Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.
93-101 (2004)
COUPLED PROBLEM OF THERMOELASTICITY
FOR MULTILAYERED SPHERES WITH
TIME-DEPENDENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Zong-Yi Lee
Key words: multilayered spheres, laplace transform, similarity transforma-
tion.
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with quasi-static coupled thermoelastic prob-
lems for multilayered spheres. Using the Laplace transform with
respect to time, the general solutions of the governing equations are
obtained in transform domain. The solution is obtained by using the
matrix similarity transformation and inverse Laplace transform. We
obtain solutions for the temperature and thermal deformation distri-
butions for a transient state. It is demonstrated that the computational
procedures established in this paper are capable of solving the gener-
alized thermoelasticity problem of multilayered spheres.
INTRODUCTION
The increasing use of composite materials in engi-
neering application has resulted in considerable re-
search activity in this area in recent years. An under-
standing of thermally induced stresses in isotropic bod-
ies is essential for a comprehensive study of their re-
sponse due to an exposure to a temperature field, which
may in turn occur in service or during the manufacturing
stages. While the deformation and stress fields in a shell
caused by thermal effects have commonly been ob-
tained on the basis of uncoupled thermoelasticity theory,
the thermo-mechanical coupling effect is included in
the present study.
Vollbrecht [9] has analysed the stresses in both
cylindrical and spherical walls subjected to internal
pressure and stationary heat flow. Kandil [5] has stud-
ied the effect of steady-state temperature and pressure
gradient on compound cylinders fitted together by shrink
fit. Ghosn and Sabbaghian [3] investigated a one-
dimensional axisymmetric quasi-static coupled
Paper Submitted 01/19/04, Accepted 04/13/04. Author for Correspondence:
Zong-Yi Lee. E-mail: zylee@mail.hit.edu.tw.
*Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hsiuping
Institute of Technology Taichung, Taiwan 412, R.O.C.
93
thermoelasticity problem. The solution technique uses
Laplace transform. The inversion to real domain is
obtained by means of Cauchy’s theorem of residues and
the convolution theorem. Sherief and Anwar [6] dis-
cussed the problem of an infinitely long elastic circular
cylinder whose inner and outer surfaces are subjected to
known temperature and are traction free. They have
neglected both the inertia terms and the relaxation effects.
Takeuti and Furukawa [7] discussed the thermal shock
problem in a plate; they included the inertia and
thermoelastic coupling terms in the governing equation
and obtained the exact solution for the thermal shock
problem of a plate. Chen and Yang [1] discussed the
transient response of one-dimensional quasi-static
coupled thermoelasticity problems of an infinitely long
cylinder composed of two different materials. They
applied the Laplace transform with respect to time and
used the Fourier series and matrix operations to obtain
the solution. Chen and Chen [2] presented a new
numerical technique hybrid numerical method for the
problem of a transient linear heat conduction system.
They applied the Laplace transform to remove the time-
dependence from the governing equations and boundary
conditions, and solved the transformed equations with
the finite element and finite difference method. Jane
and Lee [4] considered the same problem by using the
Laplace transform and the finite difference method.
The cylinder was composed of multilayers of different
materials. There is no limit to the number of annular
layers of the cylinder in the computational procedures.
Laplace transform and finite difference methods were
used to analyze problems. They obtained solutions for
the temperature and thermal stress distributions in a
transient state.
In this paper, the one-dimensional quasi-static
coupled thermoelastic problem of a multilayered sphere
with time-dependent boundary conditions is considered.
The medium is without body forces and heat generation.
Laplace transform and finite difference methods are
used, which are quite effective and powerful, to obtain
94 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2004)

solutions of a wide range of transient thermal stress. σ ri* = E [(1 – ν ) ∂U* + 2ν U*

(1 + ν ) (1 – 2ν ) ∂r r
FORMULATION – α (1 + ν ) (Θ – Θ 0)] (3)
This work deals with the thermo-mechanically σ θ*i = E [ν ∂U + U – α (1 + ν ) (Θ – Θ 0)]
coupled problems of multilayered spheres using the (1 + ν ) (1 – 2ν ) ∂r * r *
quasi-static approach. The problems possess the spheri-
(4)
cal symmetry with the following additional assumption:
(1) Materials in each layer is assumed to be homoge-
Let the boundary surfaces of the composite sphere
neous, isotropic and linearly thermoelastic. (2) Defor-
be subjected to the initial and time-dependent boundary
mation is small. (3) The composite sphere is constructed
conditions given below
of multilayer laminates bonded perfectly together. (4)
All physical quantities are assumed to be functions of U =U = Θ = Θ =0 at τ = 0
the radial coordinate and time only. (5) The medium is
initially undisturbed, traction free, and without body
σ r*(r *, τ ) = p(τ ), Θ 1 – Θ 0 = f(τ ) at r* = R 1
forces and internal heat sources.
The layered sphere to be analyzed is shown in σ r*(r *, τ ) = 0 , – k ∂Θ* = h(Θ – Θ ∞) at r* = R out
Fig. 1. The transient heat conduction equation for the ∂r
ith layer in dimensional form can be written as
At the interface between two adjacent layers, the
k[ ∂ *2 + 2* ∂ * ] Θ = ρC ν ∂ Θ + Θ 0β ∂ * (∂U )
2
following matching conditions must be satisfied:
∂r r ∂r ∂τ ∂r ∂τ
1 ∂U U i (r *, τ ) = U i + 1(r *, τ ) r * = r *i + 1
+ Θ 0β * ( ) (1)
r ∂τ
σ ri* (r *, τ ) = σ ri + 1(r *, τ ) r * = r *i + 1
where Θ = Θ – Θ 0 , β = α
E
1–ν
qi = qi + 1 r * = r *i + 1
Θ 0 is the referential temperature
If body forces are absent, the equation of equilib-
Θ i (r *, τ ) = Θ i + 1(r *, τ ) r * = r *i + 1
rium for a sphere along the radial direction can be
written as
i = 1, 2, ..., m − 1 layer
∂ U + 2 ∂U – 1 U = 1 + ν α ∂ Θ
2
(2) The non-dimensional variables are defined as
∂r *2 r * ∂r * r *2 1–ν ∂r *
follows:
The stress-displacement relations are T = (Θ – Θ 0) / Θ 0 = Θ /Θ 0

r = r*/R 1
Rout
t = ( k ) τ /R 21
R1 ρC ν 1
β
u = U( ) /R
ρC ν 1 1

ai = ( k ) / ( k )
ρC ν i ρC ν 1

σ ri = σ ri* /(β 1Θ 0)

σ θi = σ θ*i /(β 1Θ 0)

3Q i = [ Eα ] / β 1
(1 – 2ν ) i

Fig. 1. Physical model and system coordinates for a multilayered

3R i = [ Eα ] / β 1
spheres. (1 – 2ν ) i
 Z.Y. Lee: Coupled Problem of Thermoelasticity for Multilayered Spheres with Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions 95

1Q i =[
E(1 – ν )
] / [β (
β
)Θ ] (∂u ) – (∂u )
(1 + ν ) (1 – 2ν ) i 1 ρC ν i 0 ∂u ∂t ∂t j – 1
= r1
j j +1
+ (10)
j ∂t 2∆r i
2E ν β
2Q i = [ ] / [β ( )Θ ]
(1 + ν ) (1 – 2ν ) i 1 ρC ν i 0 u j + 1 – 2u j + u j – 1 uj +1 – uj –1 1
+ r1 – 2 uj
Eν β 2 ∆r i rj
] / [β (
j
1R i =[ )Θ ] (∆r i )
(1 + ν ) (1 – 2ν ) i 1 ρC ν i 0
Tj +1 – Tj –1
E β = gi (11)
2R i = [ ] / [β ( )Θ ] 2∆r i
(1 + ν ) (1 – 2ν ) i 1 ρC ν i 0
β uj +1 – uj –1 uj
g i = [(ρc ) α (1 + ν )] Θ 0 (5) σ ri = 1Q i + 2Q i r – 3Q i T j (12)
ν i 2∆r i j

Substituting the nondimensional quantities given uj +1 – uj – 1 uj

in equation (5) into the governing equations (1)-(4), the σ θi = 1R i + 2R i r – 3R i T j (13)
2∆r i j
governing equations and stress-displacement relations
assume the following nondimensional form:
where ∆r i = (r i + 1 − r i) / (n − 1)and n is number of grid
{a i [ ∂ 2 + 2r ∂ ] – ∂ }T = ∂ (∂u ) + 1r (∂u )
2
point for each layer
(6)
∂r ∂r ∂t ∂r ∂t ∂t The Laplace transform of a function Φ(t) and its
∂ 2u + 2 ∂u – u = g ∂T inverse are defined by
(7)
∂r 2 r ∂r r 2 ∂r
i
∞
∂u u Φ (s) = L[Φ(t)] = e – st Φ(t) dt
σ ri = 1Q i + Q – QT (8)
∂r 2 i r 3 i 0

σ θi = 1R i ∂u + 2R i ur – 3R i T
c + i∞
(9) Φ(t) = L –1[ Φ (s)] = 1 e st Φ (s) ds
∂r 2π i c – i∞

The nondimensional boundary and interface con- Taking the Laplace transform for equations (10),
ditions can be written as: (11), (12) and (13), we obtain the following equations:
1. Boundary conditions
T –2T j + T T – T
+ r1
j +1 j –1 j +1 j –1
p(t) ai ( )
σ r(r, t) = , 2 ∆r i
β 1Θ 0 T 1 = f(t)/Θ 0 at r = r 1 (∆r i ) j

σ r(r, t) = 0, – k ∂T = h(T – T ∞) at r = r out

– (T j, in + s T j )
∂r
= r1 (u j, in + s u j ) + 1 [(u j + 1, in + s u j + 1)
2. Interface conditions j 2∆r i
– (u j – 1, in + s u j – 1)] (14)
u i(r, t) = u i + 1(r, t) r = ri + 1

σ ri(r, t) = σ ri + 1(r, t) r = ri + 1 u j –1 –2u j + u j –1

+ r1
u j +1 – u j –1
– 12 u j
(∆r i ) 2 j ∆r i rj
qi = qi + 1 r = ri + 1
T j +1 – T j –1
= gi (15)
T i(r, t) = T i + 1(r, t) r = ri + 1 2∆r i
Let the surface of the sphere inner surface be
i = 1, 2, ..., m − 1 layer
traction free and subject to a time-dependent temperature.
After taking Laplace transforms, the boundary condi-
NUMERICAL PROCEDURE AND SOLUTION
tions in the transformed domain become
Applying central differences in quations (6), (7), p (s)
σ r(r, s) = β Θ , T 1 = f (s) / Θ 0 at r = r 1
(8) and (9), we obtain the following discretized 1 0
equations:
∂T
T j + 1 – 2T j + T j – 1 T j + 1 – T j – 1 ∂T j σ r(r, s) = 0 , – k ∂r = h( T – T ∞) at r = r out
ai ( + r1 )–
(∆r i )2 j ∆r i ∂t
(16)
96 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2004)

The interface conditions are as follows: E j = – r1

j

u i (r, s) = u i + 1(r, s) r = ri + 1 Fj = 1
2∆r i
σ i (r, s) = σ ri + 1
(r, s) r = ri + 1 G j =0
q i (r, s) = q i + 1(r, s) r = ri + 1 Q –1 am a a
A N = [1 + 3 m ] [ – + rm – rm 1 ]
Q
1 m (∆r m) 2 k k ∆r m
T i (r, s) = T i + 1(r, s) r = ri + 1
Q – 1 2a m
B N = – [1 + 3 m ] [ ]
i = 1, 2, ..., m − 1 layer (17) 1Q m (∆r m)2
Q –1 Q
Substituting equations (16), (17) into equations E N = [1 + 3 m ] [– r1 + 2 m r1 ]
1Q m k 1Q m k
(14), (15), we obtain the following equation in matrix
form Q –1 a a1 p
G 1 = [1 + 3 m ] [( r 1 1 – )T1 + ]
Q
1 m 1 ∆r 1 (∆r 1) 2
1 1β Θ 0
Q
B1 C 1 T 1 Q –1 a a
G = – [1 + 3 m ] [( m 2 + r m 1 ) T N + 1]
k ∆r m
A2 B2 C 2 T N
2 Q
1 m (∆r m)
– s[I]
AN – 1 BN – 1C N – 1 m denotes the last layer, k the last point and i denotes ith
T N –1
layer for j = 2, 3, ..., N − 1
AN BN T N

I1 J 1 T 1

E1 F1 u G 1
H 2 I2 J2 T 2
1
D 2 E2 F2 u 2 G 2
+s = H N – 1 IN – 1 J N – 1 T N – 1
D N – 1 EN – 1FN – 1 u N –1 G H N IN TN
N –1
D N EN u N G N
L 1 M1 u 1
V 1
(18) K 2 L 2 M2 u 2 V 2
+ =
where K N – 1 L N – 1 MN – 1 u N –1 V N –1
Q a –1 KN LN uN V
B 1 = – [1 + 3 1 ] [ 1 2 ] N
1Q 1 (∆r 1)
(19)
–1
3Q 1 a a
C 1 = [1 + ] [ 1 2 + r1 1 ] where
Q
1 1 (∆r 1) 1 ∆r 1
Q
I 1 = 3 1 (r2 – 2 )
∆r 1
–1
3Q 1 Q 1Q 1
E 1 = [1 + ] [r1 2 1 – r1 ] 1
Q
1 1 1 1Q 1 1
g
J1 = – 1
2∆r 1
F1 = DN = 0
Q
L 1 = 2 1 ( 2 – 22 ) – 2 2 – 12
ai a 1Q 1 r 1∆r 1 r 1 (∆r 1) r 1
Aj = – ri 1
(∆r 1) 2 j ∆r i 2
M1 =
2a i (∆r 1)2
Bj = –
(∆r i )2 g
V 1 = – 1 T1
2∆r 1
ai a
Cj = + ri 1
(∆r 1) 2 j ∆r i Ij = 0
gi
Dj = 1 Jj = –
2∆r i 2∆r i
 Z.Y. Lee: Coupled Problem of Thermoelasticity for Multilayered Spheres with Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions 97

gi
Hj = where λ j(j = 1, 2, ..., N) are the eigenvalues of matrix
2∆r i
[A].
K j = 1 2 – r2 1 Substituting equation (23) into (22), we obtain the
(∆r i ) j 2∆r i
equation
L j = – 2 2 + 12
(∆r i ) rj { [P]– 1[A] [P] – s[P]– 1[I][P]} [P]– 1{ T j } = [P]– 1{ F j }
M j = 1 2 + r1 1
(∆r i ) j ∆r i (24)
V j =0 Equation (24) can be rewritten as
gm * *
HN = {diag[A] – s[I]}{ T j } = { F j } (25)
2∆r m
Q
I N = 3 m (r2 + 2 ) where
1Q m m ∆r m
*
KN = 2 T j = [P]– 1{ T j }
(∆r m)2
*
Q –2 F j = [P]– 1{ F j }
LN = 2 m ( – 22 ) – 2 2 – 12
1Q m r m ∆r m r m (∆r m) r m
From equation (25), the following solutions can be
g obtained immediately.
V N = – m TN +1
2∆r m
*
Equations (18) and (19) can be rewritten in the * Fj
Tj= j = 1, 2, ..., N (26)
following matrix forms λj – s
{[M] – s[I]} { T j } + s[N] { u j } = { G j } (20) By applying the inverse Laplace transform to equa-
*
tion (26), we obtain the solution for T j . After we have
*
[R] { T j } + [Q] { u j } = { V } (21) obtained T j , we can then use equations (27) and (28)
given below to obtain the solutions for T j and u j.
where the matrices [M], [N], [R] and [Q] are the corre-
sponding matrices in equations (18) and (19). Substi- {T j } = [P] {T *j } (27)
tuting equation (21) into (20), we have
{u j } = [Q]– 1[ V ] – [Q]– 1[R]{T j } (28)
{[A] – s[I]} { T j } = { F j } (22)
Substituting Tj and uj into equations (8) and (9), we
where obtain the radial and circumferential stresses.
–1
[A] = {[N]– 1 + [Q]– 1[R]} [N]– 1[M] NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
–1
[F j ] = {[N]– 1 + [Q]– 1[R]} {[N]– 1[ G ] – s[Q]– 1[ V ]} In this study, we present some numerical results
for the temperature distributions in multilayered com-
Since the (N × N) matrix [A] is a nonsingular real posite spheres, subjected to the considered boundary
matrix, the matrix [A] possesses a set of N linearly conditions and the resulting displacement and thermal
independent eigenvectors, hence the matrix [A] is stresses. For the multilayered spheres, the geometry
diagonalizable. Therefore, there exists a nonsingular and material quantities of the sphere are shown in Table
transition matrix [P] such that [P] −1[A][P] = diag [A], 1. The table 2 and table 3 show the computation time for
that is, the matrices [A] and diag [A] are similar, where different number of finite difference gird points. The
the matrix diag [A] is defined as inner and outer radii of the sphere are assumed to be
1.0 and 4.5, respectively. The boundary conditions at
λ1 inner and outer surfaces are assumed to be f(t) and
λ1 convective respectively. Each layer is assumed to have
diag [A] = (23) a different thickness (nondimensional thickness of each
λN layer is taken for ∆h 1 = 1, ∆h 2 = 1, and ∆h 3 = 1.5,
respectively). In all the figures, the grid points assumed
98 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2004)

Table 1. The geometry and material constants of multilayered 10.00

Watt
sphere (Rout / R1 = 4.5, h = 200 2 , Θ0 = Θ∞ = 298 Water vapor
m ⋅K 8.00
K)
6.00
layer 1 layer 2 layer 3

Pressure
Titanium Al2O3 Steel(1025)
4.00

E( N2 ) 108E9 390E9 207E9

m 2.00
k( Watt ) 20 6 17
m⋅K
ν
0.00
0.3 0.23 0.3 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00

α( 1 ) 11E-6 8E-6 11E-6 Temperature

K
kg Fig. 2. Temperature and pressure relation in inner boundary (quality
ρ( 3 ) 4 3.99 7.8 90%) [9].
m
C ν ( kJ ) 0.4 1.25 0.48
kg – K
400.00

Water vapor

Table 2. Computation time for coupled theory

300.00

Grids = 69 Grids = 99 Grids = 129 Grids = 219

Temperature

t=1 3.21380 7.911376 12.76836 34.61978 200.00

t = 10 3.865558 8.23140 13.16894 36.70278
t = 30 7.85129 16.24336 27.30927 78.54294
(CPU P3_700, unit = second) 100.00

0.00
Table 3. Compuation time for uncoupled theory 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
t
15t, 0≤t≤20
Grids = 69 Grids = 99 Grids = 129 Grids = 219 f(t) =
300, t<20
t=1 2.103024 4.065846 6.259000 17.57527
t = 10 2.633787 5.377733 8.762600 25.53672
Fig. 3. Temperature distribution with time in inner boundary.
t = 30 5.397762 10.96577 18.39645 54.08778
(CPU P3_700, unit = second)

10.00
Water vapor
219 (N = 219).
8.00
Fig. 2 shows water vapour temperature and pres-
sure relation assumed for the inner boundary. The water
6.00
vapour temperature and pressure data were obtained
Pressure

from a thermodynamic steam table [8]. Fig. 3 shows the

temperature distributions with time. Fig. 4 shows the 4.00

pressure distributions with time. Fig. 5a shows the

temperature distributions along the radial direction and 2.00

with time. Fig. 5b shows the temperature distributions

with time and different radial locations. The tempera- 0.00

ture gradient varies in each layer because of the differ- 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
t
ence in the thermal conductivity coefficients. Fig. 6a
-0.00013995t + 0.00461523t2
shows the variation of the radial displacement as a p(t) = -0.00112473t3 + 0.00060406t4, 0≤t≤20
function of the radial coordinate and time. Fig. 6b 8.585 , t<20
shows the displacement distributions with time and
different radial locations. From these figures, we can Fig. 4. Pressure distribution with time in inner boundary.
 Z.Y. Lee: Coupled Problem of Thermoelasticity for Multilayered Spheres with Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions 99

see where the maximum radial displacement may occur.
Fig. 7a shows the thermal radial stress distribution σ r
along the radial direction and with time. Fig. 7b shows
the thermal radial stress distribution σ r with time and
different radial locations. As expected, the circumfer-
ential stress distribution exhibits significant jumps at
all interfaces as shown in Fig. 8a. These discontinuities
are due to the differences in material properties such as
the coefficient of linear thermal expansion and Young’s
modulus. The circumferential stress varies characteris-
tically in each layer in view of the occurrence of
discontinuities at all interfaces shown in the Fig. 8a.
Fig. 8b shows the circumferential stress distribution
with time and different radial locations. In all the
figures, the dotted lines express the results of uncoupled
cases. It is obvious that there is distinct difference
between the coupled and uncoupled treatment. From
these figures, it should be concluded that the coupling

(b)
(a) 350.00
350.00
coupled
coupled
300.00 uncouple
300.00 uncouple

250.00
250.00 r=1.5

200.00
200.00
T 150.00
T
150.00 r=2.5
100.00
t=30

100.00 t=10 50.00

r=3.5

50.00 0.00
t=1
0.00 -50.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
r t

Fig. 5. (a) Temperature distribution along radial direction and different times, (b) Temperature distribution with time and different radial locations.

(a) (b)
1.6 1.40

coupled
1.4
uncouple 1.20 r=2.5

1.2
t=30
1.00
1
r=3.5
0.8 0.80 r=1.5
T u
0.6
0.60
t=10
0.4
0.40 coupled
0.2 uncouple
t=1
0 0.20

-0.2
0.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
r t

Fig. 6. (a) Radial displacement distribution along radial direction and different times, (b) Radial displacement distribution with time and different
radial locations.
100 Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2004)

(a) (b)
350.00 20.00

coupled coupled
uncouple 0.00 uncouple
300.00

-20.00
250.00
r=3.5
-40.00
200.00

σr σr -60.00
150.00
t=30 -80.00
r=1.5
100.00 t=10
-100.00

50.00 r=2.5
-120.00
t=1
0.00 -140.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
r t

Fig. 7. (a) Radial stress distribution along radial direction and different times, (b) Radial stress distribution with time and different radial locations.

(a) (b)
500.00 500.00
coupled coupled
uncouple uncouple
400.00 400.00
t=30 r=2.5
300.00
300.00

200.00
200.00 r=3.5
t=10
σθ 100.00 σθ

t=1 100.00
0.00

0.00
-100.00
r=1.5
-100.00
-200.00

-300.00 -200.00
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
r t

Fig. 8. (a) Circumferential stress along radial direction and different times, (b) Circumferential stress for time and different radial locations.

effect behaves as a clear lag. to mechanical parts in precision measurement or design

useful structural applications. The proposed method
CONCLUSIONS may be readily extended to solve a wide range of physi-
cal engineering problems.
In this study, numerical results for a multilayered
sphere were calculated. The finite difference and Laplace NOMENCLATURE
transform methods were employed to obtain the numeri-
cal results. The temperature, displacement and thermal ρ density
stress distributions were obtained which can be applied Cv specific heat
 Z.Y. Lee: Coupled Problem of Thermoelasticity for Multilayered Spheres with Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions 101

k thermal conductivity pp. 569-581 (1986).

α linear thermal expansion coefficient 2. Chen, C.K. and Chen, T.M., “New Hybrid Laplace
E Young’s modulus Transform/Finite Element Method for Three-Dimen-
ν Poisson’s ratio sional Transient Heat Conduction Problem,” Int. J.
Θ0 reference temperature Numerical Methods Engin., Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 45-61
h convective heat transfer coefficient (1991).
q heat flux in the radial direction 3. Ghosn, A.H. and Sabbaghian, M., “Quasi-Static Coupled
N total number of grid point Problems of Thermoelasticity for Cylindrical Regions,”
T j, in initial condition J. Thermal Stresses, Vol. 5, pp. 299-313 (1982).
u j, in initial condition 4. Jane, K.C. and Lee, Z.Y., “Thermoelastic Transient
Θ, T dimensional and non-dimensional tempera- Response of an Infinitely Long Multilayered Cylinder,”
ture Mech. Res. Comm., Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 709-718 (1999).
r*, r dimensional and non-dimensional radial 5. Kandil, A., “Investigation of Stress Analysis in
coordinate Compound Cylinders Under High Pressure and
τ, t dimensional and non-dimensional time , Temperature,” M. Sc. Thesis, CIT Helwan Univ., Egypt
(1975).
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