Question Allocated

Solutions
No Mark

QUESTION 1
A direct online (DOL) motor starter for three phase AC induction motor.

(a) 1M 1M

1M
1M

Page 3 of 14
 Estimate the diversity factors for each type of loads and the maximum
demand. [7 MARKS]
Assumed maximum demand (A.M.D.) using IEE On-Site Guide Table 1B
(small shop premises):
Heaters
2000 7500 75 1M
2 𝑥 2𝑘𝑊 + 3 𝑥 1.5 + 1.0 = + +
230 230 100
= 8.7𝐴 + 24.46𝐴
= 33.16𝐴
Cooker 5kW (cooker unit has socket outlet)
5000 1M
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑟 = = 21.7𝐴
230
Socket at cooker control 5A
(b) i)
Water Heating (thermostatic) 3kW 1M
3000
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = = 13.04𝐴 (𝑛𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦)
230

Socket outlet 30A 1M

Lighting
2500 90
𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 10.9 𝑥 = 9.8 𝐴 1M
230 100

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 33.16 + 21.7 + 5 + 13.04 + 30 + 9.8

= 112.7 𝐴 2M

Recommend the rating of the main switch fuse, which can be chosen either

ii) from 80A, 100A, 125A, 160A and 200A.

The rating of the main switch fuse is 125A 2M

Rated secondary current of C.T. = 5 A

Pickup current = Rated secondary current of C.T. x Current setting 2M
(c) i)
Pickup current = 5 × 125/100 = 6·25 A 1M

Page 4 of 14
 Fault current in relay coil = Primary fault current / CT ratio 1M

Fault current in relay coil  4000 A

400 5 1M
ii) 5
Fault current in relay coil  4000 x
400
Fault current in relay coil  50A 1M

Plug setting multiplier (P.S.M) =

Fault current in relay coil 1M
Pickup current

Primary fault current⁄CT ratio

iii) Plug setting multiplier (P.S.M) = CT′ s rated secondary current x current setting 1M

50
Plug setting multiplier (P.S.M) = =8 1M
6.25

Corresponding to the plug-setting multiplier of 8 (See Figure 1), the time of

operation is 3.5 seconds. 1M

Actual relay operating time = 3·5 × Time-setting 1M

iv)
Actual relay operating time = 3·5 × 0·6 = 2·1 seconds 1M

Page 5 of 14
 QUESTION 2
(a) Determine THREE (3) required conditions for selecting insulation of the cable
in electrical wiring circuit
- To deal with the voltage of the system. 1M
- Must not damage by heat produced by the current flow, ambient temp, or
by heat transferred to it by hot objects. 1M
- Protect from environment effect. 1M

(b) List THREE (3) factors that determine the current rating of a cable.
 Ambient temperature 1M

 Maximum allowable conductor temperature 1M

 Conductor material 1M
 Insulation material
 Installation methods

(c) A motor which has a full load current of 188 A is fed by a multi-core pvc-
insulated cooper conductor cable installed in trunking at an ambient
temperature of 35oC. This circuit is protected by a MCCB as shown in Figure
XX. Due to the high starting current, the current rating of the MCCB is 350 A.
Determine the size of the cable under the assumptions that:
i) For no overload protection, the minimum tabulated current rating is;
𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2M
𝐶𝑎 𝑥 𝐶𝑔 𝑥 𝐶𝑖
188
= 200𝐴 2M
0.94 𝑥 1 𝑥 1
From Table 4D2A of IEE Regulations [Ref. 2, P 190], column 5, a 120 2M
mm2/4C cable which has a tabulated current rating of 206 A is selected.

Page 6 of 14
ii) To provide adequate protection against overload,
𝐼𝑁
𝐼𝑡,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2M
𝐶𝑎 𝑥 𝐶𝑔 𝑥 𝐶𝑖
350
= 372𝐴 2M
0.94 𝑥 1 𝑥 1

For the same Table 4D2A, column 5, a 400 mm2/4C cable which has a 2M
tabulated current rating of 402 A is selected. The current causing effective
operation of the 350 A MCCB is :
𝐼2 = 1.3 𝑥 350 = 455𝐴 2M
1.45𝐼𝑍 = 1.45 𝑥 402 𝑥 0.94 = 548𝐴 2M

Since 𝐼2 < 𝐼𝑍 , this circuit satisfies the required overload protection. 3M

It should be noted that under this condition, the conductor’s cross sectional
area of the circuit is increased to more than 3 times to meet the additional
requirement of overload protection.

Page 7 of 14
 QUESTION 3
(a) Describe the definition and purpose of Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC)

The circuit protective conductor (CPC) is part of the earth fault loop and
connects together all exposed conductive parts to the main terminal. Its
purpose is to convey the earth fault current without damaging the core
insulation. 2M
Regulation 413-02 states that the earth loop impedance value should be such
as to initiate disconnection of the fault within 0.4 to 5.0 seconds for socket
outlets and fixed equipment respectively. 2M

(b) Determine the minimum cross-sectional areas of the Circuit Protective

Conductor (CPC)
i) Type B MCB with operating time and fault current of 8 seconds and 200 A.
MCB type B
I2 t 2002  8 2M
Smin    4.92mm2
k 115
ii) Type C MCB with operating time and fault current of 0.1 seconds and 500 A.
MCB type C

I2 t 5002  0.1 2M
Smin    1.37mm2
k 115

(c) i) The TVDr (mv/A/m) value for 4mm2, 16mm2 and 25mm2 cable in this
circuit.

From Table 4D1B (column 4) of IEE Wiring Regulation ( Appendix 2)

i. 4 mm2 : (mV/A/m)r = 11 1M
ii. 16 mm2 : (mV/A/m)r = 2.8 1M
iii. 25 mm2 : (mV/A/m)r = 1.75 1M

ii) The cable resistive value, RCPC for 4mm2, 16mm2 and 25mm2 cable for
this circuit.

11 30
R4    0.165 2M
2 1000
2.8 30
R16    0.042 2M
2 1000
1.75 10
R25    0.0088 2M
2 1000

Page 8 of 14
iii) The current causing the automatic operation of protective devices

RT  R4,CPC  R16,CPC  R25,CPC  RE

 0.165  0.042  0.0088  0.3
2M
 0.5158

50
IA   96.9 A 2M
0.5158

iv) The appropriate type of protective devices

The operating times;
- 32-A MCB (Type 1 and Type C) are 1000s for a current of 47.1A. As
this disconnecting time exceeds 5s, therefore do not provide adequate
protection against electric shock 2M
- RCCB is 0.04s for a current of 47.1A, it gives adequate protection for
electric shock 2M

Page 9 of 14
 QUESTION 4
(a) i) Line interactive system UPS 2M

ii) a) Normal mode Operation

- The power flows from the AC line to the load. 1M 1M
- The bidirectional converter plays the role of a charger for the battery set.
- The current taken from the AC line is mainly the current for the load

b) Stored-Energy Mode of Operation

- The bidirectional converter operates as an inverter and supplies the load
1M
with power from the battery set.
- The static switch disconnects the AC line in order to prevent back feed
from the inverter. 1M
- The duration of the mode depends on the duration of the preset backup
time or until the AC line returns within the tolerance

b) i) Standby Off-Line
Drawbacks
- May not have power conditioning 1M
- Transfers to backup may interrupt load
Benefits 1M
- Lower purchase cost 1M
- Provides basic protection

ii) On-Line Double Conversion

Drawbacks 1M
- Highest purchase cost
- Slightly lower efficiencies
- Complex internal electronics
Benefits 1M
- No interruption to loads
- Provides power conditioning. 1M

iii) Line interactive

Drawbacks 1M
- More sensitive to line disturbances
- May have shorter battery life
Benefits 1M
- Continues regulates power to the load
1M
System more stable.

Page 10 of 14
(c) Figure 5 shows an essential services switchboard supplied (in an
emergency) from a standby alternator. As an electrical engineer, your
responsibility is to define and rectify the short circuit current magnitude at the
terminals of the alternator. Determine
i) The value of 3-phase short circuit current at point A according to the origin of
supply.
𝑆
Short circuit current at point A, 𝐼𝑆𝐶 (3∅) = 2M
√3×400×0.04

630 × 103
= 2M
√3 × 400 × 0.04

= 22.7 𝑘𝐴 1M

The value of 3-phase short circuit current at point A according to the alternator
ii)
supply
𝑆
Short circuit current at point A, 𝐼𝑆𝐶 (3∅) = 2M
√3×400×0.3

400 × 103
= 2M
√3 × 400 × 0.3

= 1.92 𝑘𝐴 1M

Page 11 of 14
 QUESTION 5

(a) During an earth fault, the fault current is flowing from the live conductor
through the exposed-conductive-parts to earth. Thus, the metallic parts may
be at a high potential relative to earth. 1M
When high impedance earth fault, the magnitude of earth fault current may
activate the RCCB; 1M

- To detect such an earth leakage current (residual current), 1M

- To compare it to a reference value and 1M

- To open the protected circuit when the residual current exceeds this
reference value. 1M

(b) - Type of cable 1M

- The conductor cross-sectional area 1M
- The method of installation (for a.c. circuits only) 1M
- The circuit route length (l)
- The type of circuit (d.c., single-phase a.c. or three-phase a.c.)
- The load on the circuit.

(c) Explain the effects to the generator if the process of synchronizing is

not properly done:

1) Damage the generator and the prime mover because of mechanical stresses
caused by rapid acceleration or deceleration, bringing the rotating masses
into synchronism (exactly matched speed and rotor angle) with the power
system. 2M

2) Damage the generator and step-up transformer windings caused by high

currents. 2M

3) Cause disturbances to the power system such as power oscillations and

voltage deviations from nominal. 2M

4) Prevent the generator from staying online and picking up load when
protective relay elements interpret the condition as an abnormal operating
condition and trip the generator. 2M

(d) The low voltage is supplied to a double-storey shop lot as shown in Figure 1.
A short circuit occurs inside a final distribution board at the second floor with
the fault current of 500A. Calculate the operating time for:

Page 12 of 14
i) The incoming protective device at the final distribution board if it is in
accordance with theBS EN 60898 standard under type C MCB rated at 63A.

From Fig. 3.3 type C MCB of BS7671, 2M

the operating time of 63A rated current is 6.5s 1M

ii) The incoming protective device at the final distribution board when it is IEC
1008 RCCB rated at 63A with a rated residual operating current of 0.1A.
Given line to earth fault happens.

IF 500
The _ residual _ current  
I N 0.1
2M
The _ residual _ current  5000 I N

For a RCCB rated at 63A with I N  0.1A; if live-to-earth fault occur, the
operating time of RCCB is 0.04s. 1M

iii) The MCCB rated at 200A at the main switchboard for ambient temperature of
20○C and 40○C.

500 1M
IF 
200
I F  2.5I N 1M

The operating time of the 200A MCCB is 9s for ambient temperature

40○C. 1M

The operating time of the 200A MCCB is 50s for ambient temperature
20○C. 1M

iv) The BS 88 fuse rated at 200A at the utility.

From Fig. 3.3A BS88 of BS7671 2M
The operating time of 200A rated current is 250 s. 1M

Page 13 of 14