Cisco SNAP - Networking Basics For AM PDF

Networking Basics
for Account Managers

Sales New Hire
Acceleration Program (SNAP)
December 2018
Agenda Protocols and Standards
Networking Units and Measures
The OSI and TCP/IP Models
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Routers, Routing Protocols, and IP
Addressing
Transport Layer and Application Layer
Protocols
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Addressing
Protocols
Protocols and Standards
Protocols
Protocol
A set of rules which governs the communication
between network devices and computers
Example: Grammar Rules
Standard Protocols
Standard Protocol
An approved model or consistent way of doing something
In networking, an Authority like a Forum or a Standards Organization

defines and publicly shares the approved Standards
International National
Proprietary Protocols
Proprietary Protocol
A protocol or communications system developed by a Company
Only that Company has full rights to the protocol or system and it
only works with other systems like it from the same Company
Why Standard Protocols?
We need standards to allow disparate systems to communicate
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Addressing
Protocols
bit
binary digit
0 or 1
Byte
8 bits = 1 Byte
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
8 bits (1 Byte) represents a single character
on a computer keyboard
b (bit)
B (Byte)
bits and Bytes – why both?
• bit: a binary digit, either a 0 or a 1
• 1 Byte: a group of 8 bits
• When a quantity of data is “AT REST” it is measured in Bytes
Example: a 5 TB computer hard drive
• When data, voice or video is being transmitted (“IN MOTION”) it

is measured in bits/second
Example: a video stream might be 2 Megabits per second,
written 2 Mbps
The bandwidth is the transmission speed over communications media
Bandwidth is also called the “speed” of the link
Bandwidth is ALWAYS measured in bits per second (bps)
k, M and G - How is it measured?
k 103 kilo ,000 bits/sec
M 106 Mega ,000,000 bits/sec

G 109 Giga ,000,000,000 bits/sec
T 1012 Tera ,000,000,000,000 bits/sec
P 1015 Peta ,000,000,000,000,000 bits/sec
Bit rate: Unit for measuring data transmission speed over a

communication medium – bits per second (bps)
The “speed” of a link is also called the “bandwidth” of the link

LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Addressing
Protocols
The OSI Model – Open Systems Interconnect
Application
7
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
The OSI Model: Why does it have 7 Layers?
• Standardizes
Application
7 interfaces
6 Presentation • Ensures
5 Session interoperable
4 Transport technology
Network • Facilitates modular
3
engineering
Data Link
2 • Reduces complexity
1 Physical and cost
The TCP/IP Model – 5 Layers
5-7 Application
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
The TCP/IP Model – Layer 1
Layer 1 is the Physical Layer
5-7 Application • Binary transmission of bits - only 1’s and 0’s always in
bits/second
4 Transport
• Bits are transmitted over different MEDIA
3 Network • Media could be copper or coaxial cable, fiber optic

cable, wireless, more
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Example of devices at Layer 1:
Cables Wireless
5-7
5-7 Application Layer 2 is the Data Link Layer
• Provides data transfer between host
4 Transport devices on the same physical link
3 Network • A Layer 2 protocol is Ethernet

• The first layer with an ADDRESS (for
2 Data Link Ethernet, it’s the MAC Address)
1 Physical
Example of a device at Layer 2:
Switch
Layer 3 is the Network Layer
5-7
5-7 Application • Provides connectivity between host devices
regardless of their location (devices do not
4 Transport have to be on the same data link)
Network • A Layer 3 protocol is IP
3
• Determines best path for routing data
2 Data Link packets between destinations
1 Physical • The second layer with an ADDRESS – the

IP ADDRESS
Example of a device at Layer 3:
Router
Layer 4 is the Transport Layer
5-7
5-7 Application
• Provides end-to-end connection
Transport reliability between host devices
4
• Detects faults and recovers
3 Network from them
Data Link • A Layer 4 protocol is TCP

2
1 Physical
Example of a “device” at Layer 4
None – this function is performed in
software by the host devices which
are communicating
The TCP/IP Model – Layer 5-7
Layer 5-7 is the Application
5-7 Application Layer
Transport • Allows users, devices and

4 applications to connect to
Network others
3
• Enables the transmitting and
2 Data Link receiving of data, voice and
video
1 Physical
Example of a “device” at the

Application Layer:
No hardware, just software interfaces
to user applications like web, email
and many more
Data Encapsulation and De-Encapsulation Example:
Sending and Receiving email
The sender The receiver

ENCAPSULATES Host A Host B DE-ENCAPSULATES
Data L5 – L7 Data
Transport Transport
header
Data L4 header
Data
Network Transport Network Transport

header header
Data L3 header header
Data
Data Link Network Transport Data Link Network Transport

header header header
Data Trailer L2 header header header
Data Trailer
11010101010110101010101010101010 L1 11010101010110101010101010101010
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Addressing
Protocols
LAN and WAN
Networks can be divided into categories based on geographic area covered
LAN WAN
Local Area Network Wide Area Network
What is a LAN?
A LAN is a Local Area Network
A LAN is comprised of Ethernet Switches
Properties of a LAN
Very high speed

Small geographic area
Connect to a LAN using a

SWITCH
Company owns its LAN
How Big is an Ethernet LAN?
A LAN connects users in a small geographic area
 Your house
 A room in a building
 A whole floor (of rooms) in a building
 The entire building
 A campus of multiple buildings located together - like a university
What does an Ethernet Switch do?
• Connects devices into a LAN
• Runs (“Speaks”) Ethernet Protocol
• Learns and uses MAC addresses
Cabling: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
RJ-45 Connector
Cabling: Fiber Optic Cable
LC Connector
Ethernet – 6 basic speeds (bandwidth)
 Ethernet –10 Mbps
 Fast Ethernet –100 Mbps
 Gigabit Ethernet –1Gbps (same as 1000Mbps)
 10 Gigabit Ethernet – 10Gbps

- High bandwidth for backbones and data centers – 10Gbps
 40 Gigabit Ethernet – bandwidth is 40Gbps
- Very high bandwidth for backbones and data centers –
40Gbps
 100 Gigabit Ethernet – bandwidth is 100Gbps
- Extremely high bandwidth for data centers and Service
Providers– 100 Gbps
© 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential a
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Addressing
Protocols
Properties of a WAN
High OPEX - Monthly payment

Geographically distant to the Service Provider
connections
Connect to a WAN using a

ROUTER
Slower than LANs (changing)
WAN
Protocols and Services
Service Provider Offerings – WAN Services
Branch
Central Office
Headquarters
Leased Internet
Lines
4G/LTE DSL Cable
MPLS Fiber
Branch
Office
WAN Services and Protocols
Different types, costs, speed and continually evolving
Cable Networks (CATV)
PSTN
Fiber Ring
HEAD Cable
NODE Network
END
Cable Cable
Modem Splitter
NODE
Internet
NODE
DSL – Digital Subscriber Loop
PSTN
ADSL ADSL
Modem Splitter DSLAM
Internet
What is Fiber? Copper
// Fiber
CO/HE
CO/HE
//
Older networks, optimized for voice 24 kbps - 1.5 Mbps
CO/HE
//
Optical networks, optimized for voice, video and data 19 Mbps - 1 Gbps +
Mobile Broadband
3G 4G and (soon) 5G
“Mobile Internet”
“Wireless Broadband”
Internet Access wherever you have Mobile reception

Routers Connect Corporate LANs Together
London Shanghai
LAN LAN
WAN
Sydney
LAN
Connecting customers through a WAN
Customer Customer
Service Provider
Headquarters Remote Site
Network
SITE A SITE B
WAN
Leased Line(s)
• You rent (lease) the line • Always connected – 24x7
• Expensive • Difficult to scale
A Corporate Network Using MPLS in the WAN
London Shanghai
LAN LAN
MPLS
Sydney
LAN
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
• Advantages:
• Private (secure)
• High-bandwidth
• Advanced QoS features
• Flexible and Scalable
• High performance
• Advanced Traffic Engineering
The Internet is a WAN
VPN through the Internet
Mobile Worker
Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Uses the Internet for WAN connectivity
Branch Office Home Office
Each site connects to the Internet through their
local Service Provider Internet
Each connection is protected using encryption

Headquarters
No service level guarantees
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Addressing
Protocols
What is a Router?
A router is a special (“purpose-built”) computer which enables communication

between different IP networks
Routers and IP Networks (IP Subnets)
IP Network
20.x.x.x IP Network
40.x.x.x
WAN
London Beijing
IP Network
30.x.x.x
Every router connection is a different IP network
Routing Protocols
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP and RIPv2)
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

• Used by Internet Service Providers to share routing information between domains
What has an IP address?
(well, almost everything)

Everything!
Every device we use requires its own IP address

The Challenge of IP Addressing
IP Address (Definition)
Internet Protocol Address
• An IP address is a number used to identify each device and allow devices to communicate
over an IP network
• Every network device must have its own unique address
• Devices include laptops, tablets, servers, routers, printers, IP phones, wireless access
points and more…
47.122.75.1
Global Device Growth
By 2020, there will be more than 26B IP network connections
Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) 2016

IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing
• IP version 4 (IPv4)
• IPv4 uses 32-bit (4-byte) addresses
• Total address space is 4.3B possible unique addresses
• IP version 6 (IPv6)
• IPv6 uses 128-bit (16-byte) addresses
• Address space a total of 3.4×1038 unique addresses
More than 50 Trillion Trillion

IPv6 addresses per person!
LAN Technology
WAN Technology
Addressing
Protocols
Layer 4:
Transport Layer
TCP and UDP
Transport Layer Overview
Transmission Control Connection-Oriented

Application
Protocol (TCP)
Transport User Datagram Connectionless
Protocol (UDP)
Network
Data Link
Physical
TCP UDP
Connection reliability features No connection reliability features
Slower performance Higher performance
Higher overhead Low overhead
Application Layer Protocols
Application Layer Overview
Email
SMTP
Web
HTTP
Application Name Management
DNS
File Transfer
FTP
Transport Remote Login
Telnet
Network Network Management
SNMP
Data Link
Physical
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Protocol used to carry user information across the World Wide Web (www)
• Uses TCP port 80 for communication
• Resources accessible by HTTP are identified using Universal Resource

Locators (URLs), for example www.cisco.com
Secure HTTP (HTTPS)

 Provides secure HTTP transport using Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
 Uses TCP port 443
 SSL provides data privacy over the Internet using encryption
 Used when you buy things online – look for the lock!
Port Numbers
H H S D T S D
Application T T M N F N H
Layer T T T S T M C
P P P P P P
S
80 443 25 53 69 161 67/68 Port

Transport Numbers
Layer TCP UDP
IP Service Protocols:
DHCP, DNS
DNS:
Domain Name System
The Internet’s ‘Phone Book’
Domain Name System (DNS)
DNS is the Application that resolves
a Domain Name or URL request (like www.cisco.com)
into an IP address (like 72.163.4.161)
A DNS Server stores Domain Names to IP

Address mappings
DNS is designed in a hierarchy

so that all DNS Servers don’t need to
know all of the DNS Entries
DNS:
How it works
User enters www.cisco.com in Browser
Give me IP Address for cisco.com
cisco.com IP Address is 72.163.4.161 DNS Server
HTTP GET 72.163.4.161

Internet
DHCP Lightboard here

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Networking Basics

for Account Managers

In networking, an Authority like a Forum or a Standards Organization

We need standards to allow disparate systems to communicate

• 1 Byte: a group of 8 bits

• When a quantity of data is “AT REST” it is measured in Bytes

Example: a 5 TB computer hard drive

• When data, voice or video is being transmitted (“IN MOTION”) it

k 103 kilo ,000 bits/sec

M 106 Mega ,000,000 bits/sec

T 1012 Tera ,000,000,000,000 bits/sec

P 1015 Peta ,000,000,000,000,000 bits/sec

Bit rate: Unit for measuring data transmission speed over a

The “speed” of a link is also called the “bandwidth” of the link

3 Network • Media could be copper or coaxial cable, fiber optic

3 Network • A Layer 2 protocol is Ethernet

Example of a device at Layer 2:

1 Physical • The second layer with an ADDRESS – the

Example of a device at Layer 3:

Data Link • A Layer 4 protocol is TCP

Transport • Allows users, devices and

Example of a “device” at the

The sender The receiver

Network Transport Network Transport

Data Link Network Transport Data Link Network Transport

A LAN is a Local Area Network

A LAN is comprised of Ethernet Switches

Very high speed

Connect to a LAN using a

A LAN connects users in a small geographic area

 10 Gigabit Ethernet – 10Gbps

High OPEX - Monthly payment

Connect to a WAN using a

4G/LTE DSL Cable

Older networks, optimized for voice 24 kbps - 1.5 Mbps

Internet Access wherever you have Mobile reception

• You rent (lease) the line • Always connected – 24x7

• Expensive • Difficult to scale

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Each connection is protected using encryption

A router is a special (“purpose-built”) computer which enables communication

• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

(well, almost everything)

Every device we use requires its own IP address

Source: Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI) 2016

More than 50 Trillion Trillion

Transmission Control Connection-Oriented

• Uses TCP port 80 for communication

• Resources accessible by HTTP are identified using Universal Resource

Secure HTTP (HTTPS)

80 443 25 53 69 161 67/68 Port

A DNS Server stores Domain Names to IP

DNS is designed in a hierarchy

Give me IP Address for cisco.com

cisco.com IP Address is 72.163.4.161 DNS Server

HTTP GET 72.163.4.161

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