International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research
ISSN 2278-733X
A Survey on Performance Enhancement of MIMO-
CDMA Systems
P. Sreesudha#1, Dr. B.L. Malleswari*2,
#
Assistant Professor. Dept. Of ETM, GNITS,
*
Professor, Dept. Of ECE, GNITS,
Abstract— CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) plays an
important role in modern wireless communications. MIMO
refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and
receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple
antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G
wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity,
which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas
can significantly improve the performance of wireless
communication system. In this paper, we will review the
MIMO-CDMA system performance based on various
techniques.
Keywords— MIMO, MIMO-CDMA, BER Performance,
MUD, Wireless Communication.
I. INTRODUCTION
Space time block codes are new paradigm for wireless
communications which provides transmit diversity. MIMO
CDMA systems with cyclic space time block codes (C-
STBC) have been discussed [1]. Co channel interference is
a major problem in CDMA systems, to reduce co channel
interference inverse channel matrix method has been
proposed in [2].
To meet the demand for higher quality of service,
deploying antennas at both transmitters and receivers, a
new layered group space-time Multi user detection (MUD)
with the assistance of the Partial soft information (PSI) in
MIMO-CDMA system is proposed in [3]. Now a days, the
demand on communication system is towards high
capacity and faster data rate with no loss. In Wireless
communication, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
is one of the techniques that can increase spectral
efficiency and link reliability [4].
Multi user detection in CDMA systems has been well
researched, to enhance the MIMO-CDMA performance.
Some sub-optimal but easily implementable multiuser
detectors for Single Input Single Output (SISO) systems
have been researched. In a MIMO CDMA system
employing space-time turbo codes two pieces of
interference should be rejected that is MAI and the
interference between antennas.
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Vol 1 Issue 1 August 2012
Two most common transmit diversity schemes have
been developed, to take the advantages of the MIMO
systems including the Spatial Multiplexing (SM), for high
transmission rate and the Space- time block codes [9], for
transmit diversity. Therefore, it is of importance to
consider the MIMO-CDMA for emerging wireless
communication systems, where such as users employ
either the SM or STBC transmission scheme, referred to as
dual signaling systems.
The paper is organized as follows: In section II,
MIMO-CDMA system BER enhancement techniques are
discussed, In Section III, The role of space time block
codes for MIMO CDMA systems have been discussed, In
Section IV various multiuser detection techniques are
discussed, In section V, numerical evaluation is given, by
various parameters, on MIMO-CDMA system, and the
paper is concluded in Section VI.
II. BER PERFORMANCE
Xiaolei Wang and Athanassios Manikas have proposed
in [8], a SPATIOTEMPORAL ARRAY (STAR), receiver
concept for MIMO-CDMA system. In this technique, a
multiuser uplink MIMO-CDMA system is modeled. The
MIMO channel is modeled, as a function of the antenna
array manifold vector, for both transmitter and receiver.
Based on STAR concept, two spatio-temporal receivers
are developed by applying array processing to project
received signal on to the null-space of the interference
subspace. These subspace-based receivers, outperforms the
RAKE, and MMSE receivers.
Rahia Gharsallah et al. [5], has proposed an Algebraic
Space Time Coding in a CDMA system with MIMO
antenna system. In this system each user is distinguished
by its spreading code signature and its unique channel
responses (CIR), transfer function. The MIMO-CDMA
system, associated by multi user detector, improves the
spectral efficiency of wireless system, combat channel
fading and reduce narrowband interference. The resulting
is, a multiuser CDMA-ASTC, solution promising for 4G
cellular wireless networks.
Yang Xiao et al., has proposed channel matrix
technique for reducing the Co-Channel Interference for
MIMO CDMA systems. MIMO technique has been
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International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research
developed to increase the spectral efficiency. MIMO can
obtain the spatial diversity gain by using the channel
matrices. On this paper inverse channel matrix is adopted
to recover the transmitted signals. MIMO channel have
scattering characteristics, so the proposed technique that
is inverse channel matrices are always non-singular, so
the all mobile stations can get stable spatial diversity gain.
So that reduces the co channel interference problem in
CDMA systems.
III. SPACE TIME BLOCK CODES
Fu Hong-liang et al., has proposed a novel cyclic space
time block code (STBC) scheme in MIMO CDMA
system. In modern wireless communications multiple
input and multiple output (MIMO) is a very promising
technique. MIMO functions are diversity, beam forming.
And the diversity can be achieved by s[ace-time coding
(STC). STC has two methods one is space-time trellis
codes (STTC) and the space-time block codes (STBC).
STBC provides diversity with less encoding and decoding
complexity. STBC uses linear processing at the receiver
side. In this cyclic STBC first the input symbols are split
in blocks, then each block has M symbols and these
symbols are circularly encoded into M groups. Then these
cyclically encoded symbols are transmitted that obtain
diversity. With this method full coding rate and full
diversity has been achieved.
Valipour et al., has proposed space-time block codes
for Multi-carrier code-division-multiple-access (MC-
CDMA) systems [10]. Now a days there is huge demand
for wideband wireless networks. Especially for wireless
sensor and adhoc networks. MC-CDMA combines the
advantages of CDMA in a multiple user environment by
using multiple carrier modulation over frequency selective
fading channels. The principle here is the modulated signal
is spread in the frequency domain by using a spreading
sequence and then it is transmitted over orthogonal sub-
carriers. So modulation over orthogonal sub-carriers
provides for robust and convenient demodulation of spread
symbols.
Min Shi et al., has proposed permutation spreading by
using STBC code matrix, for MIMO-CDMA systems.
Assigning different spreading sequences for different
antennas is called permutation spreading. The signal cam
be modulated with BPSK or QPSK then it is spreaded with
different spreading sequences. As compared to
conventional and other methods this method provides
better performance and better bit error rate. For 4x4
antenna system each user is provided with eight spreading
sequences. STBC provides code symmetry and also simple
decoding process [6].
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Vol 1 Issue 1 August 2012
ISSN 2278-733X
IV. MULTI USER DETECTION
Jia Shen et al., has proposed multi user antenna
detector for MIMO CDMA systems based on space time
turbo codes in [7]. In this the receiver is designed to detect
the multi user interference and also multi antenna
interference. The linear minimum mean-squared error
(MMSE) and an MMSE based Turbo Parallel Interference
Cancellation (PIC) detector both are used to cancel the
interference between multiple users.
Hoang-Yang Lu et al., has proposed Partial Soft
Layered Group Space-Time multi user detection in
MIMO-CDMA systems. This technique first employs a
simple channel strength criterion to order the groups.
Thereafter, it conducts a block layer cancellation scheme
to remove the layered group space-time signals. Also, to
mitigate the performance loss resulting from the group
processing, this MUD makes use of the Partial soft
information (PSI), fed back from the previous group to
detect the symbols in each group.
Yung-ping Tu et al., has proposed Alternating
Multiuser Detection (AMUD), with Iterative Soft
Interference Cancellation for Highly Loaded Dual-
Signaling MIMO CDMA Systems In this technique, the
data are transmitted using either the spatially multiplexing
or the STBC scheme. The new MUD first separates users
into two groups according to their transmission signaling
schemes and then alternatively detects the users in each
group with the removal of iteratively refined soft
information-assisted multiple access interferences (MAI),
to enhance the interference cancellation capability.
AMUD, and its reduced complexity version AMUD-p, are
used for MIMO-CDMA systems.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We compare the bit error rate performance versus the
SNR. As shown in TABLE I, compare to the entire
techniques Space time turbo code technique, provides best
bit error rate performance, and also the better number of
users. STTC employs multi user antenna detector that
reduces the multiple access interference and also the
interference between the antennas also. So that this
technique is called joint detection method. And STBC
permutation spreading with 4x4 antenna system also
giving the better bit error rate performance. And STAR
receiver covering the maximum number of users with 10
dB. Multi carrier CDMA technique allows 4 users.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Code division multiple access technology, has been
widely used in mobile communications, because of its
high spectrum efficiency, low transmit power. CDMA is
one technique by which a given portion of the radio
spectrum can be shared among multiple users, so it is
ideally suited for mobile cellular network.
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International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research Vol 1 Issue 1 August 2012
ISSN 2278-733X
TABLE I. BER PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS
[7] Jia Shen, Alister G., “Iterative Multi-User-Antenna Detector for
Name of the Parameters MIMO CDMA Employing space-Time Turbo Codes”, Proc.
Technique No. of users SNR in dB BER (GLOBECOM 02), Vol. 1, Nov 2002, pp. 419-423.
STBC 10 6X10-5
Permutation 3 [8] Xiaolei Wang, A. Manikas, “STAR Receiver in MIMO-CDMA
Spreading Multipath Channels,” Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and
10 10-3 Sig. Proc. (ICASSP 07), Vol. 3, April 2007, pp. 229-232.
STAR 15
[9] Yung-Ping Tu, Wen-Hsien Fang, and Hoang-Yang Lu,
10 8x10-4 “Alternating Multiuser Detection With Iterative Soft Interference
AMUD 10
Cancellation for Highly Loaded Dual-Signaling MIMO CDMA
10 5X10-3 Systems,” Proc. IEEE Symp. Pers. Indoor Mobile Radio Commun.
MC-CDMA 4 (PIMRC 09), Sept. 2009, pp. 2444-2448.
10 2x10-5
STTC 10 [10] Volipour M., Shafiee H., “Performance of MC-CDMA Systems
-3 with space-time block codes in frequency selective fading
10 2x10 channels”, Int. Conf. on Communications Systems (ICCS 04), Sept
Novel STBC 3
2004, pp. 645-649.
10 10-3
ASTC 5

Based on numerical results, it is known that by using

MIMO technique, at the transmitter and receiver of a
communication system it helps in order to achieve a very
high spectral efficiency, high capacity. Thus, the
implementation of system by using space diversity concept
in the wireless system will guarantee a high data rate and
link reliability. In this paper, a review of MIMO-CDMA
system performance is analyzed based on various
techniques, and comparison of various techniques also
presented. We hope that this paper gives, better
understanding of MIMO-CDMA technology.

REFERENCES
[1] Fu Hong-liang, Feng Guangzeng,”A Novel STBC Scheme in
MIMO CDMA System”, Proc. IEEE workshop on Sig Proc.
System, Oct 2007, pp. 101-104.

[2] Yang Xiao, Ying Zhao and Moon Ho Lee, “Canceling Co-Channel
Interference for MIMO CDMA Systems”, Proc. Int. Conf. on
Signal Processing, April 2006, Vol. 3, pp. 16-20.

[3] Hoang-Yang Lu, Wen-Hsien Fang, “Partial Soft Layered Group

Space-Time MUD in MIMO CDMA Systems”, Proc. IEEE Symp.
Microwave, Antenna, Prop., and EMC Technologies (MAPE 07),
Aug. 2007, pp. 1159-1162.

[4] N. Ngajikin, N. N. Nik Abdul Malik, Mona Riza M. Esa, Sevia

M. Idrus and Noorliza Ramli, “Performance Analysis of MIMO-
CDMA System”, Proc. Int. Conf. on RF and Microwave,
(RFM’06), Sept. 2006, pp. 85-87.

[5] R. Gharsallah, R.. Bouallegue, “Algebraic Space Time Coding

rd in a
CDMA system over a Rayleigh fading Channel,” Proc. 3 Int.
Conf. on Info. and Commun. Tech., (ICTTA 08), April. 2008, pp.
1-5.

[6] Min Shi, Claude D. amours, “ MIMO-CDMA Systems Using

STBC-Based Permutation Spreading”, Proc. VTC-2010, Sept
2010, pp. 1-5.

P.Sreesudha et.al. 67 www.ijcsmr.org