April 13, 2018

A LESSON PLAN IN GRADE 8

I. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should have been able to

1. Distinguish between direct and indirect speech.

2. Change direct speech to Indirect speech correctly.
3. Value the importance of transposing correctly direct speech to indirect speech.

II. Subject Matter

Topic: Past Perfect Tense
References: Angoluan, Ma. Evalou G., Gil, Avelina J., Sedilla, Carleen S., Villamin,
Aracelli M., Bridges to Understanding. Quezon City, Sibs Publishing House, Inc., 2004 pp.
230-233
Materials: textbook, blackboard

III. Procedure

Teacher’s Activity Student’s

Activity
A. Preliminary Activities
1.Prayer
2.Checking of Attendance
3.Review
1. What is a Past participle ? 1. Past participle are
parts of verbs used to
form many verb
tenses
B. Lesson Proper
Activity 1

Look at the following sentences. Which happened first?

We all felt so sick. We took strange medicine.

We can only assume that the people in the above situation, first, felt sick
and then took strange medicine. However, in English, there is grammar
that can make the above situation very clear. It is called the past
perfect.
You probably know what perfect means (100% pure, no
problems). However, in English grammar, the
word perfect means past. Whenever you see the word perfect referring
to English grammar, just say past. Therefore, the past
perfect means past past. This is exactly what the past perfect means:
the past past. In other words, it is an action that happened (and finished)
before another action in the past.

Look at the time line below.

I ate a big I went to

Now
breakfast. school.

7:30am 8:00am

What happened first? What happened second? First: I ate breakfast.

REMEMBER: Both of these activities happened in the past! However, one Second: I went to school.
happened before the other.

Here is a common way to write (or say) these two actions using the past
perfect. The past perfect is written in red.

Before I went to school, I had eaten a big breakfast.

-OR-

After I had eaten breakfast, I went to school.

What do you notice about the past perfect? First, you should have
noticed that the past perfect is the action (had eaten a big breakfast) that
happened BEFORE the other action in the past (went to school).

The second thing you probably noticed is that the past perfect is written
with had and a past participle. The past participle and the simple past are
usually the same if the simple past ends in -ed. If the simple past does
NOT end in -ed, the past participle is probably different from the simple
past. To see a list of these irregular simple past verbs and past participle
verbs, click here (the past participles are in orange).

Here is how the past perfect is formed:

I had eaten
subject + had + past participle

Here's another timeline. Look at the timeline and make a sentence with
the past perfect and the word before.

Sam
Carol got
cooked Now
home
dinner
 1:30pm 3:00pm

What happened first? What happened second?

First: Sam cooked dinner.

Second: Carol got home.

Therefore, the answer is

Before Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.

NOTE: The past participle of cook is cooked, which is the same as the
simple past (cooked).

Using the word after, you can write the following:

After Sam had cooked dinner, Carol got home.

If you use the words after or before in this type of situation, the simple
past is sometimes used with BOTH actions because the
words after and before already make the time relationship clear. In other
words, when the words after and before are used, the past perfect is
sometimes NOT used. The following example shows this:

Before Carol got home, Sam cooked dinner.

After Sam cooked dinner, Carol got home.

Although the past perfect is sometimes not used in this type of

situation, we recommend you use the past perfect, especially in formal
writing.

There are other phrases that are commonly used with the past perfect:

by (time) by the time when

By, by the time, and when mean before.

Take a look at the following examples:

By 3:30, Carol had already gotten home.

By the time Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.
When Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.

Now, let's go back to the first sentence above.

We all felt so sick. We took strange medicine.

Which happened first? The answer is we don't know. The writer of these
2 sentences didn't use the past perfect. As far as we know, these 2
events could have happened at the same time. Now, you know why using
the past perfect is so important.
Activity 2

What changes happened for each set of sentences?

In set A, the tense

remained the same
In set B, the
introductory word
that is used.
In set C, the
introductory word if is
used.
C. Summary

The Past Perfect Formula

The formula for the past perfect tense is had + [past
participle]. It doesn’t matter if the subject is singular or plural; To form the
the formula doesn’t change. past
Past Perfect Tense is used when? perfect
In set A the tense remained the same because it expresses tense you
a general truth. use the
past tense
In set B The conjunction “that” is always used between of the verb
reporting verb and reported speech in indirect speech. "to have,"
which is
In Set C, we use if for yes-no questions. had, and
add it to
Number 1 sentences are direct speech or quoted speech. the past
participle of
What is a direct speech or How will you describe a the main
sentence in the direct speech? verb. For
example:
Number 2 sentences are Indirect speech or reported subject +
speech. had + past
participle =
What is an Indirect speech? past
How do you describe a sentence in indirect speech? perfect
tense.

The past
The verb of the first sentence before the actual words of the perfect
speaker is called a reporting verb. tense is
used to
Give a reporting verb show that
something
happened
before
another
action in
the past. It
can also be
used to
show that
something
happened
before a
specific
time in the
past.

• The direct speech

gives the exact
 words of the
speaker
• The direct speech
is enclosed in
quotation marks.

• In the Indirect
speech, the words
of the speaker are
reported by another
person
• In the indirect
speech, the word of
the speaker is given
in a different form
but with the same
meaning.

she said, he said,

she says, they said,
they say etc.)
D. Application
Change the direct speech to reported speech. (orally)

1. He said, “I read a book”.

2. Mother said, “It is cold in winter.” 1. He said that he
3. The boy asks, “where is my cap?” read a book.
4. “The library is closed”, he said 2. Mother said that it
5. Uncle said, “I jog a mile every day.” is cold in winter.
3. The boy asked if
where was his cap.
 4. He said that the
library was closed.
5. Uncle said that he
jogs a mile every day.

IV. Evaluation
Take turns changing each question below to an indirect speech.
1. Mary asked, “Are you hungry, Ben?”
2. Joey asked, “What can I do for you, Mother?”
3. Teacher: “Have you all understood me?”
4. Bob (to Bella): “Where are you going for the holidays?”
5. I (to seller): “How much does the bicycle cost?”
6. Fe: “Do you swim well, Margie?”
7. Bert: “Shall we submit our project in two days?”
8. Teacher: “Is the Philippines an archipelago?”
9. I: “Can you call a taxi for me?”
10. Teacher: “Does a triangle have three angles?”

V. Agreement
Read

References:

Prepared by:

Chan, Jackeline S.

Look at the following sentences. Which happened first?

We all felt so sick. We took strange medicine.

We can only assume that the people in the above situation, first, felt sick and then took strange
medicine. However, in English, there is grammar that can make the above situation very clear. It is called
the past perfect.

You probably know what perfect means (100% pure, no problems). However, in English grammar, the
word perfect means past. Whenever you see the word perfect referring to English grammar, just
say past. Therefore, the past perfect means past past. This is exactly what the past perfect means:
the past past. In other words, it is an action that happened (and finished) before another action in the
past.

Look at the time line below.

 I ate a big I went to
Now
breakfast. school.

7:30am 8:00am

What happened first? What happened second?

First: I ate breakfast.

Second: I went to school.

REMEMBER: Both of these activities happened in the past! However, one happened before the other.

Here is a common way to write (or say) these two actions using the past perfect. The past perfect is
written in red.

Before I went to school, I had eaten a big breakfast.

-OR-

After I had eaten breakfast, I went to school.

What do you notice about the past perfect? First, you should have noticed that the past perfect is the
action (had eaten a big breakfast) that happened BEFORE the other action in the past (went to school).

The second thing you probably noticed is that the past perfect is written with had and a past
participle. The past participle and the simple past are usually the same if the simple past ends in -ed. If
the simple past does NOT end in -ed, the past participle is probably different from the simple past. To
see a list of these irregular simple past verbs and past participle verbs, click here (the past participles are
in orange).

Here is how the past perfect is formed:

I had eaten
subject + had + past participle

Here's another timeline. Look at the timeline and make a sentence with the past perfect and the word
before.

Sam
Carol got
cooked Now
home
dinner

1:30pm 3:00pm

book recommendation
 Action Grammar: Fast, Easy Answers on
Everyday Usage and Punctuation

The author, Joanne Feierman, focuses on the

grammar most of us need in everyday life, from
"Five Lies Your English Teacher Told You" to
"Simple Business Verbs You Should Know." She
also includes helpful sections on memos, letter
writing, and e-mail etiquette, as well as an appendix
of troublesome words and phrases, and words that
are easy to misspell. Click here for more
information.

What happened first? What happened second?

First: Sam cooked dinner.

Second: Carol got home.

Therefore, the answer is

Before Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.

NOTE: The past participle of cook is cooked, which is the same as the simple past (cooked).

Using the word after, you can write the following:

After Sam had cooked dinner, Carol got home.

If you use the words after or before in this type of situation, the simple past is sometimes used with BOTH
actions because the words after and before already make the time relationship clear. In other words,
when the words after and before are used, the past perfect is sometimes NOT used. The following
example shows this:

Before Carol got home, Sam cooked dinner.

After Sam cooked dinner, Carol got home.

Although the past perfect is sometimes not used in this type of situation, we recommend you use
the past perfect, especially in formal writing.

There are other phrases that are commonly used with the past perfect:

by (time) by the time when

By, by the time, and when mean before.

Take a look at the following examples:

By 3:30, Carol had already gotten home.

By the time Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.
When Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.

Now, let's go back to the first sentence above.

We all felt so sick. We took strange medicine.

Which happened first? The answer is we don't know. The writer of these 2 sentences didn't use the past
perfect. As far as we know, these 2 events could have happened at the same time. Now, you know why
using the past perfect is so important.

book recommendation

Better Sentence Writing in 30 Minutes a Dayfeatures

clear discussions of rules and strategies for good writing.
Clear explanations and lots of exercises reinforce the
skills needed for strong written communication. From
filling in the blanks to joining short sentences into longer
and more graceful combinations, this book will improve
your writing. All the answers to the quizzes are given in
the back of the book. Click here for more information.

Quiz time

Directions: Read and rewrite the following sentences using the past perfect. Combine the sentences using the word
or phrase given. The first one has been done for you.

1. First: Bill bought a house in Barcelona.

Second: Mary moved to Barcelona.

Phrase or Word: Before

Answer: Before Mary moved to Barcelona, Bill had already bought a house there.

2. First: The children finished dinner.

Second: They ate ice cream.

Phrase or Word: After

3. First: Millions of Native Americans (American Indians) were in North America for thousands of years.

Second: Christopher Columbus landed in North America in 1492.

Phrase or Word: When

4. First: In 1753, Jean-François Pilatre de Rozier became the world’s first human flier by using a balloon.

Second: The Wright Brothers flew their first plane on December 17, 1903.

Phrase or Word: By the time

5. First: The world went from the Wright Brothers’ first flight in Kitty Hawk to the moon.

Second: 1970

Phrase or Word: By 1970

6. First: The world’s population hit the 6 billion mark.

Second: December 31, 2000

Phrase or Word: By the end of the 20th century.

7. First: The National Free Bank made bad investments.

Second: They went bankrupt.

Phrase or Word: After

8. First: Professor Lee taught at Beijing university for 32 years.

Second: Professor Lee retired.

Phrase or Word: When

9. First: Robert Peary and Matthew Henson reached the North Pole in 1909.

Second: Robert Scott and four others reached the South Pole in 1912.

Phrase or Word: By the time

10. First: The buffalo almost became extinct.

Second: 1900

Phrase or Word: By 1900

Answers are in red.

1. First: Bill bought a house in Barcelona.

Second: Mary moved to Barcelona.

Phrase or Word: Before

Before Mary moved to Barcelona, Bill had already bought a house there.

2. First: The children finished dinner.

Second: They ate ice cream.

Phrase or Word: After

 After the children had finished dinner, they ate ice cream.

3. First: Millions of Native Americans (American Indians) were in North America for thousands of years.

Second: Christopher Columbus landed in North America in 1492.

Phrase or Word: When

When Christopher Columbus landed in North America in 1492, millions of Native Americans had
already been there for thousands of years.

4. First: In 1753, Jean-François Pilatre de Rozier became the world’s first human flier by using a balloon.

Second: The Wright Brothers flew their first plane on December 17, 1903.

Phrase or Word: By the time

By the time the Wright Brothers flew their first plane in 1903, Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier had
already become the world’s first human flier 150 years earlier by using a balloon.

5. First: The world went from the Wright Brothers’ first flight in Kitty Hawk to the moon.

Second: 1970

Phrase or Word: By 1970

By 1970, the world had gone from the Wright Brothers’ first flight in Kitty Hawk to the moon in just 66
years.

6. First: The world’s population hit the 6 billion mark.

Second: December 31, 2000

Phrase or Word: By the end of the 20th century.

By the end of the 20th century, the world’s population had hit the 6 billion mark.

7. First: The National Free Bank made bad investments.

Second: They went bankrupt.

Phrase or Word: After

After the National Free Bank had made bad investments, they went bankrupt.

8. First: Professor Lee taught at Beijing university for 32 years.

Second: Professor Lee retired.

 Phrase or Word: When

When Professor Lee retired, he had already taught at Beijing University for 32 years.

9. First: Robert Peary and Matthew Henson reached the North Pole in 1909.

Second: Robert Scott and four others reached the South Pole in 1912.

Phrase or Word: By the time

By the time Robert Scott and four others reached the South Pole in 1912, Robert Peary and Matthew
Henson had already reached the North Pole 3 years earlier.

10. First: The buffalo almost became extinct.

Second: 1900

Phrase or Word: By 1900

By 1900, the buffalo had almost become extinct.

Rules to Remember!
1
The words already and just go between had and the past participle.

Example: When Professor Lee retired, he had already taught at Beijing University for 32
years.

2
The negative of the past perfect is formed by putting not between had and the past
participle. The word still is often used with the negative form of the past perfect.

Example: By the end of the book, I still had not understood what the author’s opinion was.

3
Unless it is absolutely necessary, do not use specific years in both clauses (parts of the
sentence). Even though you don't write the year the event happened, you can still be
specific. Notice the way we rewrote #4 above. Both of the original sentences had years;
however, only one of the clauses in the final answer has a year written. Instead of
writing 1753, we wrote 150 years earlier.

First: In 1753, Jean-François Pilatre de Rozier became the world’s first human flier by using
a balloon.

Second: The Wright Brothers flew their first plane on December 17, 1903.

Phrase or Word: By the time

By the time the Wright Brothers flew their first plane in 1903, Jean-Francois Pilatre de
Rozier had already become the world’s first human flier 150 years earlier by using a balloon.