RICH ISLAND REVIEW CENTER 8.

DRAWING PENS
Surigao City -are mainly used by architects & engineers in their fields in
creating and preparing working drawings with the use of a
DRAFTING tracing paper.

OVERVIEW OF DRAWING
DRAWING
 The process of representing idea/s from one person to
another through the use of symbols and lines to convey
information. 9. TEMPLATES
Considered as the “ graphic language of the - A drafting template is a flat piece of plastic with
industry “ and serves as a communication between the drafter/ standard symbols cut in it. The drafting templates
planner and the builder shapes are used as guides for drawing symbols on
Also used to express feelings, emotions, and ideas plans

DRAWING TOOL, INSTRUMENTS and EQUIPMENTS

1. T- SQUARE
Is used to draw straight horizontal lines & serve as a base for
10. FRENCH CURVE
triangles to draw vertical lines
- Used to layout irregular curves

2. TRIANGLES
11. ERASER- used to delete or remove mistakes in drawing .
is a tool used to draw straight lines and is placed on the top of the t-
square

12. ERASING SHIELD- used to cover or protect other parts of

3. Protractors
the drawing from being erased.
are used for measuring and laying off angles.

13. DRAWING TABLE - A table designed specifically for drawing

4. COMPASS
purposes.
Compass is used to layout perfect circles and arcs. The
compass has two legs hinged at one end.

ALPHABET OF LINES
In order to understand what the drafter is trying to get
5. DIVIDER across, you must be able to understand the symbols and
This tool is used to transfer measurement lines he uses.
from one area to another. Each line has a definite form and line weight.

1. BORDER LINE- The thickest line in the alphabet of lines which

encloses a drawing.

2. OBJECT/ VISIBLE LINE –A medium line that represents the

6. DRAWING PENCIL – The accuracy and the appearance of actual edges of the drawing.
the drawing depends on the quality of the pencil used to 3. HIDDEN/ INVIBLE LINE – thin lines that represent the hidden
make drawing. edges of the object being drawn.
The grade of a pencil lead is marked on the pencil.

7. Sharpener – used to sharpen a pencil 4. DIMENSION LINE – thin line used to indicate measurements.

5. EXTENSION LINE – a thin lin used to indicate where

themeasurement starts and ends.

6. CENTER LINES - Thin and light lines used to locate the center
point of circles, ellipses and arcs.
7. LEADER LINE - 1. A line usually with arrowhead at one end
that is used to indicate distinct notes, marks, and specific
materials used in the object being drawn.
8. CUTTING PLANE LINE- Thick lines used to indicate which part is
to be expressed.
9. SECTION LINE- 1. Lines having 45 degrees used to show the
cut portion of the object.
10 PHANTOM LINE – Thick lines that is used to express the
moving part of the object.
11 . SHORT BREAK LINE - Characterized by a wavy line which is
used to indicate cut portion of short objects.
12 LONG BREAK LINE- A line used to cut portion of large object
needed only for detailing.
LETTERING
Lettering
- refers to the process by which letters and
numbers are formed through writing
- The art of drawing letters
- Known as the written language of the industry
Ancient Egypt
- One of the old civilization who used written
language as means of communication
- The ancient Egyptian “letters “ were in the form of
picture writing known as hieroglyphics
Phoenicians
- invented the wedge- shaped or cuneiform writing
Ancient Greeks
- invented the boustrophedon writing
Ancient Romans- modified this into a more readable type
of writing
LETTERING STYLES
Of the many styles of lettering, OLD ENGLISH, ROMAN, AND GOTHIC
are best known
OLD ENGLISH LETTERING (or TEXT )
-generally used in high school and university use Old
English because of its elegant appearance
- include all styles of old English, German, Text,
Bradley Text or Script
ROMAN LETTERS
- composed of thick and thin elements
- generally used in printing newspaper, magazine
and books
GOTHIC LETTERS
- The simplest and legible of all style
- Generally used in Engineering or industrial arts
drawing
- All strokes are exactly the same width
In the use of GOTHIC letters, always remember the 6
lettering secrets.
LETTERING SECRETS
There are six lettering secrets which have been used by
professional drafters. Practice your lettering with these
secrets in mind.
1. Guide lines – a good draftsman never letter
without guide lines
- Guide lines are very light lines ( usually drawn by
4H pencil) that aid in forming uniformly sized letters.
- Guide lines aren’t erased, since they are so light
2. Form – the exact form of every commercial gothic
letter should be memorized and used.
- Letters must be drawn without changing its
original appearance
3. Stability- letters must appear stable and should be
able to “stand” on their own two feet.
There are 2 types of oblique drawing:
4. Proportion – the letters must fit the space Oblique drawings
available. In proportioning the letters you can use Another commonly used type of pictorial drawing is the
COMPRESSED, NORMAL, and EXTENDED depending on the oblique. This type of drawing uses parallel lines.
area or space.

5. Density – black lines should be used for lettering There are 2 types of oblique drawing:
to improve the appearance and increase the readability of
letters.
6. Spacing- proper spacing must be practiced by
draftsman to form words and words to form sentences.
The best lettering has the letters close together words and
words apart from sentences.

W – widest letter
OQM- 2ND widest letter
ACDGKUXY- 3RD Widest letter
Amperstand- symbol for the word AND( & ) Perspective drawing
Another type of drawing is perspective which is the most
CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS realistic drawing among all pictorial drawing.
Kinds of perspective :
UPPERCASE LETTERS – This is the other name for capital
letters

LOWERCASE LETTERS- This is the other name for small

letters :

The 4 recognized lowercase forms are

1. Straight line letters- i , j ,k , l , t , v, w, x, y
2. Ellipse letters – c, e, o, s Orthographic Projection
3. Loop letters – a, b, d, p, q,
4. Hook letters – h, f, m, n, r, u, y An orthographic drawing is a method that allows someone
ASCENDING LETTERS – these are lower case letters that to represent a three-dimensional object on a two-dimensional piece
extend upwards of paper. By drawing the object for a various angles, the artist is
able to show how the object looks in the real world. The process is
DESCENDING LETTERS – lowercase letters that called orthographic projection.
extend downward

SIZES:
¼ inch : lettering for titles & drawing numbers
1/8 inch : lettering for headings
3/32 inch lettering for dimension and notes.

PICTORIAL DRAWINGS

This drawing is used to express the idea clearly to those

who will see it. There are several kinds of drawings which
may be classified into 2 general classes : PICTORIAL
DRAWINGS & WORKING DRAWINGS
The word pictorial comes from the word picture
;therefore a pictorial drawing resembles a picture.

ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS

In isometric drawings, all the principal edges of the object

except the vertical edge are drawn at 30 degrees to the
horizontal.
 BASIC DRAFTING 13. 1. The ancient Egyptian “letters “ were in the
Direction : Encircle the letter of the correct answer. form of picture writing known as
A. calligraphy C. cuneiform
1. B. Boustrophedon D. hieroglyphics
14. Invented the cuneiform writing.
A. Egyptians C. Roman
A. Ruler C. triangular scale
B. T- square D. measuring gauge B. Phoenicians D. Greeks

15. Invented the boustrophedon writing

2. A. Egyptians C. Roman
B. Phoenicians D. Greeks
A. compass C. French curve
16. A method of writing in which the inscriptions
B. divider D.protractor
lines run alternately from right to left and from
3.
left to right.
A. calligraphy C. cuneiform
B. Boustrophedon D. hieroglyphics
17. Known as the art of drawing letters.
A. compass C. French curve A. calligraphy C. cuneiform
B. divider D.protractor
B. lettering D. hieroglyphics
4.
18. A style in lettering that is commonly used in
diploma and certificates.
A. Old English lettering C. Roman letters
B. Boustrophedon D. Gothic letters
A. compass C. triangle 19. 7. The widest letter
B. divider D. triangular scale
A. W C. T
5. An instrument used to construct perfect arcs and
circles B. B D. M
A. divider C. protractor 20. All strokes are exactly the same width
B. templates D. compass A. Old English lettering C. Roman letters
6. An instrument used to layout irregular curves B. Boustrophedon D. Gothic letters
A. divider C. protractor 21. This letters are composed of thick and thin
B. templates D. compass
elements
7. This instrument is used to cover or protect other
A. Old English lettering C. Roman letters
parts of the drawing from being erased.
B. Boustrophedon D. Gothic letters
A. Eraser C. Erasing shield
22. The style of lettering that is widely used in the
B. Ruler d. French curve
industry because of its simplicity
8. This instrument is placed on top of the t- square
A. Old English lettering C. Roman letters
and is used to construct vertical lines
B. Boustrophedon D. Gothic letters
A. compass C. triangle 23. Size for lettering for titles & drawing numbers
B. Ruler D. triangular scale
9. Vertical lines are drawn from A. ¼ “ B. 1/8 “ C. 3/32 “ D. ½ “
A. Top to bottom C. right to left
B. Left to right D. bottom to top 24. 12. Size for lettering for headings
10. Horizontal lines are drawn from
A. ¼ “ B. 1/8 “ C. 3/32 “ D. ½ “
A. Top to bottom C. right to left
25. 13. Lettering for dimension and notes.
B. Left to right D. bottom to top
11. Known as the written language of the industry
A. ¼ “ B. 1/8 “ C. 3/32 “ D. ½ “
A. Boustrophedon
B. Calligraphy 26. 14. A good draftsman never letter without
C. Lettering
D. Cuneiform A. pencil B. Guide line C. proportion D. stability
12. The most elegant lettering style 27. Modified the letters into a more readable type of
A. Old English Lettering C. Roman lettering writing
B. Gothic lettering D. Script Lettering A. Egyptians C. Roman
B. Phoenicians D. Greeks
28. Also known as the descender 43. The best pencil grade to use in lettering
A. Cap line C. base line A. HB B. 3B C. 5H D. 6H
44. The ff. are reasons why a drawing pencil is better
B. Waist line D. Drop line
29. Sets the height of the capital letters than an ordinary writing pencil except________.
A. Cap line C. base line A. Drawing pencils are made of a much better
B. Waist line D. Drop line grade of graphite called lead.
30. This line is where all letters stand B. It is possible to draw lines of uniform
A. Cap line C. base line blackness
B. Waist line D. Drop line C. Drawing pencils are more expensive so they
31. The thickest line in the alphabet of lines produce better results
A. Border line C. phantom line D. There are different kinds of drawing pencils
B. Center line D. Cutting plane line for specific work
32. The thinnest line in the alphabet of lines 45. Which of the following kinds of drawing is used to
C. Border line C. phantom line show the front, top, and side of the object in their
actual relation to each other.
D. Center line D. Cutting plane line
33. A. Isometric C. perspective
B. Oblique D. Pictorial
46. If you need the hardest pencil grade for your
A. Border line C. phantom line drawing use_____.
B. Center line D. Cutting plane line A. 6H C. 8H
B. 7H D. 9H
34. 47. In an orthographic projection it contains ___
-------- -- views.
A. 3 C. 8
A. Border line C. Hidden line B. 4 D. 6
B. Center line D. Cutting plane line 48. This kind of drawing shows how object actually
appeared to the observer.
35. Chshgusg
A. Isometric C. perspective
B. Oblique D. Pictorial
49. The most realistic pictorial drawing
A. dimension line C. Hidden line A. Isometric C. perspective
B. leader line D. Section line B. Oblique D. Pictorial
36.
50. How many meters are there in 400 cm?
A. Border line C. phantom line A. 4000 C. .04
B. Center line D. Cutting plane line B. 4 D. 40
37. ////////////////////////////////////////// 51. There are ____ mm in 8 m
A. dimension line C. Hidden line A. 80 C. 8000
B. leader line D. Section line B. .8 D. 8
38. Represents the actual edges of the object being 52. How many litters are there in 1 gallon ?
drawn A. 3. 785 L C. 2.800 L
A. Dimension line C. object line B. 2.0 L D. 2.5 L
B. Center line D. extension line 53. 3 Yards are equivalent to _____ inches
39. Indicates where the measurement/ dimension A. 98 inches C. 96 inches
starts and ends B. 80 inches D. 86 inches
A. Dimension line C. object line 54. 9 feet is ______ inches
B. Center line D. extension line A. 108 B. 180 C. 100 D.109
40. 55. HOW many millimeters are there in 2 meters
A. Dimension line C. object line A. 1000 mm
B. Center line D. Short break line B. 20000 mm
41. These lines are made to uniform the height of the C. 2000 mm
letters D. 200 mm
A. Dimension line C. object line
B. guide lines D. extension line
42. This tool is used to measure angles --------------------------------------------------------
A. Protractor C. compass Good luck 
B. Template D. Ruler