is very complex; however,
here a formal analysis is provided1 . Taking the curl of the modified Amper’s law, it can
be shown that the vector wave equation takes the following form
" #
1
∇× ∇ × E(r) − ω 2 ǫ(r) E(r) = iωJ e (r) (59)
µ(r)
Comparing (1) and (59)for this problem one can define a Green’s function such that it
would satisfy
" #
1 = = 1 =
∇× ∇× G (r, r′ ) − ω 2ǫ(r) G (r) = ′
I δ(r − r ) (60)
µ(r) µ(r)
Noting that
! !
1 1 1
∇· P ×∇×Q = ∇×Q·∇×P −P ·∇× ∇×Q
µ(r) µ(r) µ(r)
from which the vector-dyadic Green’s second identity can be obtained and is given by
19
= =
Substituting E for P and G for Q in (62), applying (59) and (60), and using the radiation
condition it can easily be shown that
=
ZZZ
E(r) = iωµ(r) J e (r′ )· G (r ′ , r)dv ′ (63)
v
The magnetic field can be obtained from the application of Faraday’s law (H(r) =
1
iωµ(r)
∇ × E(r)).
1
=
ZZZ
′
H(r) = J(r) · ∇ × µ(r) G (r , r) dv (64)
µ(r) v
!#T
ZZZ " !
1 = =
T
= 1 =
∇× ∇× Q · P −[Q] · ∇ × ∇× P dv =
v
µ(r) µ(r)
( )
1 = T = T
= =
ZZ
−
Q · n̂ × ∇× P + ∇× Q · n̂× P ds
s
µ(r)
20